Biomarkers in surface sediments from the Ob and Yenisei estuaries and the southern Kara Sea

Organic-geochemical bulk parameter (Total organic carbon contents, C/N ratios and d13Corg values), biogenic opal and biomarkers (n-alkanes, fatty acids, sterols and amino acids) were determined in surface sediments from the Ob and Yenisei estuaries and the adjacent southern Kara Sea. Maximum TOC contents were determined in both estuaries, reaching up to 3 %. Relatively high C/N ratios around 10, light d13Corg values of -26.5 per mil (Yenisei) and -28 to -28.7 per mil (Ob), and maximum concentrations of long-chain n-alkanes of up to about 10 µg/g Sed clearly show the predominance of terrigenous organic matter in the sediments from the estuaries. Towards the open Kara Sea, all p arameters indicate a decrease in terrigenous organic carbon. Brassicasterol as well as the short-chain n-alkanes parallel this trend, suggesting that these biomarkers are probably also related to a terrigenous (fresh-water phytoplankton) source. Amino acid spectra show characteristic trends from the Yenisei Estuary to the open Kara Sea revealing increasing state of degradation. Sedimentary organic matter in the Yenisei Estuary is relatively less degraded compared to the Ob Estuary and the open Kara Sea.

Biogeochemistry of the Darwin Mounds, NE Atlantic

The Darwin Mounds are a series of small (<=5 m high, 75-100 m diameter) sandy features located in the northern Rockall Trough. They provide a habitat for communities of Lophelia pertusa and associated fauna. Suspended particulate organic matter (sPOM) reaching the deep-sea floor, which could potentially fuel this deep-water coral (DWC) ecosystem, was collected during summer 2000. This was relatively "fresh" (i.e. dominated by labile lipids such as polyunsaturated fatty acids) and was derived largely from phytoplankton remains and faecal pellets, with contributions from bacteria and microzooplankton. Labile sPOM components were enriched in the benthic boundary layer (~10 m above bottom (mab)) relative to 150 mab. The action of certain benthic fauna that are exclusively associated with the DWC ecosystem (e.g. echiuran worms) leads to the subduction of fresh organic material into the sediments. The mound surface sediments are enriched in organic carbon, relative to off-mound sites. There is no evidence for hydrocarbon venting at this location.

Fatty acid content of POM, sediment, foraminifer and peracarid samples obtained during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIV/2 (PS71)

In order to investigate the diversity of diet composition in macrobenthic peracarid crustaceans from the Antarctic shelf and deep sea, the fatty acid (FA) composition of different species belonging to the orders Isopoda, Amphipoda, Cumacea and Tanaidacea was analysed. Multivariate analyses of the FA composition confirmed general differences between the orders, but also distinct differences within these orders. To gain information on the origin of the FAs found, the potential food sources sediment, POM and foraminiferans were included in the study. Most of the analysed amphipod species displayed high 18:1(n-9)-18:1(n-7) ratios, widely used as an indicator for a carnivorous component in the diet. Cumaceans were characterised by increased phytoplankton FA markers such as 20:5(n-3) (up to 29% of total FAs), suggesting a diet based on phytodetritus. High values of the FA 20:4(n-6) were found in some munnopsid isopods (up to 21% of total FAs) and some tanaidacean species (up to 19% of total FAs). 20:4(n-6) also occurred in high proportions in some foraminiferan samples (up to 21% of total fatty acids), but not in sediment and POM, possibly indicating the ingestion of foraminiferans by some peracarid crustaceans.

Biometrics, fatty acid composition and stable isotopic ratios of five seabird species from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

Marine birds are important predators in the marine ecosystem, and dietary studies can give useful information about their feeding ecology, food webs and oceanographic variability. The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of the diet and trophic level of the seabirds breeding in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. We have used fatty acids and stable isotopes, both of which integrate diet information over space and time, to determine trophic relationships in marine food webs. Fatty acid compositions of muscle from Little auk (Alle alle), Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia), Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) were determined and compared with their prey species. Canonical analysis (CA) showed that fatty acid composition differed among the five seabird species. Little auk, Black-legged kittiwake and Northern fulmar had high levels of the Calanus markers 20:1n9 and 22:1, indicating that these seabirds are a part of the Calanus food chain. Brünnich's guillemot differed from the other species with much lower levels of 20:1n9 and 22:1. Brünnich's guillemot is a pursuit diver feeding on fish and amphipods deeper in the water column, below 30 m. Glaucous gull also differed from the other seabird species, with a larger variation in the fatty acid composition indicating a more diverse diet. Trophic level analysis placed Little auk at the lowest trophic level, Brünnich's guillemot and Black-legged kittiwake at intermediate levels and Glaucous gull and Northern fulmar at the highest trophic level.

Particle analysis in the Kara Sea

In September 1999 two short-term moorings with cylindrical sediment traps were deployed to collect sinking particles in bottom waters off the Ob and Yenisei river mouths. Samples were studied for their bulk composition, pigments, phytoplankton, microzooplankton, fecal material, amino acids, hexosamines, fatty acids and sterols and compared to suspended matter and surface sediments in order to collect information about the nature and cycling of particulate matter in the water column. Results of all measured components in sinking particles point to an ongoing seasonality in the pelagic system from blooming diatoms in the first phase to a more retention system in the second half of trap deployment. Due to a phytoplankton bloom observed north of the Ob estuary, flux rates were generally higher in the trap deployed off the Ob than off the Yenisei. The Ob trap collected fresh surface-derived particulate matter. Particles from the Yenisei trap were more degraded and resembled deep water suspension. This material may partly have been derived from resuspended sediments.

Seasonal changes in the D/H ratio of fatty acids of pelagic microorganisms

Culture studies of microorganisms have shown that the hydrogen isotopic composition of fatty acids depends on their metabolism, but there are only few environmental studies available to confirm this observation. Here we studied the seasonal variability of the deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratio of fatty acids in the coastal Dutch North Sea and compared this with the diversity of the phyto- and bacterioplankton. Over the year, the stable hydrogen isotopic fractionation factor epsilon between fatty acids and water ranged between -172 per mil and -237 per mil, the algal-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid nC20:5 being the most D-depleted and nC18:0 the least D-depleted fatty acid. The D-depleted nC20:5 is in agreement with culture studies, which indicates that photoautotrophic microorganisms produce fatty acids which are significantly depleted in D relative to water. The epsilon-lipid/water of all fatty acids showed a transient shift towards increased fractionation during the spring phytoplankton bloom, indicated by increasing chlorophyll a concentrations and relative abundance of the nC20:5 PUFA, suggesting increased contributions of photoautotrophy. Time periods with decreased fractionation (less negative epsilon-lipid/water values) can be explained by an increased contribution by heterotrophy to the fatty acid pool. Our results show that the hydrogen isotopic composition of fatty acids is a useful tool to assess the community metabolism of coastal plankton.

Station characteristics and copepod fatty alcohol, fatty acid and lipid composition during MSM02/4 in Fram Strait

The biodiversity of pelagic deep-sea ecosystems has received growing scientific interest in the last decade, especially in the framework of international marine biodiversity initiatives, such as Census of Marine Life (CoML). While a growing number of deep-sea zooplankton species has been identified and genetically characterized, little information is available on the mechanisms minimizing inter-specific competition and thus allowing closely related species to co-occur in the deep-sea pelagic realm. Focussing on the two dominant calanoid copepod families Euchaetidae and Aetideidae in Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean, the present study strives to characterize ecological niches of co-occurring species, with regard to vertical distribution, dietary composition as derived from lipid biomarkers, and trophic level on the basis of stable isotope signatures. Closely related species were usually restricted to different depth layers, resulting in a multi-layered vertical distribution pattern. Thus, vertical partitioning was an important mechanism to avoid inter-specific competition. Species occurring in the same depth strata usually belonged to different genera. They differed in fatty acid composition and trophic level, indicating different food preferences. Herbivorous Calanus represent major prey items for many omnivorous and carnivorous species throughout the water column. The seasonal and ontogenetic vertical migration of Calanus acts as a short-cut in food supply for pelagic deep-sea ecosystems in the Arctic.

Mesocosm experiment on warming and acidification effects in 2012: Zooplankton data

Concerns about increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global warming have initiated studies on the consequences of multiple-stressor interactions on marine organisms and ecosystems. We present a fully-crossed factorial mesocosm study and assess how warming and acidification affect the abundance, body size, and fatty acid composition of copepods as a measure of nutritional quality. The experimental set-up allowed us to determine whether the effects of warming and acidification act additively, synergistically, or antagonistically on the abundance, body size, and fatty acid content of copepods, a major group of lower level consumers in marine food webs. Copepodite (developmental stages 1-5) and nauplii abundance were antagonistically affected by warming and acidification. Higher temperature decreased copepodite and nauplii abundance, while acidification partially compensated for the temperature effect. The abundance of adult copepods was negatively affected by warming. The prosome length of copepods was significantly reduced by warming, and the interaction of warming and CO2 antagonistically affected prosome length. Fatty acid composition was also significantly affected by warming. The content of saturated fatty acids increased, and the ratios of the polyunsaturated essential fatty acids docosahexaenoic- (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) to total fatty acid content increased with higher temperatures. Additionally, here was a significant additive interaction effect of both parameters on arachidonic acid. Our results indicate that in a future ocean scenario, acidification might partially counteract some observed effects of increased temperature on zooplankton, while adding to others. These may be results of a fertilizing effect on phytoplankton as a copepod food source. In summary, copepod populations will be more strongly affected by warming rather than by acidifying oceans, but ocean acidification effects can modify some temperature impacts

The European Hare (Lepus europaeus): A Picky Herbivore Searching for Plant Parts Rich in Fat

European hares of both sexes rely on fat reserves, particularly during the reproduc-tive season. Therefore, hares should select dietary plants rich in fat and energy. However, hares also require essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to reproduce and survive. Although hares are able to absorb PUFA selectively in their gastrointestinal tract, it is unknown whether this mechanism is sufficient to guarantee PUFA supply. Thus, diet selection may involve a trade-off between a preference for energy versus a preference for crucial nutrients, namely PUFA. We compared plant and nutrient availability and use by hares in an arable landscape in Austria over three years. We found that European hares selected their diet for high energy content (crude fat and crude protein), and avoided crude fibre. There was no evidence of a preference for plants rich in LA and ALA. We conclude that fat is the limiting resource for this herbivorous mammal, whereas levels of LA and ALA in forage are sufficiently high to meet daily requirements, especially since their uptake is enhanced by physiological mechanisms. Animals selected several plant taxa all year round, and preferences did not simply correlate with crude fat content. Hence, European hares might not only select for plant taxa rich in fat, but also for high-fat parts of preferred plant taxa. As hares preferred weeds/grasses and various crop types while avoiding cereals, we suggest that promoting heterogeneous habitats with high crop diversity and set-asides may help stop the decline of European hares throughout Europe.

Estudio inicial de la estructura genética del conejo ibicenco a aprtir de información genealógica.

Aumentar el número de gazapos destetados por coneja y parto es un objetivo importante para incrementar la rentabilidad del sector cunícola industrial con efectos directos. La mejora genética de la prolificidad en las líneas de madres ha demostrado ser una estrategia eficaz para alcanzar este objetivo; sin embargo otras vías, como la influencia de diferentes fuentes de grasa en las dietas de conejas reproductoras, han sido muy poco estudiadas. Los ácidos grasos (AG) n-3 interfieren en la fisiología reproductiva porque pueden modular las enzimas involucradas en el metabolismo de las prostaglandinas y del colesterol que es el precursor de los esteroides como la progesterona (revisado en Gulliver et al., 2012). El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar si la suplementación con AG poliinsaturados (PUFA) n-3 de las dietas de conejas durante la recría puede afectar a la tasa de ovulación y a la síntesis esteroidogénica ovárica determinada mediante las concentraciones de progesterona plasmática.

Efecto de la incorporación de γ-tocoferol en dietas para salmón Atlántico (Salmo Salar L.) sobre la composición y metabolismo lipídico

El aceite de pescado ha sido la principal fuente de grasa incluida en la dieta de salmón Atlántico ya que su uso optimiza el crecimiento y aporta grandes cantidades de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) omega 3, principalmente los ácidos eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA). En los años 90 se utilizaba un 24% de aceite de pescado en los piensos para salmón, sin embargo la escasez del recurso y la presión comercial sobre su demanda por parte de distintos sectores ha dado lugar a una progresiva reducción de su inclusión teniendo la industria como objetivo llegar a utilizar en 2020 tan sólo un 8%. Al reducir los niveles de aceite de pescado disminuye el contenido de EPA y DHA aportado, por lo que se hace necesario diseñar estrategias que permitan maximizar la retención de EPA y DHA en los tejidos del animal. De esta forma, la optimización del uso de antioxidantes para prevenir la peroxidación lipídica de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (LC-PUFA), puede ser una estrategia a seguir. Entre los antioxidantes empleados en acuicultura destaca la vitamina E. Aunque el α-tocoferol es el isómero principal de la vitamina E, estudios recientes sugieren que el γ-tocoferol presenta igualmente una potente actividad antioxidante. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no hay muchos estudios con salmón Atlántico empleando γ-tocoferol como principal isómero añadido en la dieta. Además de su función como antioxidante, en investigaciones recientes la vitamina E ha mostrado capacidad para inducir de manera directa o indirecta la expresión de genes que codifican enzimas implicadas en el metabolismo de los ácidos grasos. Con esta perspectiva el presente trabajo tiene como principal objetivo determinar si la incorporación de 300 ppm de γ-tocoferol a la dieta del salmón da lugar a una mayor capacidad antioxidante en los tejidos del animal, disminuyendo la oxidación lipídica in vivo y afectando tanto a la composición como al metabolismo lipídico. Un total de 180 esguines de salmón Atlántico (Salmo Salar) con un peso inicial de 137,4 ± 1g fueron distribuidos al azar y uniformemente en 6 tanques y fueron alimentados con una de las tres dietas experimentales. Se aportó agua salada a los tanques y la temperatura se mantuvo a 12°C. Las dietas experimentales se formularon para tener: bajo contenido en EPA y DHA (CB); alto en EPA y DHA (CA); y con bajos niveles de EPA y DHA pero con un suplemento de 300 ppm de γ-tocoferol como antioxidante (CB+γtoc). Las dietas fueron suministradas en tanques duplicados durante 14 semanas. Al final del experimento, se sacrificaron 4 peces de cada tanque y se tomaron muestras de hígado y filete izquierdo para realizar el análisis de ácidos grasos y de expresión génica. A pesar de que los peces alimentados con la dieta CB+γtoc presentaron 3 veces más concentración de γ-tocoferol en los tejidos, la administración de esta dieta no tuvo un efecto significativo (P>0.05) sobre la composición de EPA, DHA y ácido araquidónico (ARA) en los tejidos del salmón. Los resultados del análisis de expresión de genes mostraron que la incorporación de 300 ppm de γ-tocoferol dio lugar a una cierta inhibición del metabolismo lipídico tanto de genes relacionados con la β-oxidación como de aquellos relacionados con la síntesis de LC-PUFA. En cuanto al sistema de defensa antioxidante GPx4, los resultados indicaron que no hubo efecto estimulatorio del γ-tocoferol sobre el mismo. Sin embargo, se observó un aumento de omega 3 totales (P<0.05) en el músculo del animal. La incorporación de 300 ppm de γ-tocoferol tuvo un efecto limitado sobre la composición lipídica y un efecto inhibitorio del metabolismo lipídico a nivel de expresión.

Digestibilidad y respuesta ovárica de conejas reproductoras alimentadas con dietas suplementadas con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3

Aumentar el número de gazapos destetados por coneja y parto es un objetivo importante para incrementar la rentabilidad del sector cunícola industrial con efectos directos. La mejora genética de la prolificidad en las líneas de madres ha demostrado ser una estrategia eficaz para alcanzar este objetivo; sin embargo otras vías, como la influencia de diferentes fuentes de grasa en las dietas de conejas reproductoras, han sido muy poco estudiadas. Los ácidos grasos (AG) n-3 interfieren en la fisiología reproductiva porque pueden modular las enzimas involucradas en el metabolismo de las prostaglandinas y del colesterol que es el precursor de los esteroides como la progesterona (revisado en Gulliver et al., 2012). El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar si la suplementación con AG poliinsaturados (PUFA) n-3 de las dietas de conejas durante la recría puede afectar a la tasa de ovulación y a la síntesis esteroidogénica ovárica determinada mediante las concentraciones de progesterona plasmática.

Reproductive long-term effects, endocrine response and fatty acid profile of rabbit does fed diets supplemented with n-3 fatty acids

The effect of a diet enriched with polyunsaturated n -3 fatty acids (PUFA) on endocrine, reproductive, and productive responses of rabbit females and the litters has been studied. Nulliparous does ( n = 125) were fed ad libitum from rearing to second weaning two diets supplemented with different fat sources: 7.5 g/kg lard for the control diet (group C; n = 63) or 15 g/kg of a commercial supplement containing a 50% ether extract and 35% of total fatty acids (FAs) as PUFA n -3 (Group P; n = 62). Dietary treatments did not affect apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, or reproductive variables of does including milk pro- duction, mortality and average daily gain of kits over two lactations. However, on Day 5 and 7 post-induction of ovulation, progesterone of Group P tended to increase to a greater extent than in does of Group C. Total PUFAs, n -6 and n -3 and eicosapentanoic (EPA) contents were greater in adipose tissues of does in Group P than in Group C. Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations were greater in peri-ovarian than in scapular fat with abdominal fat being intermediate in concentration. In PUFA sup- plemented does, kit mortality at the second parturition tended to be less than in control does. Also, kits born to does of the PUFA-supplemented group weighed more and were of greater length than from does of control group. In conclusion, effectiveness of dietary intervention on reproductive and performance response is greater in the second parity, which suggests an accumulative long-term beneficial effect of n -3 FA supplementation in reproductive rabbit does

Parámetros productivos y digestivos de gazapos de engorde alimentados con dietas enriquecidas con aceite de salmón

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido determinar el efecto de la suplementación de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 sobre los parámetros productivos y digestivos en gazapos durante el período de cebo (30-60 días). Para ellos se formularon dos piensos que únicamente diferían en la fuente de grasa: manteca (grupo CON) o un producto comercial a base de aceite de salmón rico en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 (PUFA). En ambos casos, el nivel de inclusión de grasa fue de 7,5 g/kg de pienso. Cada uno de los piensos se administró a 12 camadas de gazapos de 8 animales cada una. En la mitad de las camadas de cada tratamiento se determinó semanalmente el consumo de pienso (CMD) y la ganancia de peso vivo (GMD) de los animales y al final de la prueba se sacrificaron 4 animales de cada camada. En la otra mitad de las camadas, se sacrificaron 2 gazapos de cada una de los 30 (destete), 45 y 60 días de vida para analizar los parámetros de fermentación cecal y la morfología ileal. No se encontraron diferencias (P>0,05) entre tratamientos en el CMD, GMD, índice de conversión del alimento, peso al sacrificio, pero de la canal, pH y concentración de NH3-N en el contenido cecal, ni en la morfología ileal (longitud de vellosidades y profundidad de criptas). Los gazapos suplementados con PUFA presentaron mayores (P<0,001) concentraciones de ácidos grasos volátiles en el ciego a los 30 y 45 días de edad que los gazapos control y se observó una tendencia (P=0,062) a este efecto a los 60 días de edad. En conclusión, la sustitución del manteca por PUFA en la dieta no afectó al rendimiento productivo de los gazapos, pero incrementó la fermentación de la digesta en el ciego.

Respuesta reproductiva de conejas alimentadas con dietas enriquecidas con aceite de salmón

Un total de 136 conejas luníparasse alimentaron ad libitum desde las 10 semanas de edad con dos piensos isofibrosos, isoenergéticos e isoproteicos formulados con dos fuentes de grasa diferentes: manteca (grupo C; n=68) y un suplemento a base de aceite de salmón rico en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) n=3 (grupo P, n=68) con un nivel de inclusión de 1,5% (7,5g/kg) hasta el primer parto y de 3% (15g/kg) hasta el 2º destete. El peso y la composición corporal de las conejas a lo largo del estudio fueron similares entre grupos a pesar de que las conejas del grupo P redujeron el consumo al incrementar el nivel de inclusión de PUFA n-3. La prolificidad, el peso de los gazapos al nacimiento y el número de destetados fue similar en los dos grupos pero en los gazapos del grupo C la ganancia media diaria tendió a ser mayo, así como su peso al destete. No obstante, la fertilidad media fue más de un 12% superior en las conejas del grupo P, por lo que, el número estimado de gazapos destetados por coneja y año resultó mayor en ellas. En conclusión, el incremento en los niveles de inclusión de ácidos grasos poliisaturados n-3 de 7,5 a 15 g/kg después del primer parto disminuyó el consumo de las madres reduciendo el crecimiento de sus camadas pero incidiendo positivamente sobre su fertilidad.