Massage therapy reduces pain in pregnant women, alleviates prenatal depression in both parents and improves their relationships

Prenatally depressed women (N=47) were randomly assigned to a group that received massage twice weekly from their partners from 20 weeks gestation until the end of pregnancy or a control group. Self-reported leg pain, back pain, depression, anxiety and anger decreased more for the massaged pregnant women than for the control group women. In addition, the partners who massaged the pregnant women versus the control group partners reported less depressed mood, anxiety and anger across the course of the massage therapy period. Finally, scores on a relationship questionnaire improved more for both the women and the partners in the massage group. These data suggest that not only mood states but also relationships improve mutually when depressed pregnant women are massaged by their partners.

Postpartum Depression: Is it a condition affecting the mother-infant interaction and the development of the child across the first year of life?

Noting that maternal depression is common during a baby's first year, this study examined the interaction of depressed and non-depressed mother-child dyads. A sample of 26 first-time mothers with postpartum depression at the third month after birth and their 3-month-old infants was compared to a sample of 25 first-time mothers with no postpartum depression at the third month after birth and their 3-month-old infants. The observations were repeated at 6 months and again at 12 months postpartum. The samples were compared for differences in mother interaction behavior, mother's infant care, mother's concern with the baby, infant behavioral difficulties, infant mental and motor development, and infant behavior with the observer. Among the findings are the following: (1) depressed mothers' interaction behavior and care of their infants are less adequate than the non-depressed mothers' interaction behavior and care of their infants at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum; (2) infants' interaction behaviors during feeding and face-to-face interaction with depressed mothers are less adequate than infants' interactions with non-depressed mothers at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum; (3) mother-infant interactions are less adequate in the depressed mother dyads than the non-depressed dyads at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum; (4) depressed mothers are less concerned about their infants than non-depressed mothers at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum; (5) infants of depressed mothers have more behavioral difficulties at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum than infants of non-depressed mothers; (6) infants of depressed mothers had lower mental and motor development rates at 6 and 12 months postpartum than infants of non-depressed mothers; and (7) infants of non-depressed mothers behaved in a more positive way with the observer than the infants of depressed mothers. (AS)

Modificación funcional de la reactividad pre y postnatal hacia el alcohol

Los efectos teratológicos de la exposición etílica durante el desarrollo embrionario y fetal han sido reconocidos y sistematizados a nivel diagnóstico desde 1973. Entre los principales efectos derivados de exposición etílica prenatal se cuentan: retraso en el crecimiento pre y postnatal, malformaciones faciales, anormalidades en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central, deficiencias atencionales e hiperactividad. El consumo de alcohol durante la gestación es considerado como la primera causa prevenible de retraso mental en el mundo occidental. El período de lactancia representa otra fuente potencial de exposición etílica. (...) El objetivo general de este equipo de investigación se centra en el análisis de las consecuencias de una experiencia temprana con etanol sobre la posterior reactividad prenatal e infantil hacia la droga y/o sobre posteriores patrones de detección, discriminación e ingesta de alcohol. (...) (...) Este proyecto se subdivide en tres líneas de investigación. La primera de ellas contempla el análisis de capacidades de aprendizaje asociativo en el feto de rata a término. Específicamente se indagará sobre la asociabilidad entre las claves quimiosensoriales alojadas en el líquido amniótico y el estado de intoxicación aguda fetal generado por la administración intragástrica de dosis moderadas de alcohol a nivel materno. La retención de este proceso asociativo y/o de memorias relativas a atributos orosensoriales del fármaco y de eventuales estímulos condicionales se realizará postnatalmente mediante esquemas de habituación y deshabituación comportamental frente a dichas claves. Una segunda línea de estudios contempla el análisis de cambios en la reactividad infantil frente al etanol en función de la exposición crónica al psicotrópico cuando el mismo se encuentra presente en el contenido lácteo materno. El estudio ahonda en el establecimiento de memorias específicas respecto al fármaco y la posible modulación de las mismas a través de la disrupción de la conducta materna por el estado de intoxicación etílico. Finalmente el proyecto estipula la continuidad de investigaciones en referencia a la acción disruptiva del etanol sobre el aprendizaje asociativo infantil. El estudio sugerido se centra sobre la posibilidad de reactivar memorias afectadas por el estado tóxico del infante en el momento de evocación de las mismas. Se pretende generar un cuerpo de información conducente a establecer si el estado tóxico altera el proceso evocativo por aristas hedónicas específicas de dicho estado que compitan con el aprendizaje original.

Modificación funcional de la reactividad pre y postnatal hacia el alcohol

El proyecto se genera a partir de estudios previos realizados en este laboratorio en relación con la interacción alcohol-ontogenia temprana. El plan ha sido concebido a fin de aportar información acerca de: a) procesamiento fetal de claves orosensoriales de estímulos biológicos prenatales (líquido amniótico) y de similar estímulo contaminado con etanol. Incluye esta línea el análisis de capacidades reforzantes del psicotrópico en función de la experiencia intrauterina con el agente tóxico; b) efectos de la intoxicación aguda con alcohol sobre aprendizajes asociativos durante el transcurso ontogenético. Esta línea encuentra su origen en estudios previos que sugieren efectos diferenciales en el desarrollo del organismo. Cuatro trabajos básicos han sido programados con la finalidad de especificar posibles mecanismos que subyacen a déficits en la consolidación y/o evocación de información adquirida bajo el estado tóxico en infantes y periadolescentes; c) modulación de la reactividad y apetencia etílica a través de procesos de lactancia con el contaminante etílico. Estudios de éste y otros laboratorios sugieren la discriminación del alcohol por parte del infante cuando la droga contamina la leche materna. Estudios dosis-respuesta han sido diseñados para la determinación de distribución del fármaco en el nutriente infantil, percepción del lactante y efectos sobre patrones de reconocimiento y aceptación posterior del alcohol. Las tres líneas de trabajo se articulan sobre la necesidad de comprender efectos y mecanismos originados por el temprano contacto con el alcohol.

Lang anhaltende Prozesse der retinalen Spreading Depression : Untersuchung des intrinsischen optischen Signals

Excitability, wave, reaction-diffusion, chicken, neuron, glia, potassium, nitric oxide, glycolysis

Kognitive Defizite und präfrontale Dysfunktion bei Patienten mit Major Depression : eine kombinierte neuropsychologische und fMRI-Studie

Depression, Neuropsychology, fMRI

Depression as a Clinical Determinant of Dependence and Low Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Background:The aging process promotes a progressive increase in chronic-degenerative diseases. The effect of these diseases on the functional capacity has been well recognized. Another health parameter concerns “quality of life related to health”. Among the elderly population, cardiovascular diseases stand out due to the epidemiological and clinical impact. Usually, these diseases have been associated with others. This set of problems may compromise both independence and quality of life in elderly patients who seek cardiologic treatment. These health parameters have not been well contemplated by cardiologists.Objective:Evaluating, among the elderly population with cardiovascular disease, which are the most relevant clinical determinants regarding dependence and quality of life.Methods:This group was randomly and consecutively selected and four questionnaires were applied: HAQ, SF-36, PRIME-MD e Mini Mental State.Results:The study included 1,020 elderly patients, 63.3% women. The group had been between 60 and 97 years-old (mean: 75.56 ± 6.62 years-old). 61.4% were independent or mild dependence. The quality of life total score was high (HAQ: 88.66 ± 2.68). 87.8% of patients had a SF-36 total score > 66. In the multivariate analysis, the association between diagnoses and high degrees of dependence was significant only for previous stroke (p = 0.014), obesity (p < 0.001), lack of physical activity (p = 0.016), osteoarthritis (p < 0.001), cognitive impairment (p < 0.001), and major depression (p < 0.001). Analyzing the quality of life, major depression and physical illness for depression was significantly associated with all domains of the SF-36.Conclusion:Among an elderly outpatient cardiology population, dependence and quality of life clinical determinants are not cardiovascular comorbidities, especially the depression.

Anxiety, Depression, and General Psychological Distress in Patients with Coronary Slow Flow

AbstractBackground:The relationship between psychiatric illness and heart disease has been frequently discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety, depression and overall psychological distress, and coronary slow flow (CSF).Methods:In total, 44 patients with CSF and a control group of 50 patients with normal coronary arteries (NCA) were prospectively recruited. Clinical data, admission laboratory parameters, and echocardiographic and angiographic characteristics were recorded. Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scales were administered to each patient.Results:The groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, and atherosclerotic risk factors. In the CSF group, BAI score, BDI score, and general symptom index were significantly higher than controls (13 [18.7] vs. 7.5 [7], p = 0.01; 11 [14.7] vs. 6.5 [7], p = 0.01; 1.76 [0.81] vs. 1.1[0.24], p = 0.01; respectively). Patients with CSF in more than one vessel had the highest test scores. In univariate correlation analysis, mean thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame counts were positively correlated with BAI (r = 0.56, p = 0.01), BDI (r = 0.47, p = 0.01), and general symptom index (r = 0.65, p = 0.01). The psychiatric tests were not correlated with risk factors for atherosclerosis.Conclusion:Our study revealed higher rates of depression, anxiety, and overall psychological distress in patients with CSF. This conclusion warrants further studies.

Postnatal maternal separation affects hippocampal longterm potentiation in adult stressed rats : molecular and hormonal mechanisms

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2013

Untersuchung charakteristischer Veränderungen des Ruhezustands bei Depression mittels funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie : der besondere Einfluss glutamaterger Mechanismen auf die Funktion des insulären Kortex

Magdeburg, Univ., Med. Fak., Diss., 2014

Long-term citalopram administration reduces responsiveness of HPA axis in patients with major depression: relationship with S-citalopram concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and clinical response.

RATIONALE: A dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a well-documented neurobiological finding in major depression. Moreover, clinically effective therapy with antidepressant drugs may normalize the HPA axis activity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test whether citalopram (R/S-CIT) affects the function of the HPA axis in patients with major depression (DSM IV). METHODS: Twenty depressed patients (11 women and 9 men) were challenged with a combined dexamethasone (DEX) suppression and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test (DEX/CRH test) following a placebo week and after 2, 4, and 16 weeks of 40 mg/day R/S-CIT treatment. RESULTS: The results show a time-dependent reduction of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol response during the DEX/CRH test both in treatment responders and nonresponders within 16 weeks. There was a significant relationship between post-DEX baseline cortisol levels (measured before administration of CRH) and severity of depression at pretreatment baseline. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify the impact of psychopathology and hormonal stress responsiveness and R/S-CIT concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The magnitude of decrease in cortisol responsivity from pretreatment baseline to week 4 on drug [delta-area under the curve (AUC) cortisol] was a significant predictor (p<0.0001) of the degree of symptom improvement following 16 weeks on drug (i.e., decrease in HAM-D21 total score). The model demonstrated that the interaction of CSF S-CIT concentrations and clinical improvement was the most powerful predictor of AUC cortisol responsiveness. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that decreased AUC cortisol was highly associated with S-CIT concentrations in plasma and CSF. Therefore, our data suggest that the CSF or plasma S-CIT concentrations rather than the R/S-CIT dose should be considered as an indicator of the selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) effect on HPA axis responsiveness as measured by AUC cortisol response.

Substance use and depression. Comparative course in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between depression and substance use in adolescents and the concomitant courses of both disorders. METHODS: Four individual interviews were administered to 85 adolescent substance users aged 14-19 years (mean 17.1 years, SD 1.4) over a 3.5 year period using the Adolescent Drug Abuse Interview (ADAD) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13). RESULTS: No predictive effect was observed on one dimension over the other, but each dimension was predictive of its own course. A decrease in substance-use severity paralleled a decrease in depressive state. Similarly, stable substance-use rates, either at a low or a high level, tended to be associated with low or high levels of depression, respectively. However, an increase in substance use was not accompanied by an increase in depressive states. Moreover, depression varied greatly between adolescents, and according to gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive states and substance use in adolescents can vary considerably overtime, and are closely but rather synchronically related. Since most of the adolescents do not seek help for substance-related problems, substance use should be systematically assessed in adolescents presenting with a depressive state.

Volumetric MRI changes, cognition and personality traits in old age depression.

BACKGROUND: The presence of cognitive and structural deficits in euthymic elderly depressed patients remains a matter of debate. Integrative aetiological models assessing concomitantly these parameters as well as markers of psychological vulnerability such as persistent personality traits, are still lacking for this age group. METHODS: Cross-sectional comparisons of 38 elderly remitted patients with early-onset depression (EOD) and 62 healthy controls included detailed neuropsychological assessment, estimates of brain volumes in limbic areas and white matter hyperintensities, as well as evaluation of the Five-Factor personality dimensions. RESULTS: Both cognitive performances and brain volumes were preserved in euthymic EOD patients. No significant group differences were observed in white matter hyperintensity scores between the two groups. In contrast, EOD was associated with significant increase of Neuroticism and decrease of Extraversion facet scores. LIMITATIONS: Results concern the restricted portion of EOD patients without psychiatric and physical comorbidities. Future longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the temporal relationship between the occurrence of depression and personality dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: After remission from acute depressive symptoms, cognitive performances remain intact in elderly patients with EOD. In contrast to previous observations, these patients display neither significant brain volume loss in limbic areas nor increased vascular burden compared to healthy controls. Further clinical investigations on EOD patterns of vulnerability in old age will gain from focusing on psychological features such as personality traits rather than neurocognitive clues.

Hawtreyan “Credit Deadlock” or Keynesian “Liquidity Trap”? Lessons for Japan from the Great Depression

This paper outlines the ideas of Ralph Hawtrey and Lauchlin Currie on the need for monetised fiscal deficit spending in 1930s USA to combat the deep depression into which the economy had been allowed to sink. In such exceptional circumstances of “credit deadlock” in which banks were afraid to lend and households and business afraid to borrow, the deadlock could best be broken through the spending of new money into circulation via large fiscal deficits. This complementarity of fiscal and monetary policy was shown to be essential, and as such indicates the potential power of monetary policy – in contrast to the Keynesian “liquidity trap” view that it is powerless This lesson was not learned by the Japanese authorities in their response to the asset price collapse of 1991-92, resulting in a lost decade as ballooning fiscal deficits were neutralised throughout the 1990s by unhelpfully tight monetary policy with the Bank of Japan refusing to monetise the deficits.