Observational and Dynamical Characterization of Main-belt Comet P/2010 R2 (La Sagra)

We present observations of the recently discovered comet-like main-belt object P/2010 R2 (La Sagra) obtained by Pan-STARRS1 and the Faulkes Telescope-North on Haleakala in Hawaii, the University of Hawaii 2.2 m, Gemini-North, and Keck I telescopes on Mauna Kea, the Danish 1.54 m telescope (operated by the MiNDSTEp consortium) at La Silla, and the Isaac Newton Telescope on La Palma. An antisolar dust tail is observed to be present from 2010 August through 2011 February, while a dust trail aligned with the object's orbit plane is also observed from 2010 December through 2011 August. Assuming typical phase darkening behavior, P/La Sagra is seen to increase in brightness by >1 mag between 2010 August and December, suggesting that dust production is ongoing over this period. These results strongly suggest that the observed activity is cometary in nature (i.e., driven by the sublimation of volatile material), and that P/La Sagra is therefore the most recent main-belt comet to be discovered. We find an approximate absolute magnitude for the nucleus of HR = 17.9 ± 0.2 mag, corresponding to a nucleus radius of ~0.7 km, assuming an albedo of p = 0.05. Comparing the observed scattering surface areas of the dust coma to that of the nucleus when P/La Sagra was active, we find dust-to-nucleus area ratios of Ad /AN = 30-60, comparable to those computed for fellow main-belt comets 238P/Read and P/2008 R1 (Garradd), and one to two orders of magnitude larger than for two other main-belt comets (133P/Elst-Pizarro and 176P/LINEAR). Using optical spectroscopy to search for CN emission, we do not detect any conclusive evidence of sublimation products (i.e., gas emission), finding an upper limit CN production rate of Q CN 100 Myr, suggesting that it is likely native to its current location and that its composition is likely representative of other objects in the same region of the main belt, though the relatively close proximity of the 13:6 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter and the (3,-2,-1) three-body mean-motion resonance with Jupiter and Saturn mean that dynamical instability on larger timescales cannot be ruled out.

The Influence of Aspect on the Biological Colonization of Stone in Northern Ireland.

The rate and type of biological colonization of stone is influenced by a wide array of environmental factors in addition to substrate characteristics. A series of experiments was designed to compare the rate and type of biological colonization of stone at varying locations over a 21-month time period. Exposure
trials were set up at nine different sites across Northern Ireland that covered a wide variety of environmental conditions. To determine aspect-related differences in colonization, blocks of Peakmoor sandstone and Portland limestone were placed on the north- and south-facing sides of purpose-designed exposure racks. Colorimetry and visual analysis were carried out on collected samples at increasing time intervals. Results showed significantly different rates of darkening and greening over time between north-facing and south-facing blocks, for both sandstone and limestone. This difference is likely to be representative of the fact that in Northern Ireland’s wet climate and northern-latitude position, the north face of a building will receive less direct sunlight. Therefore north-facing blocks, once wet, will remain damp for much longer than blocks on other façades. This slow-drying phenomenon is much more hospitable for biological colonization and continued growth than the hostile environment of rapid wetting and drying cycles experienced on the south face.

Fluorescent switches with high selectivity towards sodium ions:Correlation of ion-induced conformation switching with fluorescence function

Diazacoronand 2 undergoes drastic conformational switching upon binding sodium ions as demonstrated by solution- and solid-state studies, which permit the design of efficient fluorescent PET (photoinduced electron transfer) switches 3a,b.

The spotty donor star in the X-ray transient Cen X-4

We accurately determine the fundamental system parameters of the neutron star X-ray transient Cen X-4 solely using phase-resolved high-resolution UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph spectroscopy. We first determine the radial-velocity curve of the secondary star and then model the shape of the phase-resolved absorption line profiles using an X-ray binary model. The model computes the exact rotationally broadened, phase-resolved spectrum and does not depend on assumptions about the rotation profile, limb-darkening coefficients and the effects of contamination from an accretion disc. We determine the secondary star-to-neutron star binary mass ratio to be 0.1755 ± 0.0025, which is an order of magnitude more accurate than previous estimates. We also constrain the inclination angle to be 32^{+8}_{-2} degrees. Combining these values with the results of the radial-velocity study gives a neutron star mass of 1.94^{+0.37}_{-0.85}M⊙ consistent with previous estimates. Finally, we perform the first Roche tomography reconstruction of the secondary star in an X-ray binary. The tomogram reveals surface inhomogeneities that are due to the presence of cool starspots. A large cool polar spot, similar to that seen in Doppler images of rapidly rotating isolated stars, is present on the Northern hemisphere of the K7 secondary star and we estimate that ~4 percent of the total surface area of the donor star is covered with spots.This evidence for starspots supports the idea that magnetic braking plays an important role in the evolution of low-mass X-ray binaries.

The nucleus of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. A new shape model and thermophysical analysis

Context. Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is the target of the European Space Agency Rosetta spacecraft rendez-vous mission. Detailed physical characteristation of the comet before arrival is important for mission planning as well as providing a test bed for ground-based observing and data-analysis methods. Aims: To conduct a long-term observational programme to characterize the physical properties of the nucleus of the comet, via ground-based optical photometry, and to combine our new data with all available nucleus data from the literature. Methods: We applied aperture photometry techniques on our imaging data and combined the extracted rotational lightcurves with data from the literature. Optical lightcurve inversion techniques were applied to constrain the spin state of the nucleus and its broad shape. We performed a detailed surface thermal analysis with the shape model and optical photometry by incorporating both into the new Advanced Thermophysical Model (ATPM), along with all available Spitzer 8-24 μm thermal-IR flux measurements from the literature. Results: A convex triangular-facet shape model was determined with axial ratios b/a = 1.239 and c/a = 0.819. These values can vary by as much as 7% in each axis and still result in a statistically significant fit to the observational data. Our best spin state solution has Psid = 12.76137 ± 0.00006 h, and a rotational pole orientated at Ecliptic coordinates λ = 78°(±10°), β = + 58°(±10°). The nucleus phase darkening behaviour was measured and best characterized using the IAU HG system. Best fit parameters are: G = 0.11 ± 0.12 and HR(1,1,0) = 15.31 ± 0.07. Our shape model combined with the ATPM can satisfactorily reconcile all optical and thermal-IR data, with the fit to the Spitzer 24 μm data taken in February 2004 being exceptionally good. We derive a range of mutually-consistent physical parameters for each thermal-IR data set, including effective radius, geometric albedo, surface thermal inertia and roughness fraction. Conclusions: The overall nucleus dimensions are well constrained and strongly imply a broad nucleus shape more akin to comet 9P/Tempel 1, rather than the highly elongated or "bi-lobed" nuclei seen for comets 103P/Hartley 2 or 8P/Tuttle. The derived low thermal inertia of

Taking Baby Steps in Molecular Logic-based Computation

Molecular logic-based computation is a broad umbrella covering molecular sensors at its simplest level and logic gate arrays involving steadily increasing levels of parallel and serial integration. The fluorescent PET(photoinduced electron transfer) switching principle remains a loyal servant of this entire field. Applications arise from the convenient operation of molecular information processors in very small spaces.

The interaction between adsorbed OH and O-2 on TiO2 surfaces

Reduced TiO2 (110) surfaces usually have OH groups as a result of H2O dissociation at oxygen vacancy defects. Because of excess electrons due to OH adsorption, OH/TiO2. exhibit interesting properties favorable to further O-2 or H2O adsorption. Both O-2 and H2O can adsorb and easily diffuse on the OH/TiO2 surface; such behavior plays a significant role in photocatalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, electronic devices and sensors. Indeed, the processes of H2O dissociation, O-2 and H2O diffusion on Such TiO2 surfaces, in the presence of OH groups, are important issues in their own right. Herein, the most recent experimental and theoretical progresses in understanding the interactions between adsorbed OH groups and O-2, or H2O, over TiO2 (110) surfaces and their implications will be reviewed. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A hydrogel based zinc(ii) sensor for use in fluorescent multi-well plate analysis

A polymeric hydrogel containing a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) based probe for Zn(ii) has been formulated into the wells of a 96-well plate. Upon addition of Zn(ii) ions to selected wells, the fluorescence of the gel was observed to increase in a concentration dependent manner in the 0.25-1.75 mM range. The millimolar binding constant observed for this probe is higher than that reported for other Zn(ii) probes in the literature and offers the possibility to determine the concentration of this ion in environments where the Zn(ii) concentration is high. The combination of the multi-well plate set-up with fluorescence detection offers the possibility of high-throughput screening using low sample volumes in a timely manner. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported example of a polymeric hydrogel sensor for zinc with capability for use in fluorescence multi-well plate assay.

In situ ATR-FTIR study of H2O and D2O adsorption on TiO2 under UV irradiation

The adsorption of water and deuterium oxide on TiO2 surfaces was investigated in the dark as well as under UV(A) irradiation using in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy under oxygen and oxygen free conditions. Adsorption of H2O-D2O mixtures revealed an isotopic exchange reaction occurring onto the surface of TiO2 in the dark. Under UV(A) irradiation, the amount of both OH and OD groups was found to be increased by the presence of molecular oxygen. Furthermore, the photocatalytic formation of hydroperoxide under oxygenated condition has been recorded utilizing Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transformed Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy which appeared as new band at 3483 cm-1. Different possible mechanisms are discussed in terms of the source of hydroxyl groups formed and/or hydration water on the TiO2 surface for the photocatalytic reaction and photoinduced hydrophilicity.

Fluorescent Signalling of the Brain Neurotransmitter Gamma Amino Butyric Acid and Related Amino Acid Zwitterions

Fluorescent PET (photoinduced electron transfer) sensor 1 with monoaza-18-crown-6 ether and guanidinium receptor units shows a significant fluorescence enhancement with y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mixed aqueous solution.

From Sensing to Molecular Logic: A Journey

A personal account of the establishment of luminescent PET (photoinduced electron transfer) sensing and its development into molecular logic is given. Several applications of these two research areas, e.g. blood electrolyte diagnostics, ‘lab-on-amolecule’ systems and molecular computational identification (MCID) are illustrated.

Unconventional Computing: A Boolean Chemical Perspective

Elementary computing operations can be arranged within molecules so that problems in chemical, biochemical, and biological situations can be addressed. Problems that are found in small and/or living spaces, where the corresponding semiconductor logic devices cannot operate conveniently, are particularly amenable to this approach. The visualization and monitoring of intracellular species is one such category. Problems in medical diagnostics and therapy form additional categories. Chemists and biologists employ chemical synthesis and molecular biology techniques to build molecular logic devices. The photochemical approach to molecular logic devices is particularly prevalent. The fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) switching principle is particularly useful for designing logic functions into small molecules.

Bright Molecules for Sensing, Computing and Imaging: A Tale of Two Once-troubled Cities

The circumstances in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which led to a) the generalization of luminescent PET (photoinduced electron transfer) sensing/switching as a design tool, b) the construction of a market-leading blood electrolyte analyzer and c) the invention of molecular logic-based computation as an experimental field, are delineated. Efforts to extend the philosophy of these approaches into issues of small object identification, nanometric mapping, animal visual perception and visual art are also outlined.

The influence of substrate texture on early biological colonization

Biological colonization of stone is a major concern in the preservation and presentation of cultural heritage. Colonization is typically associated with unpleasant soiling, and varying degrees of biodeterioration. A better understanding of why organisms grow where they do, will aid in
developing preventative, and treatment methods for biosoiling of cultural heritage. Sandstone exposure trials were set up at nine different locations across Northern Ireland to investigate the influences of local climate, local environmental,and micro-climatic factors on the early stages (up to 21 months) of biological colonization.
Results showed that, green and yellow soiling occurred on tooled stone surfaces, whereas darkening occurred preferentially on smooth surfaces. It is likely that different populations of organisms occur on these surfaces with green algae occurring on tooled surfaces due to slower drying rates (i.e. prolonged moisture retention), and cyanobacteria and fungi thriving on smooth surfaces due to their ability to withstand moisture fluctuation.

Matérias-primas da plataforma do Mondego para cerâmica

O presente trabalho divulga os resultados dos estudos levados a efeito nas matérias-primas argilosas que se integram tipologicamente na argila comum, ocorrentes na designada Plataforma do Mondego, Centro de Portugal, na região entre Miranda do Corvo, a SW, e Tábua, a NE. Para tal realizou-se a cartografia superficial dos sedimentos continentais do Cretácico e do Terciário, aí preservados, estabeleceram-se as colunas sedimentares, a nível regional e a nível local, nas áreas de maior potencial reconhecido e, caracterizaram-se as matérias-primas argilosas amostradas, em termos de composição, textura e aptidão cerâmica, objectivando a definição das zonas das jazidas com maior interesse industrial. A informação obtida e compilada, relativa ao caulino e ao feldspato é também apresentada, com vista a uma percepção da potencialidade destas matériasprimas cerâmicas ocorrentes na área. O estudo de caracterização dos materiais argilosos investigados teve como base 53 amostras obtidas em seis regiões da Plataforma do Mondego aqui definidas por motivo de organização do trabalho, segundo os critérios geográfico e geotectónico. As formações de Côja e de Campelo, do Terciário, constituem as unidades onde ocorrem litótipos produtivos, em termos de matéria-prima para a Cerâmica de Barro Vermelho ou Cerâmica de Construção. Relativamente às características texturais e composicionais, em síntese, apresentam-se os factos relevantes seguintes: A matéria-prima argilosa existente na área estudada materializa, granulometricamente, na maioria das amostras, silte, caindo os níveis amostrados com maior percentagem de argila, no domínio do silte argiloso. O défice em fracção argila implica limitações quanto à possibilidade de diversificação de produtos cerâmicos fabricados com estas matérias-primas tal-qual. Os diferentes métodos analíticos utilizados na caracterização mineralógica dos materiais amostrados confirmaram uma composição em termos dos minerais argilosos, consistindo de ilite/mica (em geral, o mais abundante), caulinite e esmectite, interestratificados e clorite. Os minerais não argilosos são quartzo (predominante), feldspato (sobretudo potássico) e hematite, com uma representação baixa. A mineralogia da fracção inferior a 2μm das amostras, não difere das amostras totais, salvo no teor mais elevado dos minerais argilosos e acentuada redução dos minerais não argilosos. Os resultados da análise química por fluorescência de raios X das amostras integrais correlacionam-se com as características mineralógicas observadas através das técnicas analíticas utilizadas. No respeitante às propriedades e comportamento cerâmico verifica-se: Os parâmetros relacionados com a plasticidade indicam que parte das pastas elaboradas com estes materiais argilosos têm uma trabalhabilidade aceitável, mas existem problemas de conformação e acentuada retracção num número significativo de amostras, devido à elevada plasticidade da maioria das amostras. A extrusão é satisfatória a óptima. A RMF e a retracção em seco assumem valores, respectivamente, moderados a baixos e moderados, embora seja necessário ter em conta o procedimento de extrusão dos provetes, sem dispositivo de vácuo. Todas as amostras foram sujeitas a cozedura a 900ºC, e um conjunto seleccionado foi cozido a 1000ºC e a 1100ºC. As fases mineralógicas ocorrentes após cozeduras a 900ºC e 1100ºC foram identificadas num conjunto de amostras, tendo-se evidenciado a coerência dessas fases, com a mineralogia das amostras em seco. Após cozedura a 900ºC, os valores de RMF das amostras satisfazem geralmente os valores mínimos, exigidos para o fabrico de tijolo, abobadilha e, com alguma frequência, de telha, como já se verificava com os valores daquela propriedade em seco. Os valores de retracção seco-cozido são em geral, modestos. A capacidade de absorção de água é maioritariamente elevada. A formação de vidro, sobretudo, condiciona o comportamento destas propriedades por cozedura dos provetes a 1000ºC e a 1100ºC. A coloração predominante em cru das matérias-primas argilosas amostradas é amarelo acastanhado a castanho avermelhado. Após cozedura a 900ºC, há um acentuado escurecimento e incremento no grau de vermelho. As cozeduras a 1000ºC e 1100ºC promovem escurecimento gradual, com ligeira influência na cor. O comportamento dos provetes após as cozeduras cerâmicas revelou-se homogéneo a cada uma das respectivas temperaturas, não se registando também defeitos significativos, nem eflorescências. A análise das amostras em termos composicionais e tecnológicos permitiu destacar as principais características e aspectos distintivos das matériasprimas, nas diferentes regiões definidas objectivando as diferentes potencialidades cerâmicas. Nesta abordagem comparativa foram consideradas só as amostras dos campos silte e silte arenoso, por serem aquelas com maior interesse para a Cerâmica de Construção. Nas colunas sedimentares das regiões de Tábua e Santa Quitéria constata-se a ocorrência de dois ritmos de sedimentação, que embora assumam características específicas em cada região, têm aspectos composicionais e tecnológicos em comum, traduzindo melhor aptidão cerâmica os ritmos inferiores. A conjugação da cartografia realizada com os estudos laboratoriais permite concluir que as regiões de Tábua e de Santa Quitéria serão as que têm maior potencial por explorar, em matéria-prima para Cerâmica de Construção, apesar da primeira já ser intensamente explorada. Na região de Tábua, as amostras têm como fases mineralógicas principais ilite e quartzo na mesma proporção média (35%) e caulinite (média=19%) que regista enriquecimento significativo na fracção argila (média=38%). As argilas desta região registam a cor em cru mais vermelha e pH mais ácido observados. O ritmo de sedimentação inferior, com esmectite e interestratificados e ligeiramente menos quartzoso, apresenta melhores propriedades cerâmicas. A composição mineralógica média das amostras da região de Santa Quitéria é próxima daquela da região de Tábua, mas menos caulinítica, em especial na sequência inferior, na qual o teor médio de caulinite na fracção argila (7%) é o mais baixo observado. Na região de Côja – Arganil, a actividade extractiva é significativa na bacia de Côja. Aqui, a exploração de novas áreas potenciais é condicionada pela cobertura conglomerática e por estruturas tectónicas e não tectónicas relacionadas com comportamento plástico. Na restante área desta região, os recursos argilosos são penalizados por material areno-conglomerático. As amostras desta região distinguem-se das restantes a nível textural pela maior fracção areia e mineralogicamente pela presença de clorite, teor reduzido de caulinite e elevado de feldspato. As potencialidades em barro vermelho na região de Sanguinheda não serão significativas, pois a Formação de Côja é predominantemente arcósica e a Formação de Campelo pouco espessa e conglomerática. As argilas com melhor aptidão cerâmica foram amostradas na região de Miranda do Corvo – Lousã. Na composição, estas amostras são as que contêm maior fracção de argila, maior teor de ilite e caulinite e menor de argilas expansivas. Registam os melhores valores nas características tecnológicas, nomeadamente a RMF e absorção de água. A consistência dos grupos amostrais e ritmos definidos em termos composicionais e tecnológicos é corroborada pelas técnicas de análise estatística multivariada aplicadas, que os identificam. As condições de amostragem na região de Tábua, permitiram a elaboração de uma coluna tipológica, na qual, a partir de uma caracterização expedita de amostras é possível identificar a sua afinidade com os ritmos argilosos definidos e, consequentemente, a sua situação na coluna sedimentar regional e aptidão cerâmica. A cartografia dos recursos argilosos potenciais, elaborada à escala 1:25.000, constitui um dos objectivos principais deste trabalho e nela constam unidades litológicas, nas quais são diferenciadas unidades argilosas tendo também em consideração a tipologia e guias mineralógicos resultantes da caracterização das amostras. As características composicionais destas unidades denotam diferente aptidão cerâmica e, portanto, permitem salientar as zonas com maior interesse económico.