Efeito de linhagens e substratos no crescimento miceliano e na produtividade em cultivo axênico de shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produtividade de Agaricus blazei Murril em função do ambiente de cultivo, massa do substrato e camada de cobertura

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Produção, economicidade e parâmetros energéticos do cogumelo Agaricus blazei: um enfoque de cadeia produtiva

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Comparação da sensibilidade de bovinos e búfalos à intoxicação por Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae)

O presente estudo foi realizado para verificar se búfalos são mais resistentes do que bovinos à ação tóxica de Palicourea marcgravii, mediante a administração da planta por via oral, simultaneamente, a bovinos e a búfalos. Foram usados sete búfalos e três bovinos. Verificou-se que em búfalos doses de 0,5 g/kg, 1,0 g/kg e 2,0 g/kg não causaram sintomas de intoxicação. As doses de 3,0 g/kg, 4,0 g/kge 6,0 g/kg causaram a morte dos búfalos. Em bovinos, a dose de 0,25g/kg não causou sinais clínicos de intoxicação, enquanto que doses de 0,5 g/kg e 2,0 g/kg causaram a morte. A influência do exercício sobre o aparecimento dos sintomas, o prazo decorrido desde o começo da administração da planta até o início de sintomas, e os próprios sintomas, foram semelhantes nas duas espécies animais. O curso clínico foi mais longo nos búfalos. Enquanto nos bovinos o período entre o aparecimento dos sintomas graves e a morte foi de 9 a 17 minutos, nos búfalos variou de 10 minutos a 1 hora e 28 minutos. Pode se concluir que os bubalinos são aproximadamente seis vezes mais resistentes do que os bovinos à ação tóxica de P. marcgravii. O menor índice de mortes pela ação de plantas tóxicas na Amazônia em búfalos é, pelo menos em parte, devido à maior resistência do búfalo à intoxicação por essa planta. Outro fator responsável pelo menor número de mortes em búfalos pela intoxicação por plantas, na Amazônia, poderia ser que os búfalos preferem a várzea, que é o habitat de Arrabidaea bilabiata, a segunda planta tóxica mais importante da Amazônia, menos tóxica do que P. marcgravii, e com habitat na terra firme. Em áreas onde ocorre P. marcgravii seria mais prudente, para diminuir os prejuízos, criar búfalos em lugar de bovinos. A causa dessa maior resistência do búfalo merece ser investigada para a eventual elaboração de métodos profiláticos da intoxicação por P. marcgravii em bovinos. Por outro lado, pesquisadores australianos modificaram geneticamente a bactéria ruminal Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, mediante a introdução de um gene, isolado de Moraxella sp, que codifica uma dehalogenase, capaz de hidrolizar fluoroacetato. A transferência de B. fibrisolvens geneticamente modificado para o rúmen de animais ingerindo plantas que contêm fluoroacetato, como é o caso de P. marcgravii, seria um método viável para o controle da intoxicação mediante a detoxificação ruminal do princípio ativo. Em contatos preliminares o diretor responsável do consórcio na Austrália responsável pela modificação da bactéria, declarou o interesse em vender a tecnologia ao nosso país, porém seria necessário saber se é possível importar essa bactéria geneticamente modificada no Brasil. Caso positivo, seria indispensável realizar pesquisas sobre a viabilidade e a metodologia para o uso dessa bactéria em nosso meio.

Centesimal composition and physical-chemistry analysis of the edible mushroom Lentinus strigosus occurring in the Brazilian Amazon

Avaliou-se a composição centesimal e análise físico-química do Lentinus strigosus, um cogumelo comestível de ocorrência na Amazônia brasileira, produzidos em substratos alternativos à base de resíduos madeireiros e agroindustriais. Com este objetivo, determinou-se C, N, pH, sólidos solúveis, atividade de água, proteína, lipídios, fibra total, cinzas, carboidratos e energia. Os substratos foram formulados a partir de serragem de Simarouba amara Aubl. (marupá), Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam. (pau-de-balsa) e Anacardium giganteum (cajuí); e do estipe de Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunheira) e de Saccharum officinarum (cana-de-açúcar). Os resultados demonstraram que: a composição nutricional do L. strigosus variou com o substrato de cultivo; os valores de proteína encontrados nos cogumelos cultivados nos diferentes substratos (18 - 21,5%) variaram de acordo com o substrato, sendo considerados elevados; os sólidos solúveis presentes nos cogumelos podem ter relação com vitaminas hidrossolúveis do complexo B; o L. strigosus pode ser considerado um importante alimento devido suas características nutricionais: alto teor de proteína, carboidratos metabolizáveis e fibras; baixos teores de lipídios e de calorias.

Cultivation of Agaricus blazei in the environmental protection area of the Baturité region under three types of casing soils

The outdoor cultivation (ditches) of Agaricus blazei was evaluated in the protected natural area (APA) of the mountainous region of Baturité on three types of casing soils (A, B and C). Casing soil A (horizon A) of the local soil was used (Alfisol). Casing B was obtained with a mixture of 30% of eucalyptus charcoal (1-2 cm of length) and 70% of horizon B of the local soil. Casing C was composed of 25% of vermiculite, 25% of coconut fiber and 50% of coarse sand. Temperature, relative humidity and pluviometric rates were monitored. The physical-chemical properties of the three casing soils were analyzed. The effect of the casing soil on the number and weight of the mushrooms, productivity, yield and biological efficiency of A. blazei were evaluated. The yield, productivity, biological efficiency and number of mushrooms were higher when using soil A. The highest productivity for soil A was attributed mainly to the physical characteristics, which were considered more appropriate for the cultivation, in addition to the high pluviometric rates and relative humidity. The productivity with soil A (9.62%) is comparable with the average productivity obtained in Brazil, meaning that the cultivation of A. blazei in this APA may have good perspectives for cultivation.

Mycelial biomass and biochemical properties of proteases produced by Lentinus citrinus DPUA 1535 (higher basidiomycetes) in submerged cultivation

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Uso de resíduos de madeiras e frutos da amazônia para o cultivo in vitro do cogumelo comestível shiitake

Local abundant residues with low or without commercial value with potential to make the production of edible mushrooms economically viable in any region of Brazil must be employed for cultivation. Thus, the radial mycelial growth of LED 20 strain of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler was verified in culture media prepared with extract of regional residues by using substrates based on Protium puncticulatum, Cariniana micrantha and Caryocar glabum sawdust, supplemented with 20% of grinded residues from the barks of the fruits of Astrocaryum aculeatum and Theobroma grandiflorum. Residues from eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp) sawdust and wheat bran (Triticum aestivum L) were used as witness because they are commonly used in the cultivation of L. edodes. The experimental design used was totally randomized, in 4x3 factorial scheme, totalizing 12 treatments with five repetitions, being that each repetition corresponded to a Petri dish, adding up a total of 60 dishes, which were incubated under 25 degrees C. The diameter of the colony was daily evaluated during seven days of incubation. After that period, it was verified that media prepared with P. puncticulatum extract, whose supplementation with both brans was favorable for fungic development, presented some of the highest averages of mycelial growth of LED 20 strain of L. edodes, confirming the potential of those residues.

Alkylation of Histidine Residues of Bothrops jararacussu Venom Proteins and Isolated Phospholipases A(2): A Biotechnological Tool to Improve the Production of Antibodies

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of Lentinus edodes and Agaricus blazei extracts on the prevention of oxidation and retention of tocopherols in soybean oil in an accelerated storage test

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the methanol extracts of mushrooms Lentinus edodes and Agaricus blazei on the retention of tocopherols in soybean oil, when subjected to an accelerated storage test. The following treatments were subjected to an accelerated storage test in an oven at 60 A degrees C for 15 days: Control (soybean oil without antioxidants), TBHQ (soybean oil + 100 mg/kg of TBHQ), BHT (soybean oil + 100 mg/kg of BHT), L. edodes (soybean oil + 3,500 mg/kg of L. edodes extract) and A. blazei (soybean oil + 3,500 mg/kg of A. blazei extract). The samples were analyzed for tocopherols naturally present in soybean oil and mass gain. The results showed, the time required to reach a 0.5% increase in mass was 13 days for TBHQ and 15 days for A. blazei. The content of tocopherols for TBHQ was 457.50 mg/kg and the A. blazei, 477.20 mg/kg.

Effect of gamma irradiation on the nutritional quality of Agaricus bisporus strains cultivated in different composts

The effect of irradiation doses (0, 125, 250 and 500 Gy) on the nutritional quality of A. bisporus mushrooms (strains ABI-07/06, ABI-05/03 and PB-1) cultivated in composts based on oat straw (Avena sativa) and brachiaria (Brachiaria sp.) was evaluated. The experimental design was 4 x 3 x 2 factorial scheme (irradiation doses x strains x composts), with 24 treatments, consisting of two repetitions each, totaling 48 experimental units (samples of mushrooms). The samples were irradiated in Cobalt-60 irradiator, model Gammacell 220 kGy, with dose rate of 0.740 kGy h(-1), according to the treatments proposed. Subsequently, the control (unirradiated) and the other treatments were maintained at 4 +/- 1 degrees C and 90% RH in a climatic chamber for carrying out the chemical analysis of the mushrooms on the 1st and 14th day of storage. It was found that all A. bisporus strains evaluated were food with excellent nutritional value, because they presented high protein and fiber contents and low ethereal extract content; the chemical characterization of the mushrooms was influenced by the compost type in which they were cultivated; gamma irradiation influenced the chemical composition of mushrooms.

Avaliação dos efeitos do cogumelo do sol (Agaricus blazei) sobre o colesterol plasmático em coelhos com hipercolesterolemia induzida

Prophylactic or therapeutic treatments administered with medicinal plants and natural products are used in popular medicine of diverse people since prehistoric times to the present days. Species with medicinal properties are increasingly studied in an attempt to understand their possible effects on organisms and their functioning. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the mushroom Agaricus blazei (aqueous extract) in rabbits subjected to experimental hypercholesterolemia. The animals were divided into two groups (control and treated with the mushroom) whose experimental protocol was divided into three phases: Phase 1, the animals were fed a normal diet to evaluate the physiological level of cholesterol; phase 2, the animals were fed a supplemented diet to induce hypercholesterolemia and in phase 3, the animals of control group continued to take high-cholesterol diet and the animals of treated group high-cholesterol diet including treatment with the mushroom. Weekly, after fasting of 14 hours, blood samples were collected from the animals and its plasma was stored for later measurement of plasmatic cholesterol. In the first phase, the cholesterol level was, on average, 31,30  7,34 mgdL-1. In the second phase, there was a significant increase (p<0,05) in cholesterol level of both groups. During the last phase of the experiment, the mushrooms didn’t cause reduction in plasmatic cholesterol of treated rabbits, however, prevent disease progression, maintaining the cholesterol level established at the beginning of treatment, whereas, in the control group, total serum cholesterol increased significantly at this stage

Cogumelos: compostos biativos e propriedades antioxidantes

This study presents a literature review which shows the nutritional, medicinal and antioxidant importance of mushrooms. In this research, the main antioxidant compounds of mushrooms, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and tocopherols, as well as their mechanisms of action were described. The main in vitro methods used for evaluation of the antioxidant activity of these compounds were approached. The influences from the solvent polarity and the kind of extraction in the acquisition of the antioxidant compounds were also discussed. It was possible to conclude that mushrooms are a source of carbohydrates, proteins and minerals, thus presenting nutritional properties. The functional and medicinal properties are attributed to glucans, besides being excellent sources of natural antioxidants. Regarding the extraction process, it was noticed that the solvent polarity used in the extraction process is determinant in the obtainment of antioxidant compounds.

Influência da fase I de compostagem e da esterilização do composto no cultivo de duas linhagens do Pleurotus ostreatus var. Florida

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Manejo de serpentes em cativeiro: análise da infraesrutura, saúde animal e enfermidades virais e parasitárias

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)