Pascal lecteur de Silhon : la logique des preuves historiques de la vérité de l’Écriture

Nous défendons que la pensée de Jean de Silhon au sujet des « démonstrations morales » dans le traité De l’immortalité de l’âme a eu un écho important sur la façon dont Blaise Pascal a imaginé le mode de démonstration propre aux preuves de la vérité de la religion chrétienne dans les Pensées. Plus largement, cet article s’intéresse à une forme de démonstration qui procède par accumulation d’indices déliés, mais convergents. Le mode de raisonnement propre à l’apologie de la religion chrétienne devient ainsi à l’image des raisonnements de tous les jours, qui ne procèdent habituellement pas en tirant des déductions à partir de principes clairs et distincts. Silhon et Pascal fournissent ainsi une sorte de méthode pour bien conduire les raisonnements qui ne peuvent s’appuyer sur les principes de la logique et ainsi, leur confère une forme d’autorité supérieure aux simples opinions. Peut être dite moralement démontrée, en somme, une proposition appuyée par un corps important d’indices convergents, à condition d’en évaluer l’orientation à froid, c’est-à-dire avec patience, désintérêt et prudence.

Étranger à soi-même. La mue de la voix masculine dans l'oeuvre de Pascal Quignard

L’oeuvre de Pascal Quignard présente dans son ensemble beaucoup d’étrangeté, par ses contours génériques flous et imprécis, par sa vaste érudition, et par les thèmes traités. Nous nous attachons ici à un motif précis : la mue de la voix masculine à l’adolescence. Cette transformation de la voix du jeune garçon, qui s’accompagne d’une inévitable transformation sexuelle, engendre chez certains un profond traumatisme. De La Leçon de musique à Tous les matins du monde, nous étudierons les conséquences de ce phénomène spontané chez les êtres naturellement doués pour le chant et la musique. Nous en suivrons par la suite les différents linéaments narratifs et poétiques. Finalement, nous découvrirons dans les méandres de l’oeuvre quignardienne quelques échos très personnels, relatifs à l’auteur.

Pascal lecteur de Silhon : la logique des preuves historiques de la vérité de l’Écriture

Nous défendons que la pensée de Jean de Silhon au sujet des « démonstrations morales » dans le traité De l’immortalité de l’âme a eu un écho important sur la façon dont Blaise Pascal a imaginé le mode de démonstration propre aux preuves de la vérité de la religion chrétienne dans les Pensées. Plus largement, cet article s’intéresse à une forme de démonstration qui procède par accumulation d’indices déliés, mais convergents. Le mode de raisonnement propre à l’apologie de la religion chrétienne devient ainsi à l’image des raisonnements de tous les jours, qui ne procèdent habituellement pas en tirant des déductions à partir de principes clairs et distincts. Silhon et Pascal fournissent ainsi une sorte de méthode pour bien conduire les raisonnements qui ne peuvent s’appuyer sur les principes de la logique et ainsi, leur confère une forme d’autorité supérieure aux simples opinions. Peut être dite moralement démontrée, en somme, une proposition appuyée par un corps important d’indices convergents, à condition d’en évaluer l’orientation à froid, c’est-à-dire avec patience, désintérêt et prudence.

Lineage relationship of prostate cancer cell types based on gene expression

Background: Prostate tumor heterogeneity is a major factor in disease management. Heterogeneity could be due to multiple cancer cell types with distinct gene expression. Of clinical importance is the so-called cancer stem cell type. Cell type-specific transcriptomes are used to examine lineage relationship among cancer cell types and their expression similarity to normal cell types including stem/progenitor cells. Methods: Transcriptomes were determined by Affymetrix DNA array analysis for the following cell types. Putative prostate progenitor cell populations were characterized and isolated by expression of the membrane transporter ABCG2. Stem cells were represented by embryonic stem and embryonal carcinoma cells. The cancer cell types were Gleason pattern 3 (glandular histomorphology) and pattern 4 (aglandular) sorted from primary tumors, cultured prostate cancer cell lines originally established from metastatic lesions, xenografts LuCaP 35 (adenocarcinoma phenotype) and LuCaP 49 (neuroendocrine/small cell carcinoma) grown in mice. No detectable gene expression differences were detected among serial passages of the LuCaP xenografts. Results: Based on transcriptomes, the different cancer cell types could be clustered into a luminal-like grouping and a non-luminal-like (also not basal-like) grouping. The non-luminal-like types showed expression more similar to that of stem/progenitor cells than the luminal-like types. However, none showed expression of stem cell genes known to maintain stemness. Conclusions: Non-luminal-like types are all representatives of aggressive disease, and this could be attributed to the similarity in overall gene expression to stem and progenitor cell types.

Gene expression relationship between prostate cancer cells of Gleason 3, 4 and normal epithelial cells as revealed by cell type-specific transcriptomes

Background: Prostate cancer cells in primary tumors have been typed CD10(-)/CD13(-)/CD24(hi)/CD26(+)/CD38(lo)/CD44(-)/CD104(-). This CD phenotype suggests a lineage relationship between cancer cells and luminal cells. The Gleason grade of tumors is a descriptive of tumor glandular differentiation. Higher Gleason scores are associated with treatment failure. Methods: CD26(+) cancer cells were isolated from Gleason 3+3 (G3) and Gleason 4+4 (G4) tumors by cell sorting, and their gene expression or transcriptome was determined by Affymetrix DNA array analysis. Dataset analysis was used to determine gene expression similarities and differences between G3 and G4 as well as to prostate cancer cell lines and histologically normal prostate luminal cells. Results: The G3 and G4 transcriptomes were compared to those of prostatic cell types of non-cancer, which included luminal, basal, stromal fibromuscular, and endothelial. A principal components analysis of the various transcriptome datasets indicated a closer relationship between luminal and G3 than luminal and G4. Dataset comparison also showed that the cancer transcriptomes differed substantially from those of prostate cancer cell lines. Conclusions: Genes differentially expressed in cancer are potential biomarkers for cancer detection, and those differentially expressed between G3 and G4 are potential biomarkers for disease stratification given that G4 cancer is associated with poor outcomes. Differentially expressed genes likely contribute to the prostate cancer phenotype and constitute the signatures of these particular cancer cell types.

Gene expression down-regulation in CD90(+) prostate tumor-associated stromal cells involves potential organ-specific genes

Background: The prostate stroma is a key mediator of epithelial differentiation and development, and potentially plays a role in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. The tumor-associated stroma is marked by increased expression of CD90/THYI. Isolation and characterization of these stromal cells could provide valuable insight into the biology of the tumor microenvironment. Methods: Prostate CD90(+) stromal fibromuscular cells from tumor specimens were isolated by cell-sorting and analyzed by DNA microarray. Dataset analysis was used to compare gene expression between histologically normal and tumor-associated stromal cells. For comparison, stromal cells were also isolated and analyzed from the urinary bladder. Results: The tumor-associated stromal cells were found to have decreased expression of genes involved in smooth muscle differentiation, and those detected in prostate but not bladder. Other differential expression between the stromal cell types included that of the CXC-chemokine genes. Conclusion: CD90(+) prostate tumor-associated stromal cells differed from their normal counterpart in expression of multiple genes, some of which are potentially involved in organ development.

A note on the likelihood and moments of the skew-normal distribution

In this paper an alternative approach to the one in Henze (1986) is proposed for deriving the odd moments of the skew-normal distribution considered in Azzalini (1985). The approach is based on a Pascal type triangle, which seems to greatly simplify moments computation. Moreover, it is shown that the likelihood equation for estimating the asymmetry parameter in such model is generated as orthogonal functions to the sample vector. As a consequence, conditions for a unique solution of the likelihood equation are established, which seem to hold in more general setting.

Quantification of MgO surface excess on the SnO(2) nanoparticles and relationship with nanostability and growth

In this work, we experimentally showed that the spontaneous segregation of MgO as surface excess in MgO doped SnO(2) nanoparticles plays an important role in the system`s energetics and stability. Using Xray fluorescence in specially treated samples, we quantitatively determined the fraction of MgO forming surface excess when doping SnO(2) with several different concentrations and established a relationship between this amount and the surface energy of the nanoparticles using the Gibbs approach. We concluded that the amount of Mg ions on the surface was directly related to the nanoparticles total free energy, in a sense that the dopant will always spontaneously distribute itself to minimize it if enough diffusion is provided. Because we were dealing with nanosized particles, the effect of MgO on the surface was particularly important and has a direct effect on the equilibrium particle size (nanoparticle stability), such that the lower the surface energy is, the smaller the particle sizes are, evidencing and quantifying the thermodynamic basis of using additives to control SnO(2) nanoparticles stability. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interface excess and polymorphic stability of nanosized zirconia-magnesia

Controlling the phase stability of ZrO2 nanoparticles is of major importance in the development of new ZrO2-based nanotechnologies. Because of the fact that in nanoparticles the surface accounts for a larger fraction of the total atoms, the relative phase stability can be controlled throughout the surface composition, which can be toned by surface excess of one of the components of the system., The objective of this work is to delineate a relationship between surface excess (or solid solution) of MgO relative to ZrO2 and the polymorphic stability of (ZrO2)(1-x) - (MgO), nanopowders, where 0.0 <= x <= 0.6. The nanopowders were prepared by a liquid precursor method at 500 degrees C and characterized by N-2 adsorption (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. For pure ZrO2 samples, both tetragonal and monoclinic polymorphs were detected, as expected considering the literature. For MgO molar fractions varying from 0.05 to 0.10, extensive solid solution could not be detected, and a ZrO2 surface energy reduction, caused by Mg surface excess detected by XPS, promoted tetragonal polymorph thermodynamic stabilization with relation to monoclinic. For MgO molar fractions higher than 0.10 and up to 0.40, Mg solid solution could be detected and induced cubic phase stabilization. MgO periclase was observed only at x = 0.6. A discussion based on the relationship between the surface excess, surface energy, and polymorph stability is presented.

A Randomized Trial of a Skin Sealant to Reduce the Risk of Incision Contamination in Cardiac Surgery

Background. Immobilizing skin microbes is a rational approach to reducing contamination of surgical sites by endogenous microorganisms. Methods. This randomized, controlled, parallel-group, multicenter, open-label clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00467857) enrolled 300 adults scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Patients received iodine-based skin preparations followed by a cyanoacrylate-based skin sealant or skin preparations alone. Microbiological samples collected from sternal and graft incision sites immediately before any skin preparation, at the wound border after skin incision, and at the incision after fascial closure were evaluated quantitatively. Results. In evaluable patients, mean microbial counts in collected samples increased at the sternal site after fascial closure compared with after skin incision by 0.37 log(10) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL in the skin sealant group (n = 120) and by 0.57 log10 CFU/mL in the control group (n = 132) (p = 0.047, Wilcoxon rank sum test). At the graft site, mean microbial counts increased by 0.09 (n = 119) and 0.27 (n = 127) log(10) CFU/mL, respectively (p = 0.037). There was a 35.3% relative risk reduction in surgical site infection (SSI) occurring in the skin sealant group (9 of 146 patients, 6.2%) versus the control group (14 of 147 patients, 9.5%). In obese patients (body mass index [BMI] > 30.0 to <= 37.0 kg/m(2)), the relative risk reduction for SSI associated with skin sealant was 83.3%. Conclusions. Pretreatment with skin sealant protects against contamination of the surgical incision by migration of skin microbes. Further data are needed to confirm the impact of this technology on SSI rates in clinical practice. (Ann Thorac Surg 2011;92:632-7) (C) 2011 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons ADULT CARDIAC

alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Analogue AP214 Protects Against Ischemia Induced Acute Kidney Injury in a Porcine Surgical Model

Purpose: alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone protects kidneys against ischemia and sepsis induced acute kidney injury in rodents. We examined the efficacy of a-melanocyte stimulating hormone analogue AP214 to protect against acute kidney injury in higher vertebrates. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective, blinded, randomized, placebo controlled study in 26 pigs. Laparoscopic technique was used for left nephrectomy and to induce complete warm ischemia in the right kidney for 120 minutes. AP214 (200 mu g/kg intravenously) was administered daily on the day of surgery and for 5 days thereafter. Kidney function was measured for 9 days. We measured changes in serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum C-reactive protein and urine interleukin-18. Results: In the placebo control and AP214 groups mean peak serum creatinine was 10.2 vs 3.92 mg/dl and the estimated glomerular filtration rate nadir was 22.9 vs 62.6 ml per minute per kg (each p = 0.001). Functional nadir occurred at 72 vs 24 hours in the control vs AP214 groups. Estimated glomerular filtration rate outcome on postoperative day 9 was 118 vs 156 ml per minute per kg in the control vs AP214 groups (p = 0.04). Conclusions: We noted a robust renoprotective effect of AP214. A similar AP214 effect may be observed in humans. Future research includes mechanistic studies in pigs and a phase II human clinical trial of AP214 in kidney transplant and partial nephrectomy populations.

New arsenite-oxidizing bacteria isolated from Australian gold mining environments - Phylogenetic relationships

Nine novel arsenite-oxidizing bacteria have been isolated from two different gold mine environments in Australia. Four of these organisms grow chemolithoautotrophically with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, arsenite as the electron donor, and carbon dioxide-bicarbonate as the sole carbon source. Five heterotrophic arsenite-oxidizing bacteria were also isolated, one of which was found to be both phylogenetically and physiologically identical to the previously described heterotrophic arsenite oxidizer misidentified as Alcaligenes faecalis. The results showed that this strain belongs to the genus Achromobacter. Phylogenetically, the arsenite-oxidizing bacteria fall within two separate subdivisions of the Proteobacteria. Interestingly, the chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidizers belong to the alpha-Proteobacteria, whereas the heterotrophic arsenite oxidizers belong to the beta-Proteobacteria.

Fieldbus networks: real-time from the perspective of the application tasks

Fieldbus communication networks aim to interconnect sensors, actuators and controllers within distributed computer-controlled systems. Therefore they constitute the foundation upon which real-time applications are to be implemented. A potential leap towards the use of fieldbus in such time-critical applications lies in the evaluation of its temporal behaviour. In the past few years several research works have been performed on a number of fieldbuses. However, these have mostly focused on the message passing mechanisms, without taking into account the communicating application tasks running in those distributed systems. The main contribution of this paper is to provide an approach for engineering real-time fieldbus systems where the schedulability analysis of the distributed system integrates both the characteristics of the application tasks and the characteristics of the message transactions performed by these tasks. In particular, we address the case of system where the Process-Pascal multitasking language is used to develop P-NET based distributed applications

Pensar o ensino do fagote hoje: contributo para um catálogo de música portuguesa

Este estudo destina-se à obtenção do Estatuto de Especialista na Escola Superior de Música, Artes do Instituto Politécnico do Porto. Constitui objectivo principal tratar a música portuguesa para fagote, levando uma série de compositores portugueses da actualidade a escrever para o mesmo. Pretende-se, com isto, abordar as mais variadas correntes estéticas e musicais que circulam no país, assim como agilizar um catálogo editorial de repertório nacional para o instrumento. A história do fagote remonta ao século XVI, evoluindo ao longo do percurso da história da música, ganhando notoriedade não só no que respeita à sua constituição organológica, mas também pelo papel solístico e concertístico conquistado. O projecto que iremos apresentar, teve início em 2008 e ainda se encontra em pleno desenvolvimento, tendo a pretensão de realizar doutoramento, ainda sobre esta temática. Ao longo da actividade docente, tenho vindo assistir a uma crescente preocupação e debate nos meios educativos sobre música. O ensino artístico tem vindo a abordar diversas questões que vão desde a história e organização do ensino vocacional em Portugal à prática pedagógica e os demais currículos em vigor. Tal facto despertou em nós uma curiosidade sobre os motivos para ausência de uma escola de fagote em Portugal, bem como a evolução das políticas educativas e de aprendizagem do instrumento. Também na qualidade de instrumentista, várias tem sido as dificuldades para aquisição/interpretação de partituras para fagote que possam colmatar a prática pedagógica, académica e performativa, em grande medida motivadas pela falta de uma estruturação curricular sólida e eficaz como iremos debater no capítulo dedicado ao currículo, ponto I do presente trabalho. Partituras para o referido instrumento são escassas e não remetam o intérprete para um repertório português devidamente documentado e que possa integrar os currículos nacionais, ou até mesmo o plano internacional. As condições para realização deste projecto surgiram da realização de uma dissertação de Mestrado em Interpretação Artística, e da ansiedade de ver circular um repertório nacional. No âmbito da performance musical e enquanto profissional do instrumento, temos desenvolvido uma actividade regular, nomeadamente em música de câmara portuguesa, que a seu tempo se veio a revelar extremamente deficitária no plano de um repertório erudito português, sem já questionarmos que programa musical vigorou ao longo de varias décadas para a disciplina do instrumento então já existentes desde 1835. No entanto, reconhecemos um amplo e notável investimento na investigação, estudos e publicações de natureza científico-artística, retirando do anonimato compositores, obras e espólios de vários autores portugueses, e a seu tempo, com a formação continua dos estudos de 2º ciclo há já uma preocupação assistida sobre o ensino da música em Portugal, tomemos como exemplo o estudo de Carlos Gomes, Contributos para o estudo do ensino especializado em Portugal e de Alexei Iria O ensino da Música em Portugal – desde 25 de Abril de 1974, ou até mesmo o Estudo de Avaliação do Ensino Artístico – Relatório Final Revisto, fevereiro de 2007. Assim, recrutamos um conjunto de obras musicais, produzidas por: Sérgio Azevedo, Telmo Marques, Jean François Lezé, Fernando Lapa, Carlos Azevedo e José Luís Ferreira, privilegiando e promovendo a diversidade da linguagem musical que caracteriza cada um dos convidados, lembrando desde já que encontra em processo de finalização uma obra de Alexandre Delgado, Daniel Moreira, Paulo Perfeito, Pedro Faria Gomes e Luís Tinoco. Do convite formalizado a uma vasto número de compositores, pensamos haver reunido as condições essenciais tratar este tema, dado que também os compositores se sentiram motivados pela escrita para o fagote, sabendo que o produto que daí surgisse iria ter um intérprete e uma edição musical já no mercado. O objectivo final deste projecto será editar um disco com todas as obras reunidas, dado das já por mim interpretadas se encontram editadas e em circulação, integrando não só programas académicos, mas também concursos nacionais, cite-se: Concurso Terras de LASalete (nível médio e superior) e Prémio Jovens Músicos, nível Superior (2012). Os compositores por mim escolhidos, reflectem não só uma aproximação pessoal e musical, mas também uma observação de conceitos estéticos, estilísticos, técnicos e métodos utilizados pelos compositores, não dissociados claro do acto performativo. Ao enunciarmos a performance musical esta pressupõe a interpretação, um dos objectos de estudo no presente trabalho, o mesmo é dizer que actividade performativa no domínio da arte musical, implica uma personificação do intérprete. Este trabalho pretende-se elaborar uma resenha das obras e explorar dois aspectos que parecem pertinentes neste tipo de repertório: por um lado, a relação indispensável entre o intérprete/compositor para a criação de um repertório para fagote, que como sabemos pouco o nenhum interesse tem revelado no decurso da história da música portuguesa, e por outro analisar os diferentes modos de nomenclatura musical empregues, estabelecendo pontos de conexão com a motivação, a criatividade, sem descorar o papel do público com o compositor e o acto performativo. Com a realização de um pequeno questionário, a cada um dos intervenientes, ambicionámos apurar e envolver os compositores na análise e no envolvimento directo com este projecto. 1- Qual ou qual a(s) preocupação principal que julga ter na composição para este instrumento (fagote)? 2- No seu trabalho preocupa-se em escrever para um público que se identifica com determinados padrões musicais, ou pelo contrário segue o seu, independentemente de qualquer reacção menos agradável? 3- O que considera ser uma escrita contemporânea? (Terá que ter efeitos, electrónica, instrumentações menos convencionais, ou pelo contrário, o escrever até em linguagem tonal sem qualquer destes efeitos pode ser considerado um meio deste mesmo “chavão”? 4- Qual o seu entendimento sobre o caminho e as várias direcções da música do nosso tempo? Pretendeu-se, com este questionário, explorar questões relacionadas com o processo de escrita para o instrumento e o conhecimento sobre as suas potencialidades, analisando seguidamente ausência de um catálogo em conformidade com os padrões musicais e o público em causa. Inserimos, ainda, uma entrevista gravada concedida por Pascal Gallois como testemunho para as peças de Luciano Berio e Pierre Boulez. Focamos ainda aspectos relacionados com a escrita contemporânea, para assim inserir, ou não, o compositor na música actual e o seu entendimento sobre o que poderá ser a música hoje, acreditando que o trabalho que vimos a desenvolver se insere em contexto académico, formativo e performativo no seio das principais escolas (Secundárias e Superiores de Música), inscrevendo neste contexto os conteúdos programáticos e organização curricular por nós elaborada e em vigor nas Escolas de Música do ensino vocacional artístico: Viana do castelo e Vale do Ave.