River-based artificial propagation of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus: an option for the small fish farmer

A cheap method of propagating the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, by incubating the fertilized eggs in a cage placed directly in a flowing river is described. Hatching ranged between 39 and 70%. This is not significantly different from the commonly used water recirculating flow through system. The economic advantages of the river hatching method are discussed with special emphasis on the rural fish farmers.

Investing in Africa: the WorldFish Center's African strategy in summary

Across much of Africa, freshwater and coastal fisheries provide an important source of food and livelihood for many millions of people. In addition, the aquaculture potential of the continent has only recently begun to be developed. To help sustain these capture fisheries, support the emergence of aquaculture and foster the contribution of both to sustainable livelihoods and improved food security, the WorldFish Center is increasing its investment in Africa. The framework for this investment is provided by a new Strategy for Africa and West Asia 2002-2006 that identifies priorities for the Center’s work in rivers and floodplains, lakes and reservoirs, coastal fisheries, aquaculture, policy research and capacity building. The present article summarizes the issues being addressed by the Center and describes initial research priorities.

African freshwater fisheries: what needs to be managed?

The management of African freshwater fisheries in Southern African Development Coordination (SADC) countries is discussed. Changes in catch and fishing effort in the SADC freshwater fisheries in the past 50 years, the main causes behind the patterns of change in fishing effort, the effects of fishing effort and environment on the regeneration of fish stocks, as well as existing and proposed fisheries management regulations are investigated.

Comparative study of hatching rates of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) eggs on different substrates

The hatching rates of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) eggs on four natural substrates: the roots of Nile cabbage (Pistia stratiotes), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), pond weed (Ceratophyllum dermasum) and green grass leaves (Commelina sp.), and four artificial substrates: sisal mats, nylon mats, papyrus mats and kakaban mats, was assessed. Concrete slabs were used as control. The natural substrates performed better than the artificial ones. Pistia roots gave the best mean hatching rate of 66.2 ± 3.62%. Green grass leaves were second with a mean rate of 54.0 ± 3.46%, water hyacinth was third with 49.7 ± 3.16% and Ceratophyllum fourth with a mean of 13.0 ± 2.37%. Concrete slabs gave a mean rate of 18.6 ± 2.8%, sisal mats 18.6 ± 2.0%, papyrus 12.2 ± 1.2% and kakaban 11.8 ± 1.9%. Nylon mats were the last, with a mean rate of 4.0 ± 0.7%. The best performing natural substrates were those with the ability to float and thin fibrous roots that seemed to allow higher aeration of the eggs during incubation. The cost of using natural substrates was minimal.

The evolution of body muscle composition of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Burchell 1822)

Changes in body muscle composition of Clarias gariepinus were studied in fish reared from 1.08 g to 383 g mean body weight in a 201-day culture period. Changes in the amount of protein content, dry matter and ash free dry matter in the muscle tissue can be described as a function of body weight. The percentage of protein content was observed to be higher in bigger fish. Fat content was low throughout the fingerling stage. Specific growth rate decreased significantly at 400 g mean body weight (P<0.05) while feed conversion rate increased. The conclusion, based on the culture conditions in this study, is that the optimal weight for harvesting C. gariepinus is 400 g.

Production of fingerlings and marketable size African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in ponds in northern Cameroon

A simple running water method of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerling production in ponds in Northern Cameroon is outlined.

Training in fisheries planning and management: the case of the Southern African Development Community nations

This paper presents an evaluation of the 15-week course on Training in Fisheries Planning and Management being offered at the University of Namibia since 1991. This course includes instruction in fisheries technology, fisheries biology, fisheries law and law of the sea, fisheries economics, fisheries sociology, environment impact assessment, planning and management, the logical framework approach to planning and computer literacy. The participats in the course have rated the various elements in a range of 2.9 to 4.7 out of a maximum of 5 points.

European Union supports project to strengthen fisheries and biodiversity management in African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries

Proper resource management implies a better understanding of ecosystems and the conservation of biodiversity. Scientists from developing countries often have limited information on their aquatic resources because of many difficulties in accessing and exchanging information on a national and international level. The project described not only aims to strengthen the scientific capacity of fisheries scientists in ACP institutions but it is also expected to create an awareness among fisheries researchers and managers of the importance of conserving biodiversity for the sustainable use of living aquatic resources. This will be achieved through training, building a network of regional and transregional cooperation using modern communication facilities, the promotion of research and the distribution and improvement of fisheries management tools. It is hoped that these capabilities will enable fisheries scientists in ACP countries to actively contribute towards a discussion to solve common problems originating from the endangering of the ecological basis of their fisheries.

Efeitos pleiotrópicos da telmisartana nos tecidos adiposos branco e marrom: aumento da expressão gênica e proteica pan-PPAR em camundongos obesos

Receptores ativadores de proliferação perixossomal(PPARs) são fatores de transcrição envolvidos com a oxidação dos ácidos graxos e proliferação celular, mediando diversas vias, o que representa uma estratégia promissora para enfrentar as características da síndrome metabólica. Existem três isoformas de PPARs(PPARalfa, beta/delta e gama), que são diferencialmente expressos em diferentes tecidos.No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos pleiotrópicos da telmisartana, um anti-hipertensivo, bloqueador do receptor AT1 da angiotensina e agonista parcial PPAR gama, no tecido adiposo branco (TAB) e marrom (TAM) em camundongos obesos induzido por dieta.Camundongos machos, da linhagem C57BL/6 foram alimentados com uma dieta padrão (standard-chow, 10% da energia proveniente de lipídios) ou com uma dieta com alto teor lipídico (high fat, 49% de energia proveniente de lipídios) durante 10 semanas. Em seguida, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: SC, SC-T, HF e HF-T (n=10). O fármaco foi administrado (10mg/kg de dieta) durante 4 semanas para os grupos SC-T e HF-T.O grupo HF apresentou sobrepeso, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, perfil de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, resistência insulínica, diminuição do gasto energético, comprometimento do metabolismo da glicose e distribuição anormal da massa adiposa. Além disso, a obesidade ocasionou diminuição da expressão de PPARalfa, beta/delta e gama noTAB e TAM, resultando na inadequação da captação de glicose e termogênese insuficiente. Por outro lado,a ativação das três isoformas de PPARs, a melhora do perfil inflamatório das adipocinas, o aumento da sensibilidade à insulina e a melhora da captação de glicose, foi vistaapós o tratamento com telmisartana. A ativação dos PPARs no TAB trouxe muitos benefícios. No TAM, resultados surpreendentes foram que a telmisartana provocou o aumento da expressão do recepetor adrenérgico beta 3 (RAβ3), induzido pela ativação de PPARbeta/delta e maior termogênese comaumento da expressão da proteína desacopladora1 (UCP1). Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram que telmisartanaaumenta a expressão gênica e proteica PAN-PPAR no TAB e TAM em camundongos obesos induzidos por dieta. Nossas observações mostram que, apesar do grupo HF-T ter reduzido a ingestão energética, os efeitossão explicados pela ativação PAN-PPAR da telmisartana, causando a ativação da termogênese e resultando num balanço energético negativo.

Trawling Operations and South African (Cape) Fur Seals, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus

South African (Cape) fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, interact with the South African trawl fisheries-offshore demersal, inshore demersal, and midwater fisheries. These interactions take thef ollowing forms: Seals take or damage netted fish, on particular vessels they become caught in the propeller, seals drown in the nets, live seals come aboard and may be killed. Except in specific cases of seals damaging particular trawler propellers, interactions result in little cost to the offshore and midwater trawl fisheries. For the inshore fishery, seals damage fish in the net at an estimated cost in excess of R69, 728 (US$18,827) per year, but this is negligible (0.3%) in terms ofthe value of the fishery. Seal mortality is mainly caused by drowning in trawl nets and ranges from 2,524 to 3,636 seals of both sexes per year. Between 312 and 567 seals are deliberately killed annually, but this most likely takes place only when caught and they enter the area below deck, where they are difficult to remove, and pose a potential threat to crew safety. Overall, seal mortality during trawling operations is negligible (0.4-0.6%) in terms of the feeding population of seals in South Africa.

Megaeventos esportivos e políticas públicas: Jogos Pan-Americanos 2007 e suas relações com a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016

Esta tese tem como questão central investigar de que forma as propostas de legados apresentadas pelos realizadores dos megaeventos esportivos brasileiros Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2007, Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 e Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016 respondem aos interesses das políticas públicas. Para tanto, os objetivos consistiram em: a) verificar na história recente de três megaeventos esportivos ações de boas práticas ligadas aos possíveis legados dos seguintes eventos: Copa Mundo/2010 África do Sul, Jogos Sul-Americanos/2010 Medellín/Colômbia e Jogos Olímpicos/2012 Londres / Inglaterra; b) verificar, diante dos legados do evento Jogos Pan-Americanos Rio-2007, como se instituíram as relações entre Governo Federal e o órgão de administração nacional do esporte olímpico brasileiro (COB) na definição das ações do evento; c) verificar em que medida se dão as relações entre o atual Governo Federal e os órgãos de administração nacional do esporte (CBF e COB), responsáveis pela organização da Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 e pelos Jogos Olímpicos do Rio de Janeiro de 2016, no que tange aos possíveis legados a serem deixados pelos referidos eventos, se eles se aproximam ou se afastam dos encontrados nos Jogos Pan-Americanos Rio-2007. O procedimento metodológico utilizado neste estudo foi realizado em quatro fases: a) revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema; b) levantamento e análise de documentos referentes aos eventos estudados; c) realização de sete entrevistas semiestruturadas, que foram gravadas, transcritas e categorizadas; d) categorização e análise dos documentos e das entrevistas levando em consideração os objetivos propostos na pesquisa. Os resultados demonstraram que as ações de boas práticas ligadas aos possíveis legados dos megaeventos verificados na história recente se posicionam no campo dos legados tangíveis para os Jogos de 2010 e 2012 e intangíveis para a Copa do Mundo de 2010. Quanto à relação entre Governo Federal e COB nas tomadas de decisão, com base nos legados, do Pan de 2007, os dados mostram que o processo se baseou em um planejamento frágil, um modelo de governança inadequado e a assinatura tardia da matriz de responsabilidade do evento. Com relação ao desenvolvimento de legados dos eventos de 2014 e 2016, observamos que o de imagem é que aparece de maneira mais relevante na pesquisa. Finalmente, para responder à questão central da presente pesquisa, chegamos à demonstração de que a base das propostas de legados do Pan de 2007 pouco se aproxima dos interesses das políticas públicas. Já para a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e para os Jogos de 2016, as propostas de legados se direcionam para ações que, se bem-executadas, podem de forma direta ou indireta atender os interesses das políticas públicas.

Life history of South African snoek, Thyrsites atun (Pisces: Gempylidae): a pelagic predator of the Benguela ecosystem

Snoek (Thyrsites atun) is a valuable commercial species and an important predator of small pelagic fishes in the Benguela ecosystem. The South African population attains 50% sexual maturity at a fork length of ca.73.0 cm (3 years). Spawning occurs offshore during winter−spring, along the shelf break (150–400 m) of the western Agulhas Bank and the South African west coast. Prevailing currents transport eggs and larvae to a primary nursery ground north of Cape Columbine and to a secondary nursery area to the east of Danger Point; both shallower than 150 m. Juveniles remain on the nursery grounds until maturity, growing to between 33 and 44 cm in the first year (3.25 cm/month). Onshore– offshore distribution (between 5- and 150-m isobaths) of juveniles is deter-mined largely by prey availability and includes a seasonal inshore migration in autumn in response to clupeoid recruitment. Adults are found through-out the distribution range of the species, and although they move offshore to spawn—there is some southward dispersion as the spawning season progresses—longshore movement is apparently random and without a seasonal basis. Relative condition of both sexes declined dramatically with the onset of spawning. Mesenteric fat loss was, however, higher in females, despite a greater rate of prey consumption. Spatial differences in sex ratios and indices of prey consumption suggest that females on the west coast move inshore to feed between spawning events, but that those found farther south along the western Agulhas Bank remain on the spawning ground throughout the spawning season. This regional difference in female behavior is attributed to higher offshore abundance of clupeid prey on the western Agulhas Bank, as determined from both diet and rates of prey consumption.

El Niño reconstructions and confirmation of a pan-Californian model via Radiolarian evidence

Radiolarian number and/or flux rates extracted from Holocene and fossil sediments are used to help detect the presence of, type of (weak or strong), and exact location of the depocenter under an El Niño. These data, along with known provenances of certain radiolarians, support an earlier model that suggests a weak El Niño is a northern and coupled expression of a more southerly strong component dominated by eastern tropical Pacific water underlain by California current and gyre water.