Sementes de leguminosas forrageiras sob estresse salino tratadas com ácido salicílico e espermidina

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desempenho de variedades de mamoeiro em clima subtropical do Estado de São Paulo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Produção de silagem de planta inteira e grãos úmidos ou secos de milho em consórcio com gramínea e/ou leguminosa forrageira e cultivo do feijão de inverno em sucessão

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Plantas de cobertura, adubação nitrogenada e produção de sementes de feijoeiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Doses de Bradyrhizobium japonicum e Azospirillum brasilense no desenvolvimento das plantas, na produção e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Desempenho de cultivares de morango submetidas a diferentes tipos de polinização em cultivo protegido

Resumo – O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de polinização sobre a qualidade de frutos de cultivares de morangueiro e sua contribuição isolada para a massa dos frutos, bem como determinar o potencial de Plebeia nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini) como agente polinizador em ambiente protegido. As cultivares Aromas, Diamante e Cegnidarem foram submetidas a tratamentos com autopolinização, polinização por P. nigriceps e polinização livre. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em estufa tipo pampeana, coberta com polietileno transparente e desprovida de telas anti-insetos nas laterais, com 1.344 plantas. Para as avaliações, foram marcadas 56 flores primárias em botão, de cada cultivar, e considerou-se cada planta uma repetição. Avaliaram-se massa de matéria fresca, peso, diâmetro, comprimento e presença de deformação nos frutos. A polinização entomófila tem contribuição variada à massa dos frutos, de acordo com a cultivar. As cultivares apresentam sensibilidade variada à autopolinização, no que se refere à incidência de frutos deformados. Ainterferência da polinização entomófila na produtividade do morangueiro está mais relacionada à redução do percentual de frutos deformados do que ao aumento da massa dos frutos em si. O comportamento de P. nigriceps indica que a espécie apresenta potencial para polinização da cultura do morangueiro em ambiente protegido.

Desempenho de cultivares de morango submetidas a diferentes tipos de polinização em cultivo protegido

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de polinização sobre a qualidade de frutos de cultivares de morangueiro e sua contribuição isolada para a massa dos frutos, bem como determinar o potencial de Plebeia nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini) como agente polinizador em ambiente protegido. As cultivares Aromas, Diamante e Cegnidarem foram submetidas a tratamentos com autopolinização, polinização por P. nigriceps e polinização livre. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em estufa tipo pampeana, coberta com polietileno transparente e desprovida de telas anti-insetos nas laterais, com 1.344 plantas. Para as avaliações, foram marcadas 56 flores primárias em botão, de cada cultivar, e considerou-se cada planta uma repetição. Avaliaram-se massa de matéria fresca, peso, diâmetro, comprimento e presença de deformação nos frutos. A polinização entomófila tem contribuição variada à massa dos frutos, de acordo com a cultivar. As cultivares apresentam sensibilidade variada à autopolinização, no que se refere à incidência de frutos deformados. A interferência da polinização entomófila na produtividade do morangueiro está mais relacionada à redução do percentual de frutos deformados do que ao aumento da massa dos frutos em si. O comportamento de P. nigriceps indica que a espécie apresenta potencial para polinização da cultura do morangueiro em ambiente protegido.

Aplicação e avaliação de desempenho de um sistema de otimização em tempo real em uma unidade de produção de propeno.

Com o objetivo de aumentar o lucro de plantas químicas, a Otimização em Tempo Real (RTO) é uma ferramenta que busca determinar as condições ótimas operacionais do processo em estado estacionário, respeitando as restrições operacionais estabelecidas. Neste trabalho foi realizada a implementação prática de um ciclo RTO em um processo de destilação por recompressão de vapor (VRD), propileno-propano, da Refinaria de Paulínia (Petrobras S.A.), a partir de dados históricos da planta. Foram consideradas as principais etapas de um ciclo clássico de RTO: identificação de estado estacionário, reconciliação de dados, estimação de parâmetros e otimização econômica. Essa unidade foi modelada, simulada e otimizada em EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization), um simulador de processos orientado a equações desenvolvido no Brasil. Foram analisados e comparados dois métodos de identificação de estado estacionário, um baseado no teste estatístico F e outro baseado em wavelets. Ambos os métodos tiveram resultados semelhantes e mostraram-se capazes de identificar os estados estacionários de forma satisfatória, embora seja necessário o ajuste de parâmetros na sua implementação. Foram identificados alguns pontos estacionários para serem submetidos ao ciclo RTO e foi possível verificar a importância de partir de um estado estacionário para a continuidade do ciclo, já que essa é uma premissa do método. A partir dos pontos analisados, os resultados deste estudo mostram que o RTO é capaz de aumentar o ganho econômico entre 2,5-24%, dependendo das condições iniciais consideradas, o que pode representar ganhos de até 18 milhões de dólares por ano. Além disso, para essa unidade, verificou-se que o compressor é um equipamento limitante no aumento de ganho econômico do processo.

Desempenho agronômico, bromatológico e estabilidade fenotípica de sorgo silageiro em Uberlândia - MG

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a good alternative to be used as silage, especially in places with water scarcity and high temperatures, due to their morphological and physiological characteristics. The appropriate management, as the ideal seeding time, interferes both productivity and the quality of silage. The work was conducted with the objective of evaluating the agronomic and bromatological performance of varieties and hybrids of silage sorghum and their phenotypic stability in two seasons, season and off-season, in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. The experiments were performed at Capim Branco Experimental Farm of Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), located in the referred city. There were two sowing dates in the same experimental area, off-season (March to June 2014) and season (November 2014 to March 2015), and the varieties and hybrids were evaluated in both situations. The design was a randomized block with 25 treatments (hybrids and varieties of sorghum) and three replications. Agronomical and bromatological data were subjected to an analysis of variance; averages were grouped by Scott-Knott test at 5% of probability, through Genes computer program; and to estimate the stability, it was opted for Annicchiarico method. The flowering of cultivars, dry matter productivity, plant height, Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Crude Protein (CP) are affected by the environment and the variety. Regarding productivity and quality of the fiber, SF11 variety was superior, independent of the rated environment. In relation to the performance stability of dry matter, the varieties SF15, SF11, SF25, PROG 134 IPA, 1141572, 1141570 and 1141562 were highlighted. For the stability of the quality of fibers (FDA and FDN), the variety 1141562 stood out. The environment reduces the expression of characters “days of flowering”, “plant height” and “productivity of dry matter of hybrids”. From the 25 hybrids analyzed for productivity and stability of dry matter performance, seven were highlighted, regardless of the rated environment: Volumax commercial hybrid and experiments 12F39006, 12F39007, 12F37014, 12F39014, 12F38009 and 12F02006.

Desempenho agronômico do milho com diferentes fontes e doses de nitrogênio

Nitrogen (N) is one of the major nutrients nutrients absorbed in corn crops, for this reason, nitrogen based fertilizers are expensive and suffer large losses to the environment. Therefore, a diversity of fertilizers, known as special or of enhanced efficiency fertilizers, has been commercialized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources and levels of nitrogen fertilization in coverage, for agronomic characteristics and corn grain productivity, cultivated in the Cerrado region. The experiment was installed in 2015, in Monte Carmelo-MG. The experimental design utilized was a RCBD with four replications. The treatments consisted of five N sources (common urea, polymerized urea, urea combined with NBPT (thiophosphate N-n-butiltriamida or N-n-butiltriamida of thiophosphoric acid), organomineral combined or not with NBPT), five topdress N levels (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg ha-1) and a control (no N topdressing). The evaluated parameters were: the first spike insertion height (FSIH), plant height (PH), stem diameter (DC), number of rows per spike (RS), number of grains per row (GR), spike length (SL), spike diameter (SD), prolificacy (EP), 1,000-grain weight (TGW), leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), content of foliar nutrients, dry matter in aerial part of the plant (DM) and productivity (PG). The results showed that, with the exception of stem diameter, there was no significant statistical difference between sources of nitrogen, indicating that the organomineral source is as efficient as a mineral source. Regardless of the source, the addition of N fertilizers in increasing doses promoted enhanced development of corn plants, increased chlorophyll content, stem diameter, leaf N content, crude protein and productivity. For most phytotechnical features, there was no significant statistic difference in treatments compared to control.

Desempenho de sulcadores no desenvolvimento e produtividade da soja em solo submetido a diferentes níveis de compactação

On the national scene, soybean crop occupies a prominent position in cultivated area and volume production, being cultivated largely in the no tillage system. This system, due to the intense traffic of machines and implements on its surface has caused soil compaction problems, which has caused the yield loss of crops. In order to minimize this effect the seeder-drill uses the systems to opening the furrow by shank or the double disc type. The use of the shank has become commonplace for allowing the disruption of the compacted surface layer, however requires greater energy demand and may cause excessive tillage in areas where there is not observed high levels of compaction. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of furrowers mechanisms and levels of soil compacting on traction requirement by a seeder-drill and on the growing and productivity of soybean in an Oxisol texture clay, in a two growing seasons. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with split plots with the main plots composed of four levels of soil compaction (N0 – no tillage without additional compaction, N1, N2 and N3 – no tillage subjected to compaction through two, four and six passes with tractor, respectively) corresponding to densities of soil 1.16, 1.20, 1.22 and 1.26 g cm-3, and subplots by two furrowers mechanisms (shank and double disc) with four replicates. To evaluate the average, maximum and specific traction force requested by the seeder-drill, was used a load cell, with capacity of 50 kN and sensitivity of 2 mV V-1, coupled between the tractor and seeder-drill, whose data are stored in a datalogger system model CR800 of Campbell Scientific. In addition, were evaluated the bulk density, soil mechanical resistance to penetration, sowing depth, depth and groove width, soil area mobilized, emergence speed index, emergence operation, final plant stand, stem diameter, plant height, average number of seeds per pod, weight of 1,000 seeds, number of pods per plant and crop productivity. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, the mean of furrowers were compared by Tukey test (p≤0.05), while for the factor soil compaction, polynomial regression analysis was adopted, selected models by the criterion of greater R2 and significance (p≤0.05) of equation parameters. Regardless of the crop season, penetration resistance increase as soil compaction levels up to around 0.20 m deep, and bulk density influenced the sowing quality parameters, however, did not affect the crop yield. In the first season, there was a higher productivity with the use of the shank type. In the second crop season, the shank demanded greater energetic requirement with the increase of bulk density and opposite situation with the double disc. The locking of sowing lines allow better performance of the shank to break the compacted layer.

Desempenho de fosfitos de potássio no manejo de mofo branco em soja

Soybean plays an important role in the Brazilian agriculture being one of the products most exported by the country. Its yield may be affected by diseases such as white mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib. de Bary, which, under favorable field conditions prevents the crop of expressing all its productive potential. The fungus is cosmopolitan and infects more than 400 species of plants. This disease is difficult to control, and the use of chemicals has not been sufficient to avoid significant losses, thus, this products are expensive and may cause environmental damage. Alternative methods, such as foliar fertilizers based on potassium phosphite, can also be used in the management of this disease. In this context, this work aimed to study different sources of potassium phosphite and its effects in the control of white mold in soybeans, as well as the time of application in culture, its action in inducing plants defense responses and/or its influence over the seeds quality. The effect of phosphites, over the pathogen, was evaluated in vitro, on mycelial inhibition, the mass of dry mycelium and germination of sclerotia. In all tests, the following phosphites were utilized: Phosphite A (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite B (P2O5-40%; K2O-28% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite C (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha) e Phosphite D (P2O5-30%; K2O-20% - 2,4 L/ha). At the induction of resistance tests were evaluated the synthesis of phytoalexin in soybean cotyledons and the enzymes FAL and POX evaluated in seedlings in growing chamber, sprayed with phosphites and the fungicide fluazinam. Field experiment was carried out at Coronel Domingos Soares-PR, in the 2012/2013 season, in an area with natural infestation of the pathogen. Soybean cultivar BMX Active was no-till seeded with 0,5m between rows. The experimental was laid out as a factorial 5 x 4 scheme (treatment x application time). Phosphites sources were used, as described above, and water was sprayed in the control treatment. Treatments were applied at four different growth stages: V4, V4 + R1, R1 and R2 at the rates recommended by the manufacturer. Soybean yield components and seeds and health and physiological quality were evaluated after harvesting. None of the tested phosphites affected mycelial growth and sclerotia germination or influenced phytoalexin synthesis. Phosphites C and D stood out due to an increasing in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity 48 hours after its inoculation. These same products also induced the synthesis and peroxidases and phosphite C kept the levels of this enzyme elevated up to 72 hours after inoculation. At the field trials, phosphites C and D stood out in the control of white mold. There was no significant interaction of potassium phosphite on physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds.

Desempenho de soja associado à posição do fertilizante e tamanho de sementes

The seed size used for seeding has caused doubts among soybean producers. The study aimed to determine whether there may be differences between seed size with respect to depth of fertilizer deposition. The field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Area UTFPR Campus Pato Branco, using a precision seeder for direct seeding. The design was a randomized blocks, with five repetitions. The treatments were composed by the combination of two seed sizes (large seed with 6,5 mm and 5,5 mm with small seed) and two fertilizer deposition depths in relation to the seed (fertilizer near the seed with about 3 cm away and fertilizer distant from the seeds with about 10 cm). Data were subjected to analysis of variance. When the test value F was significant at 5% probability was applied to the Duncan test for comparison of means. The shallower depth of fertilizer deposition provided larger number of pods per plant and increased number of grains per plant. Already the largest depth of fertilizer deposition provided greater plant height at 30 days after sowing and R2 stage, greater ground area mobilized, higher plant population in all periods, greater depth of deposition of seeds and a higher rate of emergency speed.

Características químicas do solo e desempenho de culturas após quatro anos de aplicações de cama de aviário em diferentes épocas e níveis

Due to the high supply and its attractive cost, the poultry litter has been used in the southwestern region of Parana to the improvement of soil fertility seeking greater production of grains and pastures. However, the use without technical knowledge can minimize the benefits of poultry litter or even cause undesirable effects on soil, environmental pollution and also productivity losses in the used crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different times of poultry litter application, predating the winter crop, associated with increasing levels, about soil chemical properties, release of nutrients and crop performances in four consecutive years (2011-2014). In the first three years the experimental design was randomized blocks with a split plot system and four replications. In the main plots were tested four poultry litter application times preceding the wheat production: 0, 15, 30 and 45 days before sowing (DAS); in the subplots were applied four poultry litter levels (wet basis): 0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg ha-1. Last year one more subdivision of plots was done, evaluating the use or not of nitrogen in coverage in wheat, at a dose of 100 kg N ha-1. The wheat cultivar used in the four years was the BRS 220. In three years it was evaluated the residual effect on soybean production (cultivar - BMX Turbo RR) and in one year on the beans. The chemical soil attributes were evaluated at four depths 0-2,5cm, 2,5-5cm, 5-10cm and 10-20cm, and also the rate of decomposition and nutrient release of poultry litter and the crop productivity. The different times of application concerning the poultry litter had little influence on the studied variables, demonstrating that the producer does not need to have a specific date (before planting) to the application of poultry litter. Potassium was fully released 60 days after the allocation of litter bags into the field; for nitrogen and phosphorus the release was slower. The use of increasing levels of poultry litter increased the levels of various soil elements, highlighting the potassium which reached 20 cm deep in the second year of evaluation. The increase in pH and in the base saturation occurred only in the upper layers, while the phosphorus reached 10 cm deep in the third year of the study. It was observed increased pH and base saturation. The use of increasing doses of poultry litter contributed to the wheat plant nutrition, significantly increasing the weight of a thousand grains, and the grain yield of wheat in all the evaluated years; the nitrogen fertilization in coverage also had significant effect for the fourth evaluated year. Also there was a significant response from the residual effect of poultry litter for crops planted in summer for both soybeans and beans.

Desempenho produtivo de oleaginosas no Município de Jaguariúna/SP.

RESUMO: O trabalho analisa a experiência de cultivo de três espécies oleaginosas, amendoim, girassol e mamona, com potencial de uso para a produção de biodiesel, no município de Jaguariúna-SP. O trabalho foi conduzido em campo experimental da Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna-SP, no período entre novembro de 2008 a maio de 2009, utilizando quatro cultivares comerciais: uma de amendoim (IAC8116), duas de girassol (Embrapa 122 e M734) e uma de mamona (IAC2028) e foram avaliados: a) período para emergência de plântulas; b) início do florescimento; c) ciclo total da cultura; d) rendimento final de grãos; e) peso de 100 grãos. Os dados levantados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva e os resultados apontaram para o desempenho satisfatório das três oleaginosas. O rendimento do amendoim foi de 2998 kg ha-1, com ciclo total de 129 dias; para girassol as médias foram superiores a 2100 kg ha-1 e o ciclo entre 90-106 dias; para mamona a produtividade foi de 1260 kg ha-1 aos 187 dias. Conclui-se que as cultivares de amendoim (IAC8116), girassol (Embrapa 122 e M734) e mamona (IAC2028) possuem rendimentos satisfatórios no município de Jaguariúna-SP. O amendoim e o girassol podem ser importantes alternativas para maiores estudos em sucessão à cana-de-açúcar, enquanto a mamona se mostra mais viável como cultura principal para pequenos produtores, tendo em vista o ciclo longo.