A anatomia e o ensino de anatomia no Brasil: a escola boveriana

There is little scholarly research on the history, teaching and research of human anatomy in Brazil. A broader vision of the progress of anatomy under different circumstances in the country is virtually non-existent, leaving researchers keen to study the subject insecure. This is compounded by the fact that the data available are not always reliable. This text retraces the development of the discipline of anatomy and its research and education in Brazil in general and S��o Paulo state in particular, which can largely be reduced to the action of the self-proclaimed Boverian school of anatomy, founded by Italian physician Alfonso Bovero at the same time as the Medical Faculty of the University of S��o Paulo.

Anatomia de folhas, br��cteas e escapos de Paepalanthus Sect. Diphyomene Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae, Poales)

As Eriocaulaceae brasileiras encontram-se distribu��das principalmente nos campos rupestres que se estendem de Minas Gerais �� Bahia, na Cadeia do Espinha��o. Paepalanthus Mart. �� o maior g��nero da fam��lia e apresenta cerca de 450 esp��cies, sendo que Paepalanthus sect. Diphyomene Ruhl. possui cerca de 20 esp��cies que j�� pertenceram a diversas categorias taxon��micas. Com o objetivo de correlacionar a anatomia e a taxonomia desta se����o, al��m de levantar caracteres diagn��sticos para suas esp��cies, foi estudada a anatomia de folhas, br��cteas e escapos. Folhas e br��cteas de Paepalanthus sect. Diphyomene apresentam diferen��as na forma e no espessamento das c��lulas epid��rmicas; no espessamento do mesofilo; na disposi����o dos feixes vasculares; presen��a ou aus��ncia de hipoderme; diferente forma e composi����o de parede das c��lulas da extens��o de bainha do feixe vascular; forma e constitui����o da margem e presen��a ou aus��ncia de par��nquima aq����fero na face adaxial. No escapo, foram observadas diferen��as quanto ao n��mero e contorno de costelas e extens��o da medula. Assim, a proposta de divis��o de P. sect. Diphyomene em duas categorias �� corroborada. S��o caracteres diagn��sticos para as esp��cies: presen��a de par��nquima aqu��fero na face adaxial e aus��ncia de extens��o de bainha do feixe vascular em folhas de Paepalanthus urbanianus; presen��a de feixes vasculares distribu��dos em ordem decrescente de tamanho em dire����o �� margem em folhas e br��cteas e contorno triangular do escapo em P. flaccidus, presen��a de nove costelas em escapos de P. acanthophyllus e dez em P. macer. Foi elaborada uma chave de identifica����o das esp��cies de Paepalanthus sect. Diphyomene com base nas caracter��sticas anat��micas levantadas

Anatomia de folhas e escapos de esp��cies brasileiras de Rapateeae (Rapateoideae - Rapateaceae)

Estudou-se a anatomia de Spathanthus, Rapatea, Cephalostemon e Duckea pertencentes �� tribo Rapateeae (Rapateoideae, Rapateaceae), buscando levantar caracteres ��teis para a taxonomia. Todas as esp��cies estudadas apresentam c��lulas epid��rmicas com a parede periclinal externa levemente espessada e feixes de fibras subepid��rmicos em ambos os ��rg��os; feixes vasculares na regi��o mediana da folha, com bainha de fibras consp��cua no floema; e escapos com idioblastos contendo compostos fen��licos na epiderme e no par��nquima, que s��o caracter��sticas que suportam a tribo. O formato do escapo em sec����o transversal diferencia os g��neros, enquanto a forma e estrutura da nervura central do limbo foliar tem valor diagn��stico. S��o caracter��sticas exclusivas de Spathanthus: c��lulas epid��rmicas com corpos silicosos com distribui����o aleat��ria e par��nquima clorofiliano plicado no limbo foliar; e presen��a de feixes de fibras no mesofilo e no par��nquima do escapo. Spathanthus distingue-se tamb��m pelo n��mero, tipo e distribui����o dos feixes vasculares no escapo. O g��nero Rapatea caracteriza-se pela presen��a de est��matos e c��lulas com corpos silicosos apenas na epiderme abaxial das folhas e pela presen��a de par��nquima clorofiliano braciforme no limbo foliar. Rapatea paludosa distingue-se por apresentar folha com extens��o da bainha dos feixes vasculares em ambas as faces da epiderme e escapos com alas desiguais, enquanto Rapatea ulei apresenta escapos com alas do mesmo tamanho e tricomas contendo compostos fen��licos. S��o caracteres com valor diagn��stico para Cephalostemon riedelianus: c��lulas epid��rmicas com paredes retas em vista frontal e escapo com c��rtex definido, cord��es esclerenquim��ticos subepid��rmicos voltados aos feixes vasculares maiores e medula fistulosa

Educa����o ambiental e as dimens��es local e global apresentadas em teses e disserta����es

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Laborat��rio de anatomia: um espa��o para a constru����o de sentidos sobre o corpo humano pelos escolares?

A busca de compreens��o da complexa din��mica envolvendo os processos interativos entre professores e alunos tem motivado o desenvolvimento de pesquisas relacionadas a padr��es de intera����o em sala de aula e suas consequ��ncias para o no contexto do ensino e da aprendizagem. Este trabalho sistematiza e analisa os conte��dos tratados, bem como as quest��es levantadas por uma monitora de um Projeto de Extens��o em Anatomia Humana e alunos de ensino m��dio durante as atividades realizadas na bancada do sistema excretor-reprodutor em um laborat��rio de Anatomia Humana, al��m de identificar as classes de abordagens comunicativas presentes nessas intera����es. A ��nfase em aspectos morfofisiol��gicos dos sistemas humanos, assim como a op����o por um estilo de trabalho baseado na argumenta����o ret��rica, adotado pela monitora, renegou a um segundo plano tanto a interatividade quanto a dialogicidade como padr��es de intera����o neste contexto estudado

Anatomia foliar de esp��cies de Bulbophyllum, se����o Micranthae Barb. Rodr. (Orchidaceae) e sua correla����o com a taxonomia

Orchidaceae �� uma das maiores fam��lias de Angiospermas, com distribui����o cosmopolita, sendo que Bulbophyllum �� o maior g��nero da fam��lia, com mais de 1200 esp��cies. A se����o Micranthae apresenta 12 esp��cies distribu��das na Am��rica do Sul e com grande representatividade no Brasil. A interpreta����o das Orchidaceae de maneira geral, �� dificultada pela grande diversidade de esp��cies, gerando problemas taxon��micos. Visando levantar caracteres diagn��sticos para as esp��cies e estados de car��ter compartilhados entre elas, foram realizados estudos anat��micos das folhas de 11 esp��cies de Bulbophyllum se����o Micranthae e de outras tr��s esp��cies de Bulbophyllum constituindo o grupo externo. As estruturas anat��micas: epiderme unisseriada com cera epicuticular espessa; est��matos tetrac��ticos com c��maras supraestom��ticas; presen��a de hipoderme e de feixes vasculares colaterais caracterizam as esp��cies estudadas. A forma cil��ndrica da folha de Bulbophyllum insectiferum Barb. Rodr. �� car��ter diagn��stico da esp��cie, assim como a aus��ncia de idioblastos traqueoidais de paredes espessadas em Dendrobium kingianum Bidwill ex Lindl. A morfologia das folhas, forma da l��mina foliar em sec����o transversal, forma das c��lulas epid��rmicas em vista frontal, tipo de mesofilo, tipos de cristais e n��mero de feixes vasculares s��o caracteres que permitem agrupamentos entre as esp��cies analisadas. Esses caracteres ser��o utilizados numa futura an��lise clad��stica procurando auxiliar a filogenia do grupo

Ci��ncia da carne: a linguagem gr��fica da anatomia humana

This monograph seeks to provide an exposition and theoretical examination of Ci��ncia da Carne (���Science of the Flesh���), a series of artworks in woodcut printing executed after research into the artistic aspects of Human Anatomy, done throughout the Graduate Course in Visual Arts at UNESP���s Art Institute. Traditional procedures of naturalistic representation of the human figure often adopt the scientific basis of Anatomy as a means of interpreting the surface contours of the body from its inside out. The historical connection between Anatomy and Art, however, is not merely accidental, for it is integral to the development of both disciplines, which find themselves deeply related in the human impulse for self-discovery and reinvention of its own likeness. The series of artworks collected in Ci��ncia da Carne explores, through the particular graphical language provided by woodcut printing, abstract arrangements of isolated anatomical elements, at once removed from the context of traditional figurative representation and from the didactic goals of medical illustration.

Estudo in vitro da anatomia das proje����es de esmalte cervical em dentes molares

The cervical enamel projection (CEP) is an anatomic variation that can be found in the cement enamel junction, it��s recognition and early diagnosis improves outcome the tooth involved, allowing greater efficiency in treatment. The knowledge of the location, grade and incidence of CEP is decisive on prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. It were studied 1200 molars (600 mandibular molars and 600 maxillary molars) separated from the collection of teeth on the Discipline of Anatomy in FOSJCampos - UNESP. Each group of 600 teeth was separated from the second side (300 teeth) and the second type (first, second or third molar). Each tooth had thoroughly inspected the cervical region, in all their faces, in order to verify the incidence and the grade of CEP in each surface. It was found that the CEP covered in 278 (23,17%) teeth was 146 (52,52%) mandibular molars and 132 (47,48%) maxillary molars. The CEPs were concentrated on a tooth surface in 222 (79,86%) teeth, in two surfaces 53 (19,06%) teeth, and in three surfaces in three (1,08%) teeth. From the total of 4.800 surfaces examined the CEPs were found in 337 surfaces, and 228 (67,66%) surfaces of the grade I, 60 (17,8%) grade II and 49 (14,54%) grade III. The buccal surface presented 207 (61,42%) CEP, the lingual surface in 57 (16,91%), the mesial surface in 35 (10,39%) and the distal surface in 38 (11,28%) CEP. The results of this study demonstrated that the CEPs have focused more on the mandibular teeth on only one surface of the tooth, the grade I was the most found and the buccal surface the most involved

Anatomia floral de esp��cies de Bulbophyllum sect. Micranthae (Orchidaceae, Asparagales)

Bulbophyllum, which comprises 1876 species, is considered the second largest genus of angiosperms, with a pantropical distribution. The morphological and anatomical floral studies in the genus are incipient, with data restricted to the gynostemium and lip of some species. Based on molecular data, six sections were recognized within Bulbophyllum at the Neotropics, amongst them Bulbophyllum sect. Micranthae, which comprises 12 species distributed in central South America. We aimed to study the floral anatomy of six species of Bulbophyllum sect. Micranthae, in order to determine useful characters to differentiate them and contribute to the anatomical characterization of the section as a whole. Floral anatomy was assessed through usual techniques of light microscopy. The data found here for B. adiamantinum, B. chloroglossum, B. epiphytum, B. mentosum, B. micranthum and B. rupicolum allowed to identificate the presence of glandular trichomes and the possible presence of a secretory region on the lip, which might produce substances used as a reward to pollinators. The most significant anatomical characters to the species characterization were the shape and ornamentation of the outer periclinal walls of the epidermal cells, as well as the number of vascular bundles in dorsal and lateral sepals and at the lip. The data also allowed the differentiation between B. epiphytum and B. rupicolum, species very similar in morphology and phylogenetically related. Besides that, the data also allowed the discussion regarding the maintenance of B. mentosum within the section: although its inclusion is supported by molecular studies, the anatomical data here presented shows greater differences compared to the other species, not supporting its maintenance in Bulbophyllum sect. Micranthae

Articula����o temporomandibular: anatomia, din��mica e disfun����es temporomandibulares

This study gathered some of the most relevant researches already undertaken regarding the Temporomandibular Joint, presenting descriptions of its anatomy and dynamics, and relating them to the main aspects of joint dysfunctions. Literature recognizes that the Temporomandibular Joint, responsible for lower jaw movements, comprehends the skull base and the jaw bone. Its anatomy and dynamics are of great importance in order to understand the functions of Stomatognathic System as well as to study Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. The elements that compose this synovial joint and the bilateral characteristic confer eminent importance to the ATM before the skeleton head, the ability to perform broad movements and high complexity in its operation. It is accepted that the overload of one anatomical structure from the TMJ or other components of the Stomatognathic System leads to Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunctions. These disorders have different etiologies, ranging from malocclusion to emotional stress, and various forms of treatment, which are related in this study

Anatomia de ��rg��os foliares de Mapania Aubl. (Mapanioideae, Cyperaceae)

Estudou-se a anatomia dos ��rg��os foliares (folhas basais, ou catafilos, no caso de folhas ausentes, e br��cteas involucrais) de tr��s esp��cies de Mapania Aubl. Os esp��cimes de Mapania macrophylla (Boeck) H.Pfeiff. e M. pycnostachya (Benth.) T.Koyama, pertencentes �� se����o Pycnocephala, e M. sylvatica Aubl., pertencente �� se����o Mapania, foram coletados durante expedi����es cient��ficas na Reserva Florestal Ducke em Manaus, AM, e constituem representantes de um mesmo g��nero que ocupam tr��s ambientes distintos da Floresta Amaz��nica. Em todos os ��rg��os, as esp��cies apresentam epiderme uniestratificada, com c��lulas de paredes delgadas, e est��matos parac��ticos na face abaxial, no mesmo n��vel ou um pouco acima das demais c��lulas epid��rmicas. O mesofilo �� homog��neo e apresenta dois padr��es distintos nos ��rg��os foliares: o primeiro com feixes vasculares em um ��nico n��vel, sem extens��o de bainha, idioblastos fen��licos abundantes e aer��nquima n��o consp��cuo; e o segundo padr��o com feixes vasculares maiores e menores intercalados, com extens��o de bainha do feixe e interrompidos por aer��nquima consp��cuo com c��lulas transl��cidas. O primeiro padr��o foi encontrado em br��cteas involucrais de M. sylvatica e o segundo em todos os ��rg��os foliares das demais esp��cies. Essa diferen��a corrobora com as se����es estabelecidas e �� importante na diferencia����o de esp��cies dentro do g��nero. No pseudopec��olo de M. pycnostachya foi observada a presen��a de hipoderme, car��ter importante na diferencia����o de Mapania e Hypolytrum e que, portanto, necessita ser melhor estudado no g��nero. Ainda, a presen��a de aer��nquima, c��lulas epid��rmicas com parede delgada e posi����o dos est��matos refletem a adapta����o dessas esp��cies a ambientes ��midos de v��rzea e igap�� onde s��o encontradas

Educa����o ambiental e pr��ticas pedag��gicas em escolas do ensino b��sico: o que dizem as teses e disserta����es produzidas no estado de S��o Paulo?

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Estudo da anatomia interna dos incisivos laterais superiores pelos m��todos radiogr��ficos digital e convencional

The maxillary lateral incisor has a very peculiar and internal morphology that can be influenced by the its external anatomy such as supernumerary roots and ruts deep root, which often hinders an effective endodontic treatment. Generally, this tooth have a single root with one root canal, but teeth with two to four channels can be found. The main canal can present ramifications such as accessory canals, laterals, collaterals, recorrents and apical deltas. All this factors interfere directally on endodonthics treatment. The objective of this work is a study of the internal anatomy of the maxillary lateral incisors by digital and conventional radiographics methods, comparing the results obteined by each method Six hundred upper lateral incisor were used in this study teeth of the collection of the Department of Anatomy ICT ��� UNESP. All the teeth were radiographed by vestibular face, using a digital radiographic unit(Dabi Atlante). After this step, all the teeth underwent by conventional radiographic technique(Kodak 2200) so that the results obtained were compared. To classify the channel system, it was adopted the classification of Pucci and Reig. All data obtained by digital technique were compared with those obtained in the conventional technique and were subjected to statistical analysis

O debate modernidade / p��s-modernidade e a crise socioambiental: um estudo sobre teses e disserta����es brasileiras em educa����o ambiental

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)