Travel behaviour change in old age : the role of critical incidents in public transport

Older people’s travel behaviour is affected by negative or positive critical incidents in the public transport environment. With the objective of identifying such inci- dents during whole trips and examining how travel beha- viour had changed, we have conducted in-depth interviews with 30 participants aged 65–91 years in the County of Stockholm, Sweden. Out of 469 incidents identified, 77 were reported to have resulted in travel behaviour change, 67 of them in a negative way. Most critical incidents were encountered in the physical environment on-board vehicles and at stations/stops as well as in pricing/ticketing. The findings show that more personal assistance, better driving behaviour, and swift maintenance of elevators and escala- tors are key facilitators that would improve predictability in travelling and enhance vulnerable older travellers’ feeling of security. The results demonstrate the benefit of involving different groups of end users in future planning and design, such that transport systems would meet the various needs of its end users.

Global distributions of diazotrophs abundance and biomass - Depth integrated values computed from a collection of source datasets - Contribution to the MAREDAT World Ocean Atlas of Plankton Functional Types

The MAREDAT atlas covers 11 types of plankton, ranging in size from bacteria to jellyfish. Together, these plankton groups determine the health and productivity of the global ocean and play a vital role in the global carbon cycle. Working within a uniform and consistent spatial and depth grid (map) of the global ocean, the researchers compiled thousands and tens of thousands of data points to identify regions of plankton abundance and scarcity as well as areas of data abundance and scarcity. At many of the grid points, the MAREDAT team accomplished the difficult conversion from abundance (numbers of organisms) to biomass (carbon mass of organisms). The MAREDAT atlas provides an unprecedented global data set for ecological and biochemical analysis and modeling as well as a clear mandate for compiling additional existing data and for focusing future data gathering efforts on key groups in key areas of the ocean. The present data set presents depth integrated values of diazotrophs abundance and biomass, computed from a collection of source data sets.

Global distributions of diazotrophs nitrogen fixation rates - Depth integrated values computed from a collection of source datasets - Contribution to the MAREDAT World Ocean Atlas of Plankton Functional Types

The MAREDAT atlas covers 11 types of plankton, ranging in size from bacteria to jellyfish. Together, these plankton groups determine the health and productivity of the global ocean and play a vital role in the global carbon cycle. Working within a uniform and consistent spatial and depth grid (map) of the global ocean, the researchers compiled thousands and tens of thousands of data points to identify regions of plankton abundance and scarcity as well as areas of data abundance and scarcity. At many of the grid points, the MAREDAT team accomplished the difficult conversion from abundance (numbers of organisms) to biomass (carbon mass of organisms). The MAREDAT atlas provides an unprecedented global data set for ecological and biochemical analysis and modeling as well as a clear mandate for compiling additional existing data and for focusing future data gathering efforts on key groups in key areas of the ocean. The present data set presents depth integrated values of diazotrophs nitrogen fixation rates, computed from a collection of source data sets.

Beyond the numbers of maternal near-miss in Rwanda - a qualitative study on women's perspectives on access and experiences of care in early and late stage of pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Rwanda has made remarkable progress in decreasing the number of maternal deaths, yet women still face morbidities and mortalities during pregnancy. We explored care-seeking and experiences of maternity care among women who suffered a near-miss event during either the early or late stage of pregnancy, and identified potential health system limitations or barriers to maternal survival in this setting. METHODS: A framework of Naturalistic Inquiry guided the study design and analysis, and the 'three delays' model facilitated data sorting. Participants included 47 women, who were interviewed at three hospitals in Kigali, and 14 of these were revisited in their homes, from March 2013 to April 2014. RESULTS: The women confronted various care-seeking barriers depending on whether the pregnancy was wanted, the gestational age, insurance coverage, and marital status. Poor communication between the women and healthcare providers seemed to result in inadequate or inappropriate treatment, leading some to seek either traditional medicine or care repeatedly at biomedical facilities. CONCLUSION: Improved service provision routines, information, and amendments to the insurance system are suggested to enhance prompt care-seeking. Additionally, we strongly recommend a health system that considers the needs of all pregnant women, especially those facing unintended pregnancies or complications in the early stages of pregnancy.

Does mode of follow-up influence contraceptive use after medical abortion in a low-resource setting? Secondary outcome analysis of a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Post-abortion contraceptive use in India is low and the use of modern methods of contraception is rare, especially in rural areas. This study primarily compares contraceptive use among women whose abortion outcome was assessed in-clinic with women who assessed their abortion outcome at home, in a low-resource, primary health care setting. Moreover, it investigates how background characteristics and abortion service provision influences contraceptive use post-abortion. METHODS: A randomized controlled, non-inferiority, trial (RCT) compared clinic follow-up with home-assessment of abortion outcome at 2 weeks post-abortion. Additionally, contraceptive-use at 3 months post-abortion was investigated through a cross-sectional follow-up interview with a largely urban sub-sample of women from the RCT. Women seeking abortion with a gestational age of up to 9 weeks and who agreed to a 2-week follow-up were included (n = 731). Women with known contraindications to medical abortions, Hb < 85 mg/l and aged below 18 were excluded. Data were collected between April 2013 and August 2014 in six primary health-care clinics in Rajasthan. A computerised random number generator created the randomisation sequence (1:1) in blocks of six. Contraceptive use was measured at 2 weeks among women successfully followed-up (n = 623) and 3 months in the sub-set of women who were included if they were recruited at one of the urban study sites, owned a phone and agreed to a 3-month follow-up (n = 114). RESULTS: There were no differences between contraceptive use and continuation between study groups at 3 months (76 % clinic follow-up, 77 % home-assessment), however women in the clinic follow-up group were most likely to adopt a contraceptive method at 2 weeks (62 ± 12 %), while women in the home-assessment group were most likely to adopt a method after next menstruation (60 ± 13 %). Fifty-two per cent of women who initiated a method at 2 weeks chose the 3-month injection or the copper intrauterine device. Only 4 % of women preferred sterilization. Caste, educational attainment, or type of residence did not influence contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS: Simplified follow-up after early medical abortion will not change women's opportunities to access contraception in a low-resource setting, if contraceptive services are provided as intra-abortion services as early as on day one. Women's postabortion contraceptive use at 3 months is unlikely to be affected by mode of followup after medical abortion, also in a low-resource setting. Clinical guidelines need to encourage intra-abortion contraception, offering the full spectrum of evidence-based methods, especially long-acting reversible methods. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01827995.

Debriefing in simulation conducted in small and large groups : nursing students’ experiences

The debriefing phase in human patient simulation is considered to be crucial for learning. To ensure good learning conditions, the use of small groups is recommended, which poses a major challenge when the student count is high. The use of large groups may provide an alternative for typical lecture-style education and contribute to a more frequently and repeated training which is considered to be important for achieving simulation competency. The purpose of the present study was to describe nursing students’ experiences obtained during the debriefing conducted in small and large groups with the use of a qualitative descriptive approach. The informants had participated in a human patient simulation situation either in large or small groups. Data was collected through the use of five focus-group interviews and analysed by content analysis. The findings showed that independent of group-size the informants experienced the learning strategies to be unfamiliar and intrusive, and in the large groups to such an extent that learning was hampered. Debriefing was perceived as offering excellent opportunities for transferable learning, and activity, predictability and preparedness were deemed essential. Small groups provided the best learning conditions in that safety and security were ensured, but were perceived as providing limited challenges to accommodate professional requirements as a nurse. Simulation competency as a prerequisite for learning was shown not to be developed isolated in conjunction with simulation, but depends on a systematic effort to build a learning community in the programme in general. The faculty needs to support the students to be conscious and accustomed to learning as a heightened experience of learning out of their comfort zone.

Women at Michigan : the "dangerous experiment," 1870s to the present /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-126) and index.

Diketonylpyridinium cations as a support of new ionic liquid crystals and ion-conductive materials: analysis of counter-ion effects

Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) allow the combination of the high ionic conductivity of ionic liquids (ILs) with the supramolecular organization of liquid crystals (LCs). ILCs salts were obtained by the assembly of long-chained diketonylpyridinium cations of the type [HOO^(R(n)pyH)] + and BF_(4)^(-) , ReO_(4)^(-), NO_(3)^(-), CF_(3)SO_(3)^(-), CuCl_(4)^(2-) counter-ions. We have studied the thermal behavior of five series of compounds by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot stage polarized light optical microscopy (POM). All materials show thermotropic mesomorphism as well as crystalline polymorphism. X-ray diffraction of the [HOO^(R(12)pyH)][ReO_(4)] crystal reveals a layered structure with alternating polar and apolar sublayers. The mesophases also exhibit a lamellar arrangement detected by variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction. The CuCl_(4)^(2-) salts exhibit the best LC properties followed by the ReO_(4)^(-) ones due to low melting temperature and wide range of existence. The conductivity was probed for the mesophases in one species each from the ReO_(4)^(-) , and CuCl_(4)^(2-) families, and for the solid phase in one of the non-mesomorphic Cl^(-) salts. The highest ionic conductivity was found for the smectic mesophase of the ReO_(4)^(-) containing salt, whereas the solid phases of all salts were dominated by electronic contributions. The ionic conductivity may be favored by the mesophase lamellar structure.

Arvokeskustelu Chilen aborttilain muutoksesta. Diskurssianalyysi el Mercurio -sanomalehdessä vuosina 2014 - 2015 julkaistuista kirjoituksista

Tässä pro gradu -työssä tarkastellaan sitä, minkälaisin diskurssein abortista puhutaan ja mitä merkityksiä abortti saa aborttia ja aborttilainsäädäntöä koskevissa kirjoituksissa. Abortti on asia, joka nostattaa voimakkaita tunteita ja mielipiteitä, ja siihen liitetään erilaisia arvoja, myös pyhyyttä. Abortti toimii laukaisijana, joka aktivoi kulttuurisia erotteluja ja rajanvetoja. Tutkimusaineisto on kerätty el Mercurio -sanomalehden aborttiin liittyvistä kirjoituksista ajanjaksona (toukokuu) 2014 - 2015 (toukokuu). Tämä lehti on yksi vaikutusvaltaisimmista lehdistä Chilessä. Aborttikuvan rakentumista tutkitaan seuraavalla tutkimuskysymyksellä, joka jakaantuu kahdeksi alakysymykseksi: 1 Miten arvoja jäsennetään ja miten niitä erotetaan toisistaan? 1.1 Mitä arvoja diskursseista tuodaan esille? 1.2 Miten pyhyyttä käytetään arvojen perustelussa? Tutkimuksen metodina on käytetty diskurssianalyysiä, jonka avulla on etsitty aborttilain muutoksen käynnistämästä keskustelusta arvodiskursseja chileläisessä kulttuurissa. Aineistosta on erotettu neljä diskurssia, jotka ovat oikeus-, hyvinvointi-, samanarvoisuuden- ja tahdonvapaudendiskurssi. Nämä hahmotellut diskurssit ovat muodostuneet merkityksellisten arvojen ympärille, ja näitä ovat autonomia, elämä, terveys, tasa-arvo ja suvaitsevaisuus. Näiden arvodiskurssien suhdetta on tutkittu maan sosiokulttuuriseen ja uskonnolliseen kontekstiin. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella uskonto ja katolinen kirkko ovat edelleen tärkeä osa kansallista identiteettiä, etenkin maan varakkaamman väestön keskuudessa. Lehtikirjoittelun perusteella näyttää siltä, ettei chileläinen yhteiskunta ole sekularisoitumassa. Elämä ja kuolema paikallistuvat tässä tutkimuksessa keskeisiksi rajapinnoiksi, joihin pyhä määrittyy. Nämä arvot ovat yhteisöelämän järjestyksen perustana. Abortin dekriminalisointi uhkaa kansakuntaa ja sen identiteettiä kristillisenä yhteiskuntana.

"Säilytetään kulttuuriperintöä tanssin avulla” : Paritanssiharrastajien jakamat erityisyydet, niiden motiivit ja merkitykset aineettoman kulttuuriperinnön jatkumossa

Kulttuuriperinnön pro gradu –tutkielmani käsittelee paritanssin harrastajien jakamia motivaatioita ja erityisyyksiä, joita määritän aineettoman kulttuuriperinnön näkökulmasta viimeisen sadan vuoden aikana. Tutkimukseni perustuu tarkastelun kautta hankittuihin aineistoihin, joissa olen perehtynyt kulttuuriperintö-, perinne- ja tanssitutkimuksiin sekä kirjallisuuteen. Tutkimuskohteeni on porilainen Happy Dance tanssikoulu, jonka sadan kyselyvastauksen avulla muodostan niitä johtopäätöksiä, joiden vuoksi harrastaminen koetaan merkittäväksi. Tutkimuksessa selvitän harrastamisen syitä, seurauksia ja merkityksiä, joiden välityksellä myös yhteiskunnallinen näkökulma korostuu. Kyselyvastausten analysointi pohjautuu laadulliseen tutkimusmenetelmään, jonka kautta määritän aineettoman kulttuuriperinnön liittyvän paritanssiharrastuksen jatkumoon. Vertaan saatuja tutkimustuloksia laadullisen tutkimusmetodin mukaisesti aikaisempiin teorioihin, joiden perusteella paritanssi on muuttunut juhla-, pyhä- ja arjenrytmittäjänä olleesta huvista, nykyisenlaiseksi jokapäiväiseksi harrastamiseksi. Paritanssin harrastajat määrittävät harrastamisen syiksi itsensä kehittämisen ja tanssikuvioiden oppimisen, jonka motivoivana tekijänä korostuu myös harrastuksen sosiaalisuus. Paritanssin sosiaalisuuden pääpaino on harrastajien keskinäisissä keskusteluissa ja tanssiparin koskettamisessa. Tutkimuksessa ovat esillä myös paritanssin liikunnallisuuden vaikutukset sekä yleiseen hyvinvointiin vaikuttavat yhteiskunnalliset näkökulmat. Tutkimuksen mukaan paritanssiharrastajat kohentavat omaa henkistä pääomaa tanssimalla, luoden samalla uutta aineetonta kulttuuriperintöä.