Consumer`s evaluation of the effects of gamma irradiation and natural antioxidants on general acceptance of frozen beef burger

The effect of addition of rosemary and oregano extracts on the sensory quality of irradiated beef burger was investigated. Batches of beef burgers were prepared with 400 ppm of rosemary or oregano extract and a group prepared with 200 ppm of synthetic butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT)/butyl-hydroxy-anisol (BHA) was used as a control. Half of each formulation was irradiated at the maximum dose allowed for frozen meat (7 kGy). Samples were kept under frozen conditions (-20 degrees C) during the whole storage period, including during irradiation. Two analyses were performed after 20 and 90 days to verify the influence of the addition of the different types of antioxidants and the effect of irradiation and storage time on the acceptance of the product. Thirty-three and thirty-four untrained panelists were invited to participate in the first and second test, respectively. A structured hedonic scale ranging from 1 to 9 points was used in both analyses. BHT/BHA formulation obtained the highest score (6.73) and regarding the natural antioxidants, oregano received better acceptance (6.36). Irradiated samples formulated with oregano received a lower score, 6.03 in the first test and 5.06 in the second one, compared to the non-irradiated sample (6.36 and 5.79). In the second test (90 days), the sample formulated with BHT/BHA and which was irradiated received a higher score (6.59) when compared to the non-irradiated one (5.85). In both tests, the irradiated samples formulated with rosemary extract obtained a better score compared to the non-irradiated one, the scores being 5.00-3.82 and 5.00-3.76 in the first and second test, respectively. Our results allowed us to conclude that the natural antioxidants, rosemary and oregano extracts, present a good alternative for replacing synthetic additives in food industries, and that the irradiation process, in some cases, may help to enhance the sensory quality of food. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Endophytic fungi found in association with Smallanthus sonchifolius (Asteraceae) as resourceful producers of cytotoxic bioactive natural products

Smallanthus sonchifolius is a traditional Andean plant which has been cultured mainly in Brazil, Japan and New Zealand due to its medicinal properties. A study of the endophytic fungi associated to the plant was carried out in order to characterize new cytotoxic agents. Thirty two fungal strains were isolated and submitted to cultivation and extraction producing 186 extracts. Of these, 12% displayed moderate to high cytotoxic activities and were considered promising anticancer compound sources. The ethyl acetate fractions of Nigrospora sphaerica and Phoma betae liquid fermentations contained the synergistic compounds 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin and (22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one which are potential compounds for drug discovery. Another isolated compound, pimara-7,15-dien-3-beta-ol diterpene is being characterized for the first time through a detailed spectroscopic analysis including GC/MS, homo- and hetero-nuclear correlated NMR experiments (HMQC, HMBC, COSY and NOEdiff) along with its optical rotation.

Antibacterial activity of 15-deoxygoyazensolide isolated from the stems of Minasia alpestris (Asteraceae) against oral pathogens

This work reports the isolation of the sesquiterpene lactone 15-deoxygoyazensolide from the stems of Minasia alpestris and the evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against the following oral pathogens: Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Lactobacillus casei. Despite the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of other sesquiterpene lactones of the furanoheliangolide-type, our results revealed that this compound exhibits low antibacterial activity against the evaluated oral pathogens; however, an interesting selectivity against E. faecalis (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 40 mu g mL(-1)) and S. sobrinus (MIC = 60 mu g mL(-1)) was observed.

Increased number and function of natural killer cells in human immunodeficiency virus 1-positive subjects co-infected with herpes simplex virus 2

P>Natural killer (NK) cells bridge the interface between innate and adaptive immunity and are implicated in the control of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection. In subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the critical impact of the innate immune response on disease progression has recently come into focus. Higher numbers of NK cells are associated with lower HIV-1 plasma viraemia. Individuals with the compound genotype of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) 3DS1 and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-Bw4-80I, or who have alleles of KIR3DL1 that encode proteins highly expressed on the NK cell surface, have a significant delay in disease progression. We studied the effect of HSV-2 co-infection in HIV-1-infected subjects, and show that HSV-2 co-infection results in a pan-lymphocytosis, with elevated absolute numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and NK cells. The NK cells in HSV-2 co-infected subjects functioned more efficiently, with an increase in degranulation after in vitro stimulation. The number of NK cells expressing the activating receptors NKp30 and NKp46, and expressing KIR3DL1 or KIR3DS1, was inversely correlated with HIV-1 plasma viral load in subjects mono-infected with HIV-1, but not in subjects co-infected with HSV-2. This suggests that HSV-2 infection mediates changes within the NK cell population that may affect immunity in HIV-1 infection.

Lower cytokine secretion ex vivo by natural killer T cells in HIV-infected individuals is associated with higher CD161 expression

Objective: Natural killer T (NKT) cells are efficiently targeted by HIV and severely reduced in numbers in the circulation of infected individuals. The functional capacity of the remaining NKT cells in HIV-infected individuals is poorly characterized. This study measured NKT cell cytokine production directly ex vivo and compared these responses with both the disease status and NKT subset distribution of individual patients. Methods: NKT cell frequencies, subsets, and ex-vivo effector functions were measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients and healthy controls by flow cytometry. We measured cytokines from NKT cells after stimulation with either a-galactosyl ceramide-loaded CD1d dimers (DimerX-alpha GalCer) or phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. Results: The frequencies of NKT cells secreting interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly lower in HIV-infected patients than healthy controls after DimerX-alpha GalCer treatment, but responses were similar after treatment with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. The magnitude of the interferon-gamma response to DimerX-alpha GalCer correlated inversely with the number of years of infection. Both interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in response to DimerX-alpha GalCer correlated inversely with CD161 expression. Conclusion: The ex-vivo Th1 responses of circulating NKT cells to CD1d-glycolipid complexes are impaired in HIV-infected patients. NKT cell functions may be progressively lost over time in HIV infection, and CD161 is implicated in the regulation of NKT cell responsiveness. (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Birth Prevalence and Natural History of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in a Highly Seroimmune Population

Background. The natural history of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is scarcely known in populations with high maternal CMV seroprevalence. This study evaluated the birth prevalence, clinical findings at birth, and hearing outcome in CMV-infected children from such a population. Methods. Consecutively born infants were screened for the presence of CMV in urine and/or saliva specimens during the first 2 weeks after birth. Neonatal clinical findings were recorded, and CMV-infected children were tested to document hearing function during follow-up. A subset of mothers of CMV-infected infants were prenatally tested for the presence of anti-CMV immunoglobulin G antibodies. Results. Congenital CMV infection was confirmed in 87 (1.08%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86%-1.33%) of 8047 infants. Seven infants (8.1%; 95% CI, 3.3%-15.9%) had at least 1 clinical finding suggestive of CMV infection, and 4 (4.6%; 95% CI, 1.3%-11.3%) had 13 findings of systemic disease. Sensorineural hearing loss was found in 5 (8.6%; 95% CI, 2.9%-19.0%) of 58 children tested at a median age of 21 months. Bilateral profound hearing loss was observed in 2 children, and the hearing threshold was 160 decibels in all 5 children with hearing loss, including 2 children born to mothers with probable nonprimary CMV infection. Conclusions. The results of this large newborn screening study in a population with high CMV seroimmunity provide additional evidence that congenital CMV disease occurs in populations with high seroprevalence rates, with a similar incidence of CMV-related hearing loss to that reported in the offspring of women from populations in developed countries with lower rates of seroimmunity to CMV.

Experimental infection of Crested Caracara (Caracara plancus) with Toxoplasma gondu simulating natural conditions

Toxoplasma gondu affects mainly warm-blooded animals including birds Even though previous experimental data indicate that raptors are resistant to clinical infection there is no information regarding the susceptibility of Brazilian birds of prey to T gondii The present study aimed to observe how the crested caracara a common raptor in Brazil Interacts with T gondu, using an experimental model Seven crested caracaras seronegative for T gondu were separated into infected (n = 5) and control groups (n = 2) Birds from the infected group were fed T gondu-Infected Calomys callosus a rodent present in Brazilian savanna and described as highly susceptible to infection by the parasite for three consecutive days while control animals were fed non-Infected rodents All Infected birds produced T gondu-specific IgG antibodies that were firstly detected at day 7 post-Infection with peak production detected between 15 and 30 dpi No significant alterations in clinical and hematological parameters were observed throughout the experimental period and parasites were sparsely found in muscular tissues after the birds were euthanized In conclusion our results demonstrated that crested caracaras are resistant to oral infection with T gondu suggesting that the host-parasite relationship between both species has reached a remarkable equilibrium (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

Denitrification, leaching and immobilisation of N-15-labelled nitrate in winter under windrowed harvesting residues in hoop pine plantations of 1-3 years old in subtropical Australia

A field study was carried out to investigate the impacts of windrowed harvesting residues on denitrification, immobilisation and leaching of N-15-labelled nitrate applied at 20 kg N ha(-1) to microplots in second-rotation hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations of 1-3 years old in southeast Queensland, Australia. The PVC microplots were 235 mm in diameter and 150 mm. long, and driven into the 100 mm soil. There were three replications of such microplots for each of the six treatments which were areas just under and between 1-, 2- and 3-year-old windrows of harvesting residues. Based on gaseous N losses estimated by the difference between the recoveries of bromide (Br) applied at 100 kg Br ha(-1) and N-15-labelled nitrate, denitrification was highest (23% based on N-15 loss) in the areas just under the 1-year-old windrows 25 days after a simulated 75 mm rainfall and following several natural rainfall events. There was no significant difference in N-15 losses (14-17%) among the other treatments. The N-15 immobilisation rate was highest for microplots in the areas between the 1-year-old windrows and generally higher for microplots in the areas just under the windrows (30-39%) than that (26-30%) between the windrows. Direct measurement of N-15 gas emissions (N-15(2) + (N2O)-N-15) confirmed that the highest denitrification rate occurred in the microplots under the 1-year-old windrows although the gaseous N-15 loss calculated by gas emission was only about one-quarter that estimated by the N-15 mass balance method. A significant, positive linear relationship (P < 0.05) existed between the gaseous N-15 losses measured by the two methods used. The research indicates that considerable mineral N could be lost via denitrification during the critical inter-rotation period and early phase of the second rotation. However, the impacts of windrowed harvesting residues on N losses via denitrification might only last for a period of about 2 years. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Cloud-point extraction and preconcentration of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) from natural waters using a cationic surfactant

A new cloud-point extraction and preconcentration method, using a cationic, surfactant, Aliquat-336 (tricaprylyl-methy;ammonium chloride), his-been developed for the determination of cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins, in natural waters. Sodium sulfate was used to induce phase separation at 25 degreesC. The phase behavior of Aliquat-336 with respect to concentration of Na2SO4 was studied. The cloud-point system revealed a very high phase volume ratio compared to other established systems of nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants: At pH 6-7, it showed an outstanding selectivity in ahalyte extraction for anionic species. Only MC-LR and MC-YR, which are known to be predominantly anionic, were extracted (with averaged recoveries of 113.9 +/- 9% and 87.1 +/- 7%, respectively). MC-RR, which is likely to be amphoteric at the above pH range, was. not cle tectable in.the extract. Coupled to HPLC/UV separation and detection, the cloud-point extraction method (with 2.5 mM Aliquat-336 and 75 mM Na2SO4 at 25 degreesC) offered detection limits of 150 +/- 7 and 470 +/- 72 pg/mL for MC-LR and MC-YR, respectively, in 25 mL of deionized water. Repeatability of the method was 7.6% for MC-LR and 7.3% for MC-YR: The cloud-point extraction process can be. completed within 10-15 min with no cleanup steps required. Applicability of the new method to the determination of microcystins in real samples was demonstrated using natural surface waters, collected from a local river and a local duck pond spiked with realistic. concentrations of microcystins. Effects of salinity and organic matter (TOC) content in the water sample on the extraction efficiency were also studied.

Tracing the fate of N-15-enriched feed in an intensive shrimp system

The fate of N-15-nitrogen-enriched formulated feed fed to shrimp was traced through the food web in shallow, outdoor tank systems (1000 1) stocked with shrimp. Triplicate tanks containing shrimp water with and without sediment were used to identify the role of the natural biota in the water column and sediment in processing dietary nitrogen (N). A preliminary experiment demonstrated that N-15-nitrogen-enriched feed products could be detected in the food web. Based on this, a 15-day experiment was conducted. The ammonium (NH4+) pool in the water column became rapidly enriched (within one day) with N-15-nitrogen after shrimp were fed N-15-enriched feed. By day 15, 6% of the added N-15-nitrogen was in this fraction in the 'sediment' tanks compared with 0.4% in the 'no sediment' tanks. The particulate fraction in the water column, principally autotrophic nanoflagellates, accounted for 4-5% of the N-15-nitrogen fed to shrimp after one day. This increased to 16% in the 'no sediment' treatment, and decreased to 2% in the 'sediment' treatment by day 15. It appears that dietary N was more accessible to the phytoplankton community in the absence of sediment. The difference is possibly because a proportion of the dietary N was buried in the sediment in the 'sediment' treatment, making it unavailable to the phytoplankton. Alternatively, the dietary N was retained in the NH4+ pool in the water column since phytoplankton growth, and hence, N utilization was lower in the 'sediment' treatment. The lower growth of phytoplankton in the 'sediment' treatment appeared to be related to higher turbidity, and hence, lower light availability for growth. The percentage N-15-nitrogen detected in the sediment was only 6% despite the high capacity for sedimentation of the large biomass of plankton detritus and shrimp waste. This suggests rapid remineralization of organic waste by the microbial community in the sediment resulting in diffusion of inorganic N sources into the water column. It is likely that most of the dietary N will ultimately be removed from the tank system by water discharges. Our study showed that N-15-nitrogen derived from aquaculture feed can be processed by the microbial community in outdoor aquaculture systems and provides a method for determining the effect of dietary N on ecosystems. However, a significant amount of the dietary N was not retained by the natural biota and is likely to be present in the soluble organic fraction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Influência da idade na resistência natural da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex. Maiden ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca (Cryptotermes brevis)

Este trabalho objetivou testar a resistência natural da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis de quatro diferentes idades (10, 14, 20 e 25 anos) ao ataque de cupins de madeira seca. As amostras foram retiradas da prancha diametral, na região próxima ao cerne mais externo, em número de seis unidades por tora, de cada uma das 16 árvores (quatro de cada idade). Cada par de amostras foi colocado em contato com 40 indivíduos, da espécie Cryptotermes brevis (cupim de madeira seca), avaliando-se cada par comparativamente com corpos-de-prova de madeira altamente suscetível ao ataque de cupins, no caso a madeira de Pinus elliottii, sob idênticas condições laboratoriais, mediante observações em intervalos periódicos. Ao término do ensaio foram registrados a porcentagem de cupins mortos e o número de furos, além do desgaste produzido por esses insetos. Verificou-se que a madeira de 10 anos foi a mais severamente atacada, com desgaste semelhante ao da testemunha. As madeiras de 14, 20 e 25 anos não diferiram estatisticamente entre si, quanto à resistência natural ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca, todas classificadas como de desgaste acentuado. A madeira de todas as idades mostrou-se altamente suscetível ao ataque de cupins, revelando a baixa resistência natural da espécie.

In vitro growth and leaf anatomy of Cattleya walkeriana (Gardner, 1839) grown in natural ventilation system

Natural ventilation system facilitates gaseous exchanges in in vitro plants promoting changes in the leaf tissue, which can be evaluated through the leaf anatomy, and it allows a cultivation closer to the photoautrophic micropropagation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on in vitro growth and on the leaf anatomy of Cattleya walkeriana grown in natural and conventional ventilation system with different concentrations of sucrose (0; 15; 30 and 45 L-1) combined with different cultivation systems (conventional micropropagation and natural ventilation system). The culture medium was composed of MS salts, solidified with 7 g L-1 of agar and pH adjusted to 5.8. Forty milliliters of culture medium were distributed in 250 mL flasks, autoclaved at 120 ºC for 20 minutes. The greater plant growth, as well as the greater thickness of the mesophyll was observed with the use of 20 g L-1 sucrose in natural ventilation system. Plants grown in natural ventilation system showed a thicker leaf mesophyll, which is directly related to photoautotrophic crops. The natural ventilation system induced more elliptical stomata and probably more functional formats.

Infeccão tuberculosa natural e o uso do BCG oral e intradérmico em escolares de Laranjal Paulista, SP, Brasil

Foi pesquisado no 2.° semestre de 1969, o índice de infecção tuberculosa nos escolares de nível primário da sede municipal de Laranjal Paulista, SP, com faixa etária de 7 a 15 anos. Utilizou-se PPD RT23 com 2UT (0,04 mcg) de acordo com a 2.ª recomendação do Serviço Nacional de Tuberculose, sendo encontrado nível de 8% de reatores fortes o que sugere necessidade de intensificação local do controle da tuberculose. Houve diferenças significativas a 5% quanto à cor e grupo etário, predominando nos "não brancos" e nos de 11 a 15 anos, o mesmo não ocorrendo, entretanto, quanto ao sexo. Os reatores e seus conviventes foram encaminhados ao Dispensário de Tuberculose. Foi também pesquisada a viragem tuberculínica pelo BCG oral e intradérmico, comparados com grupo controle, encontrando-se resultados significantes. O resultado verificado no grupo que tomou BCG por via intradérmica foi quase duas vezes maior que os observados no grupo de BCG oral. Não houve diferenças quanto ao sexo e grupo etário, mas o grupo "não branco" mostrou-se mais reativo. Não foram definidas estatisticamente as reações pós-vacinais e a expectativa populacional foi considerada dentro da esperada para atividades desse tipo.

Nota sobre a infecção natural de Calomys expulsus, Lund, 1841 (Cricetidae-Rodentia) pelo Trypanosoma cruzi

Foi isolada uma amostra de T. cruzi do roedor silvestre, Calomys expulsus, Lund, 1841, capturado no norte do município de Formosa, Goiás, através de inoculações em animais de laboratório, e subseqüente xenodiagnósticos com R. neglectus, T. infestans e P. megistus. A amostra de T. cruzi apresentou patogenicidade muito baixa para os animais inoculados, mas conferiu resistência a reinjecções a cêpa Y de origem humana. As jornias sanguícolas tiveram um comprimento total médio de 21.8 µ e o índice nuclear foi 1.15.

Hábitos alimentares, infecção natural e distribuição de triotomíneos domiciliados na região nordeste do Brasil

São apresentadas as informações obtidas no inquérito triatomíneo levado a efeito na região nordeste do Brasil. As características biogeográficas incluem a presença de áreas semi-áridas da caatinga e amplas faixas transicionais com outras feições paisagísticas. Entre estas foram incluídas as da floresta tropical atlântica e as inclusões florestadas mais extensas. No período de 1975 a 1980 foram examinados 15.342 triotomíneos coletados no ambiente domiciliar, visando detectar as presenças de sangue ingerido e de infecção natural por Trypanosoma tipo cruzi. O conteúdo intestinal foi submetido a reações com antisoros para homem, cão, gato, roedor (Kattus), marsupial (Didelphis) e ave (Gallus). Por ordem de freqüência, as espécies encontradas foram Triatoma pseudomaculada (40,6%), Panstrongylus megistus (19,7%), Triatoma brasiliensis e T. sordida (ambos com 14,3%), Rhodnius nasutus (6,1%) e Triatoma infestans (1,1%); além de em algumas outras raras. A presença de sangue foi detectada em 42,4% e a infecção em 3,4% desse total de espécimens examinados. Observou-se elevada mobilidade alimentar, com coeficientes gerais de 54,8% para ave e 30,0% para homem. Em nível específico pôde determinar apreciável grau de antropofilia em P. megistus e, em menor intensidade, em T. brasiliensis. Por sua vez, T. infestans mostrou-se altamente antropófilo. Observou-se apreciável ornitofilia em T. pseudomaculata e T. sordida, com elevada intensidade em R. nasutus. Por outro lado, a presença de sangue humano em espécimens capturados no peridomicílio indicou a ocorrência de freqüente mobilidade espacial, com exceção de T. infestans que não mostrou evidências de abandonar o domicílio. A tendência à domiciliação, além desta, revelou-se apreciável em P. megistus, moderada em T. brasiliensi, T. pseudomaculata, T. sordida e praticamente nula em R. nasutus. A distribuição geográfica confirmou o caráter autóctone de T. brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata e R. nasutus em relação à caatinga, e do P. megistus em relação às regiões florestais atlânticas e de inclusão. Este último revelou caráter invasivo no que concerne à caatinga, enquanto T. infestans e T. sordida mostraram o mesmo aspecto quanto à região nordeste como um todo. Os resultados permitem concluir que, na transmissão regional epidemiologicamente significante da tripanossomíase americana, desempenha papel relevante o P. megistus, em primeiro lugar, e o T. brasiliensis, em segundo. Dependendo de fatores vários, provavelmente da densidade, poderão atuar secundariamente nesse sentido o T. pseudomaculata e o T. sordida. Quanto à T. infestans, a sua presença, em número reduzido, representa, no momento, risco apenas potencial. O controle rotineiro, mediante a desinsetização domiciliar, deverá fornecer bons resultados no que concerne à interrupção da transmissão. Todavia a reinfestação, pelo menos do peridomicílio, deverá provavelmente continuar. E isso em virtude de focos extradomiciliares que fornecem espécimens com tendência à colonização no ambiente humano. É de se prever que ela se fará a custa do P. megistus nas áreas florestais atlânticas e de inclusão e de T. brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata e R. nasutus nas áreas da caatinga. A vigilância epidemiológica deverá pois levar em conta esses aspectos e tender a aumentar sua eficiência pela continuidade das pesquisas.