Pensées de Blaise Pascal.

Mode of access: Internet.

Pensées de Pascal /

"Notice sur la vie et ouvrages de Pascal": p. ix-lxxiii.

Oeuvres de Blaise Pascal, pub. suivant l'ordre chronologique avec documents complémentaires, introductions et notes.

Mode of access: Internet.

El caso Verónica Pascal : Medicina y mala praxis en la Buenos Aires Rivadaviana

Fil: Cowen, Miguel Pablo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Accuracy of Goldmann, ocular response analyser, Pascal and TonoPen XL tonometry in keratoconic and normal eyes

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the practicality and accuracy of tonometers used in routine clinical practice for established keratoconus (KC). Methods: This was a prospective study of 118 normal and 76 keratoconic eyes where intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in random order using the Goldman applanation tonometer (GAT), Pascal dynamic contour tonometer (DCT), Reichert ocular response analyser (ORA) and TonoPen XL tonometer. Corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF), as calculated by the ORA, were recorded. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured using an ultrasound pachymeter. Results: The difference in IOP values between instruments was highly significant in both study groups (p<0.001). All other IOP measures were significantly higher than those for GAT, except for the Goldmann-correlated IOP (average of the two applanation pressure points) (IOPg) as measured by ORA in the control group and the CH-corrected IOP (corneal-compensated IOP value) (IOPcc) measures in the KC group. CCT, CH and CRF were significantly less in the KC group (p<0.001). Apart from the DCT, all techniques tended to measure IOP higher in eyes with thicker corneas. Conclusion: The DCT and the ORA are currently the most appropriate tonometers to use in KC for the measurement of IOPcc. Corneal factors such as CH and CRT may be of more importance than CCT in causing inaccuracies in applanation tonometry techniques.

Triángulo de Pascal. En el planteamiento de una situación problema

En este texto se presenta el desarrollo de los significados asociados con cada uno de los elementos que constituyen una red conceptual como un aporte primordial para el planteamiento de una situación problema; la presente obra, por ejemplo, permite el despliegue de un trabajo didáctico interesante pensado como posibilidad de matematizar, esto es, para llegar constructiva y significativamente a conceptos matemáticos considerados como fundamentales.

Pascal lecteur de Silhon : la logique des preuves historiques de la vérité de l’Écriture

Nous défendons que la pensée de Jean de Silhon au sujet des « démonstrations morales » dans le traité De l’immortalité de l’âme a eu un écho important sur la façon dont Blaise Pascal a imaginé le mode de démonstration propre aux preuves de la vérité de la religion chrétienne dans les Pensées. Plus largement, cet article s’intéresse à une forme de démonstration qui procède par accumulation d’indices déliés, mais convergents. Le mode de raisonnement propre à l’apologie de la religion chrétienne devient ainsi à l’image des raisonnements de tous les jours, qui ne procèdent habituellement pas en tirant des déductions à partir de principes clairs et distincts. Silhon et Pascal fournissent ainsi une sorte de méthode pour bien conduire les raisonnements qui ne peuvent s’appuyer sur les principes de la logique et ainsi, leur confère une forme d’autorité supérieure aux simples opinions. Peut être dite moralement démontrée, en somme, une proposition appuyée par un corps important d’indices convergents, à condition d’en évaluer l’orientation à froid, c’est-à-dire avec patience, désintérêt et prudence.

Pascal lecteur de Silhon : la logique des preuves historiques de la vérité de l’Écriture

Nous défendons que la pensée de Jean de Silhon au sujet des « démonstrations morales » dans le traité De l’immortalité de l’âme a eu un écho important sur la façon dont Blaise Pascal a imaginé le mode de démonstration propre aux preuves de la vérité de la religion chrétienne dans les Pensées. Plus largement, cet article s’intéresse à une forme de démonstration qui procède par accumulation d’indices déliés, mais convergents. Le mode de raisonnement propre à l’apologie de la religion chrétienne devient ainsi à l’image des raisonnements de tous les jours, qui ne procèdent habituellement pas en tirant des déductions à partir de principes clairs et distincts. Silhon et Pascal fournissent ainsi une sorte de méthode pour bien conduire les raisonnements qui ne peuvent s’appuyer sur les principes de la logique et ainsi, leur confère une forme d’autorité supérieure aux simples opinions. Peut être dite moralement démontrée, en somme, une proposition appuyée par un corps important d’indices convergents, à condition d’en évaluer l’orientation à froid, c’est-à-dire avec patience, désintérêt et prudence.

Lineage relationship of prostate cancer cell types based on gene expression

Background: Prostate tumor heterogeneity is a major factor in disease management. Heterogeneity could be due to multiple cancer cell types with distinct gene expression. Of clinical importance is the so-called cancer stem cell type. Cell type-specific transcriptomes are used to examine lineage relationship among cancer cell types and their expression similarity to normal cell types including stem/progenitor cells. Methods: Transcriptomes were determined by Affymetrix DNA array analysis for the following cell types. Putative prostate progenitor cell populations were characterized and isolated by expression of the membrane transporter ABCG2. Stem cells were represented by embryonic stem and embryonal carcinoma cells. The cancer cell types were Gleason pattern 3 (glandular histomorphology) and pattern 4 (aglandular) sorted from primary tumors, cultured prostate cancer cell lines originally established from metastatic lesions, xenografts LuCaP 35 (adenocarcinoma phenotype) and LuCaP 49 (neuroendocrine/small cell carcinoma) grown in mice. No detectable gene expression differences were detected among serial passages of the LuCaP xenografts. Results: Based on transcriptomes, the different cancer cell types could be clustered into a luminal-like grouping and a non-luminal-like (also not basal-like) grouping. The non-luminal-like types showed expression more similar to that of stem/progenitor cells than the luminal-like types. However, none showed expression of stem cell genes known to maintain stemness. Conclusions: Non-luminal-like types are all representatives of aggressive disease, and this could be attributed to the similarity in overall gene expression to stem and progenitor cell types.

Gene expression relationship between prostate cancer cells of Gleason 3, 4 and normal epithelial cells as revealed by cell type-specific transcriptomes

Background: Prostate cancer cells in primary tumors have been typed CD10(-)/CD13(-)/CD24(hi)/CD26(+)/CD38(lo)/CD44(-)/CD104(-). This CD phenotype suggests a lineage relationship between cancer cells and luminal cells. The Gleason grade of tumors is a descriptive of tumor glandular differentiation. Higher Gleason scores are associated with treatment failure. Methods: CD26(+) cancer cells were isolated from Gleason 3+3 (G3) and Gleason 4+4 (G4) tumors by cell sorting, and their gene expression or transcriptome was determined by Affymetrix DNA array analysis. Dataset analysis was used to determine gene expression similarities and differences between G3 and G4 as well as to prostate cancer cell lines and histologically normal prostate luminal cells. Results: The G3 and G4 transcriptomes were compared to those of prostatic cell types of non-cancer, which included luminal, basal, stromal fibromuscular, and endothelial. A principal components analysis of the various transcriptome datasets indicated a closer relationship between luminal and G3 than luminal and G4. Dataset comparison also showed that the cancer transcriptomes differed substantially from those of prostate cancer cell lines. Conclusions: Genes differentially expressed in cancer are potential biomarkers for cancer detection, and those differentially expressed between G3 and G4 are potential biomarkers for disease stratification given that G4 cancer is associated with poor outcomes. Differentially expressed genes likely contribute to the prostate cancer phenotype and constitute the signatures of these particular cancer cell types.

Gene expression down-regulation in CD90(+) prostate tumor-associated stromal cells involves potential organ-specific genes

Background: The prostate stroma is a key mediator of epithelial differentiation and development, and potentially plays a role in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. The tumor-associated stroma is marked by increased expression of CD90/THYI. Isolation and characterization of these stromal cells could provide valuable insight into the biology of the tumor microenvironment. Methods: Prostate CD90(+) stromal fibromuscular cells from tumor specimens were isolated by cell-sorting and analyzed by DNA microarray. Dataset analysis was used to compare gene expression between histologically normal and tumor-associated stromal cells. For comparison, stromal cells were also isolated and analyzed from the urinary bladder. Results: The tumor-associated stromal cells were found to have decreased expression of genes involved in smooth muscle differentiation, and those detected in prostate but not bladder. Other differential expression between the stromal cell types included that of the CXC-chemokine genes. Conclusion: CD90(+) prostate tumor-associated stromal cells differed from their normal counterpart in expression of multiple genes, some of which are potentially involved in organ development.

A note on the likelihood and moments of the skew-normal distribution

In this paper an alternative approach to the one in Henze (1986) is proposed for deriving the odd moments of the skew-normal distribution considered in Azzalini (1985). The approach is based on a Pascal type triangle, which seems to greatly simplify moments computation. Moreover, it is shown that the likelihood equation for estimating the asymmetry parameter in such model is generated as orthogonal functions to the sample vector. As a consequence, conditions for a unique solution of the likelihood equation are established, which seem to hold in more general setting.