1000 resultados para Ponto fixo
Resumo:
A obra faz um panorama desde as florestas no mundo e seus serviços ambientais até os desafios e barreiras à produção e consumo responsável de madeira. São apontados os esforços no controle e aplicação de tecnologias para uma melhor gestão pública, buscando gerar menos conflitos na floresta, menos emissões de gases de efeito estufa e reverter a grande evasão fiscal decorrente da exploração ilegal de madeira.
Resumo:
Nesta dissertação apresento um estudo detalhado de vários aspectos da interacção entre um plasma de arco de alta pressão e cátodos refractários. Um modelo da camada de plasma junto ao cátodo num plasma sujeito a uma pressão da ordem de uma ou várias atmosferas é reconsiderado com base em recentes resultados teóricos. A física da camada de plasma junto ao cátodo é analisada para valores da queda de tensão na camada de plasma junto ao cátodo até 50V, de acordo com recentes resultados experimentais que mostram que a queda de tensão na camada de plasma junto ao cátodo numa descarga de arco de alta pressão pode atingir valores tão elevados. São identificados os mecanismos que originam a não monotonia da dependência da densidade de fluxo de energia (proveniente do plasma para a superfície do cátodo) em relação à temperatura da superfície do cátodo, para um valor fixo da queda de tensão junto ao cátodo. Uma descrição fechada da interacção plasma-cátodo é obtida por meio da resolução numérica do problema não linear com condições de fronteira para a distribuição da temperatura no interior do corpo do cátodo. São apresentados resultados da modelação numérica da descarga difusa nas condições de funcionamento de uma lâmpada de descarga experimental, sendo bom o acordo entre os resultados numéricos e os dados experimentais. Manchas solitárias num cátodo plano infinito e modos difuso e mancha axialmente simétricos em cátodos finitos de descargas de arco de alta pressão são estudados num grande intervalo de corrente. São analisados aspectos gerais e apresentados resultados numéricos referentes a cátodos de tungsténio planos e de forma cilíndrica a operar num plasma de argon à pressão atmosférica para correntes de arco até 100 kA. Émostrado, em particular, que a temperatura da superfície do cátodo no interior de uma mancha solitária varia relativamente pouco, podendo ser estimada com uma precisão de cerca de 200 − 300K sem ser necesário resolver a equação da condução térmica no corpo do cátodo. O comportamento assimptótico das soluções para um cátodo finito no caso limite de altas correntes é encontrado e confirmado pelos resultados numéricos. É confirmado um padrão geral das características tensão-corrente de vários modos de transferência de corrente em cátodos finitos sugerido previamente com base numa análise de bifurcações. É estudada a transição de modos mancha num cátodo finito no limite de cátodos de grandes dimensões para o modo mancha solitária num cátodo plano infinito. É estabelecido que o modo mancha solitária representa uma forma limite do modo mancha de alta tensão num cátodo finito. É considerada a questão da distinção entre modo difuso e modo mancha num cátodo finito. É desenvolvida uma abordagem para o cálculo de pontos de bifurcação nos quais soluções mancha tridimensionais bifurcam-se a partir de soluções que descrevem o modo difuso e modos mancha axialmente simétricos. Em particular, é calculado o primeiro ponto de bifurcação posicionado na solução que descreve o modo difuso e, por conseguinte, o seu limite de estabilidade, isto é, a corrente abaixo da qual o modo difuso torna-se instável. São apresentados os resultados da modelação numérica efectuada para o caso de um cátodo de tungsténio de forma cilíndrica a operar num plasma de alta pressão. É estudado o efeito produzido no limite de estabilidade pelas variações dos parâmetros de controle (dimensões do cátodo, função de trabalho do material do cátodo, tipo e pressão do gás que produz o plasma). Foi encontrado que o comportamento do limite de estabilidade sujeito a estas variações está em conformidade com as tendências observadas experimentalmente. Foi encontrado que o limite de estabilidade é muito mais sensível às variações dos parâmetros de controle do que as características tensão-corrente do modo difuso, sendo o efeito mais forte produzido pelas variações das dimensões do cátodo e da função de trabalho do material do cátodo. Este resultado está em conformidade com o facto experimental de que a transição difuso-mancha é de difícil reprodução.
Resumo:
Este projeto teve como principal objetivo continuar o desenvolvimento do quiosque multimédia FNAC. Filial do Grupo Pinault Printemps, a FNAC é líder europeu na distribuição de bens tecnológicos e culturais. Nesta fase do desenvolvimento, o foco do projeto centrou-se na procura da melhor forma de mostrar ao utilizador a localização de um produto na loja FNAC Madeira, expansão das funcionalidades aos restantes produtos e o redesenho da interface do quiosque multimédia FNAC. Por forma a identificar uma forma eficaz de dar a conhecer ao utilizador a localização de um produto dentro da loja FNAC Madeira, foi efetuado um estudo que consistiu em questionários e testes com utilizadores para comparar duas formas de localização, por planta da loja ou por vídeo em tempo real. A primeira versão do quiosque multimédia FNAC apenas possuía suporte a livros, pelo que foi necessário tornar a aplicação o mais abstrata possível por forma a gerar as categorias de produtos em runtime recorrendo a ficheiros XML. Por fim, para redesenhar a interface do quiosque multimédia FNAC, foram efetuadas análises às interfaces da primeira versão, utilizando as heurísticas de Nielsen e os “Principles of good form” de Larry Constantine. Após a fase de análise as interfaces foram redesenhadas tendo por base a análise efetuada, o guia de norma FNAC 2011 e breves testes de usabilidade com utilizadores. Do estudo realizado, na procura pela melhor forma de localização, foram identificados alguns problemas relacionados com a utilização de um vídeo em tempo real para a identificação, tal como as interferências externas por parte dos outros clientes do espaço comercial e foi possível constatar um melhor desempenho e aceitação da localização por planta. A localização por planta mostrou-se suficiente para os utilizadores conseguirem identificar o local onde o produto estava exposto, pois permitia-lhes identificar o local onde encontravam-se e obter uma localização mais precisa do local, necessitando apenas de olhar em volta para conseguir relacionar o que era possível visualizar na planta com aquilo que os rodeava na loja.
Resumo:
This research analyzes the actual Historic-Architectural Heritage of Assú City which is located in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, the study is based on both Assú s residents perception and technician s viewpoint. It looks forward to expose this community s relationship with the existing number of historic buildings, the scale of people s identity to the place and the association of this perception toward the preservation and conservation s scale of the historic settlement. Since the contextualization of the degradation s process of central areas, the study draw nea initially the conceptual aspects, focusing on the debate about heritage and the preservationist practice. The work complements the discussion through an approach on people-environment relationship and environmental perception, considering relevant factors for planning process. The obtained and presented data had diagnosed the condition of the architectural pile and also allowed this work to formulate recommendations for the studied area and architectural set in order to contribute for future urban politics implementation that consider the building, which are not only important to the considered population, but to the Rio Grande do Norte s History, as well
Resumo:
The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry
Resumo:
Inclusion of students with disabilities is a recent case that has been discussed in school contexts, but the current policy of inclusion for access and retention of students in higher education is still a problem face there is much to do, therefore, are incipient studies in which this student body is involved. Accordingly, what is happening is that the most studies deal with on these students and little is said about them. For inclusive education thus the institution should prepare to receive students, having as one of its premises their point of views about what actually experience aiming at promoting education for all. Therefore, this study deals with the process of inclusion of students with disabilities regularly enrolled in undergraduate courses at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN.They were used the assumptions of qualitative research enabled by the case study method and semi-structured interviews. It has been analyzed by guiding actions and teaching practices, under the views of disabled students and teachers, the conditions of access and permanence offered by UFRN. Twelve students with physical, visual, hearing disabilities participated and five teachers from the acedemic centers that in academic year 2008 taught to these students. For data analysis it was used the technique of content analysis. It was extracted two themes: access and retention of students with disabilities in UFRN, in which emerged the categories described and analyzed in the course of this work. The results show the difficulties of access and retention of students with disabilities within the UFRN, such as attitudinal, pedagogical and architectural barriers. However, as it has also turned out, initial advances in the quest for achieving more effective actions to guarantee access and permanence of these students in UFRN. It has concluded that the scope for the exercise of citizenship in the pupils with disabilities who need this Higher Education Institution has an inclusive education Project, wide and consolidated, for the actions undertaken by the Ministry of Education - MEC, by itself, are not guaranteed to all students due to mobility, autonomy and security. It has hoped this work will bring benefits for new studies to develop features that were located, but were not our focus, because then the UFRN may advance the inclusive process of disabled students
Resumo:
This work presents an analysis of the method of intervention used in the craft of design by SEBRAE in Rio Grande do Norte under the viewpoint of the actors involved, especially the craftsmen and design consultants. The research methodology used was based on the ergonomic work analysis - AET, applying observational techniques and interactive. Data tabulated from the matrix to include comments were analyzed in order to allow the generation of qualitative and quantitative information. The results of this research allow us to affirm that for the process of innovation through the design of intervention are satisfactory for all involved, it is necessary that the bonds of interaction are established and the joint actions in the innovation process to bear fruit in favor sustainability of artisan groups
Resumo:
Seis cabras Pardas Alpinas com produção média de leite de 2,5kg/dia, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de três cada, submetidas a termoneutralidade ou estresse térmico. Usou-se um delineamento estatístico crossover. Um período de adaptação de 28 dias foi seguido por quatro intervalos de 14 dias cada, durante os quais os animais sob estresse foram expostos à temperatura média do ar de 33,84ºC das 8 às 17 horas, incluindo radiação solar simulada das 10 às 15 horas. Na segunda semana de cada intervalo experimental amostras de leite individuais foram coletadas diariamente pela manhã e à tarde, adicionando-se conservador. No final da semana as amostras de cada ordenha foram misturadas formando-se amostras compostas nas quais foram efetuadas determinações de pH, acidez titulável, densidade e ponto crioscópico. Os resultados indicaram que os valores obtidos para densidade e ponto crioscópico são compatíveis aos encontrados por diversos autores em diferentes países. Constatou-se valor maior para densidade no leite ordenhado pela manhã, em relação ao da tarde, sendo que o intervalo desigual entre as ordenhas deve ter influído neste resultado. Não se verificou diferença estatística significativa para esta propriedade no leite das cabras em condições de termoneutralidade e de estresse térmico. Para o ponto crioscópico não se observou diferença estatística entre o leite ordenhado pela manhã e à tarde. Houve diferença estatística significativa para esta propriedade física entre o leite das cabras em condições de termoneutralidade e estresse térmico, sendo o valor médio maior, para as condições de termoneutralidade.
Resumo:
The nonionic surfactants are composed of substances whose molecules in solution, does not ionize. The solubility of these surfactants in water due to the presence of functional groups that have strong affinity for water. When these surfactants are heated is the formation of two liquid phases, evidenced by the phenomenon of turbidity. This study was aimed to determine the experimental temperature and turbidity nonilfenolpoliethoxyled subsequently perform a thermodynamic modeling, considering the models of Flory-Huggins and the empirical solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE). The method used for determining the turbidity point was the visual method (Inoue et al., 2008). The experimental methodology consisted of preparing synthetic solutions of 0,25%, 0,5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 12,5%, 15%, 17% and 20% by weight of surfactant. The nonionic surfactants used according to their degree of ethoxylation (9.5, 10, 11, 12 and 13). During the experiments the solutions were homogenized and the bath temperature was gradually increased while the turbidity of the solution temperature was checked visually Inoue et al. (2003). These temperature data of turbidity were used to feed the models evaluated and obtain thermodynamic parameters for systems of surfactants nonilfenolpoliethoxyled. Then the models can be used in phase separation processes, facilitating the extraction of organic solvents, therefore serve as quantitative and qualitative parameters. It was observed that the solidliquid equilibrium model (ESL) was best represented the experimental data.
Resumo:
Supported catalysts of CuCl2 on sílica were used in the methane oxychlorination reaction. The materials were synthesized by the ion exchange technique in a basic solution, using a copper-ammonia complex with 3 and 6 % of nominal copper loading. The materials where characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDS), BET specific area and pore distribution. The characterization confirms the presence of copper on the support surface, concluding that the ion exchange technique was adequate in the catalyst synthesis. For the reaction test, an oxychlorination bench scale unit was employed. The tests were carried at 673 and 773 K. The results showed the influence of temperature and catalyst copper content on the oxychlorination of methane reaction
Resumo:
This dissertation aims to assess the representativeness of the manual chilled mirror analyzer (model II Chanscope 13-1200-CN-2) used for the determination of condensed hydrocarbons of natural gas compared to the indirect methods, based on thermodynamic models equation of state. Additionally, it has been implemented in this study a model for calculating the dew point of natural gas. The proposed model is a modification of the equation of state of Peng-Robinson admits that the groups contribution as a strategy to calculate the binary interaction parameters kij (T) temperature dependence. Experimental data of the work of Brown et al. (2007) were used to compare the responses of the dew point of natural gas with thermodynamic models contained in the UniSim process simulator and the methodology implemented in this study. Then two natural gas compositions were studied, the first being a standard gas mixture gravimetrically synthesized and, second, a mixture of processed natural gas. These experimental data were also compared with the results presented by UniSim process simulator and the thermodynamic model implemented. However, data from the manual analysis results indicated significant differences in temperature, these differences were attributed to the formation of dew point of water, as we observed the appearance of moisture on the mirror surface cooling equipment
Resumo:
Studies show the great influence of free radicals and other oxidants as responsible for aging and degenerative diseases. On the other hand, the natural phenolic compounds has shown great as antioxidants to inhibit lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase in vitro. Among these, is highlighted trans-resveratrol ( 3,5,4 `- trihydroxystilbene ) phenolic compound , characterized as a polyphenol stilbene class. The vegetables popularly known as "Azedinha" (Rumex Acetosa) has trans-resveratrol in its composition and from this, the present work aimed to study on the supercritical extraction and conventional extraction (Soxhlet and sequential) in roots of Rumex Acetosa, evaluating the efficiency of extractive processes, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and quantification of trans-resveratrol contained in the extracts. Extractions using supercritical CO2 as solvent, addition of co-solvent (ethanol) and were conducted by the dynamic method in a fixed bed extractor. The trial met a 23 factorial design with three replications at the central point, with the variable reply process yield and concentration of trans-resveratrol and pressure as independent variables, temperature and concentration of co-solvent (% v/v). Yields ( mass of dry extract / mass of raw material used ) obtained from the supercritical extraction ranged from 0,8 to 7,63 % , and the best result was obtained at 250 bar and 90 °C using the co-solvent 15% ethanol (% v/v). The value was calculated for YCER a flow rate of 1,0 ± 0,17 g/min resulting in 0,0469 CO2 ( g solute / g solvent ). The results of the mass yield varied between conventional extractions 0,78 % ( hexane) and 9,97 % (ethanol). The statistical model generated from the data of the concentration of trans-resveratrol performed as meaningful and predictive for a 95% confidence. GC analysis on HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), transresveratrol was quantified in all extracts and concentration values ranged between 0,0033 and 0,42 ( mg / g extract) for supercritical extracts and between 0,449 and 17,046 (mg / g extract) to conventional extractions and therefore, the Soxhlet extraction with ethanol for more selective trans-resveratrol than the supercritical fluid. Evaluation of antioxidant (radical method to sequester 2,2- diphenyl-1- picryl - hydrazyl - DPPH) the supercritical extracts resulted in EC50 values (concentration effective to neutralize 50% of free radicals) of between 7,89 and 18,43 mg/mL , while resulting in a Soxhlet extraction with EC50 values in the range of 6,05 and 7,39 mg/mL. As for quantification of the phenolic compounds (Method Spectrophotometer Folin-Ciocalteau) the supercritical extracts resulted in values between 85,3 and 194,79 mg GAE / g extract, whereas values derived from the Soxhlet extract resulted in values between 178,5 and 237,8 mg GAE / g extract. The high antioxidant activity can not be attributed solely to the presence of phenolic compounds, but the presence of other antioxidants in the existing Rumex acetosa