A Probe-Goal Approach to Agreement and Incorporation Restrictions in Southern Tiwa

Southern Tiwa (Tanoan) exhibits agreement with up to three arguments (ergative, absolutive, dative). This agreement is subject to certain restrictions resembling the Person-Case Constraint paradigm (Bonet 1991). Moreover, there is a correlation between agreement restrictions and conditions on (the obviation of) noun-incorporation in Southern Tiwa, as explicitly and elegantly captured by Rosen (1990) in terms of a heterogeneous feature hierarchy and rules of association. We attempt to recast Rosen’s central insights in terms of Anagnostopoulou’s probe-sharing model of Person-Case Constraint effects (Anagnostopoulou 2003, 2006), to show that the full range of Southern Tiwa agreement and (non-)incorporation restrictions can be given a single, unified analysis within the probe-goal-Agree framework of Chomsky (2001). In particular, we argue that Southern Tiwa’s triple-agreement system is characterized by (a) an independent class probe located on the heads T and v, and (b) a rule that allows this class probe to be deleted in the context of local-person T-agreement. The various restrictions on agreement and non-incorporation then reduce to a single source: failure of class-valuation with DP (as opposed to NP) arguments.

Incorporation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in Law: A Comparative Review

Incorporation in law is recognised as key to the implementation of the UNCRC. This article considers the ways in which a variety of countries have chosen to incorporate the CRC, drawing on a study conducted by the authors for UNICEF-UK. It categorises the different approaches adopted into examples of direct incorporation (where the CRC forms part of domestic law) and indirect incorporation (where there are legal obligations which encourage its incorporation); and full incorporation (where the CRC has been wholly incorporated in law) and partial incorporation (where elements of the CRC have been incorporated). Drawing on evidence and interviews conducted during field visits in six of the countries studied, it concludes that children’s rights are better protected – at least in law if not also in practice – in countries that have given legal status to the CRC in a systematic way and have followed this up by establishing the necessary systems to support, monitor and enforce the implementation of CRC rights.

A comparison of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) management strategies in Ireland and the Czech Republic and the lessons learned

In order to meet the recycling and recovery targets set forth by the European Union's (EU) Waste and Landfill Directives, both the Irish and Czech governments’ policy on waste management is changing to meet these pressures, with major emphasis being placed upon the management of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW). In particular, the EU Landfill Directive requires reductions in the rate of BMW going to landfill to 35% of 1995 values by 2016 and 2020 for Ireland and the Czech Republic, respectively. In this paper, the strategies of how Ireland and the Czech Republic plan to meet this challenge are compared. Ireland either landfills or exports its waste for recovery, while the Czech Republic has a relatively new waste management infrastructure. While Ireland met the first target of 75% diversion of BMW from landfill by 2010 and preliminary 2012 data indicate that Ireland is on track to meet the 2013 target, the achievement of the 2016 target remains at risk. Indicators that were developed to monitor the Czech Republic's path to meeting the targets demonstrate that it did not meet the first target that was set for 2010 and will probably not meet its 2013 target either. The evaluation reports on the implementation of Waste Management Plan of Czech Republic suggest that the currently applied strategy to divert biodegradable waste from landfill is not effective enough. For both countries, the EU Waste Framework and Landfill Directives will be a significant influence and driver of change in waste management practices and governance over the coming decade. This means that both countries will not only have to invest in infrastructure to achieve the targets, but will also have to increase awareness among the public in diverting this waste at the household level. Improving environmental education is part of increased awareness as it is imperative for citizens to understand the consequences of their actions as affluence continues to grow producing increased levels of waste.

Graphical abstract
Despite the differences in the levels of waste generation in both the Czech Republic and Ireland, each country can learn from each other in order to meet the recycling and recovery targets set by the European Union's (EU) Waste and Landfill Directives. Both countries will not only have to invest in infrastructure to achieve the targets, but will also have to increase awareness among the public in diverting this waste at the household level. In addition, there needs to be minimum safe standards when land-spreading organic agricultural and organic municipal and industrial materials on agricultural land used for food production, as well as incentives to increase BMW diversion from landfill such as the increased landfill levy implemented in Ireland and the acceptance of MBT and/or incineration as a means of treating residual waste.

Incorporation of spiritual care as a component of healthcare and medical education: comparison of viewpoints of healthcare providers from a rural community hospital in Uganda with those of medical students from United Kingdrom

This study addresses cultural differences regarding views on the place for spirituality within healthcare training and delivery. A questionnaire was devised using a 5-point ordinal scale, with additional free text comments assessed by thematic analysis, to compare the views of Ugandan healthcare staff and students with those of (1) visiting international colleagues at the same hospital; (2) medical faculty and students in United Kingdom. Ugandan healthcare personnel were more favourably disposed towards addressing spiritual issues, their incorporation within compulsory healthcare training, and were more willing to contribute themselves to delivery than their European counterparts. Those from a nursing background also attached a greater importance to spiritual health and provision of spiritual care than their medical colleagues. Although those from a medical background recognised that a patient’s religiosity and spirituality can affect their response to their diagnosis and prognosis, they were more reticent to become directly involved in provision of such care, preferring to delegate this to others with greater expertise. Thus, differences in background, culture and healthcare organisation are important, and indicate that the wide range of views expressed in the current literature, the majority of which has originated in North America, are not necessarily transferable between locations; assessment of these issues locally may be the best way to plan such training and incorporation of spiritual care into clinical practice.

Classificação automática de documentos de arquivo corrente: estudo de caso sobre a Câmara Municipal de Palmela

Esta dissertação tem como propósito averiguar a aplicabilidade das metodologias de categorização ou classificação automática à classificação em arquivo corrente nas Câmaras Municipais, partindo do Município de Palmela como estudo de caso. A classificação continua a ser de fundamental importância numa época de proliferação de documentos eletrónicos e de sistemas informáticos que os gerem e uma solução que a simplifique e agilize mantendo a sua eficiência seria uma mais-valia. Os objetivos, numa primeira parte, serão caracterizar a classificação em arquivo e a importância da sua definição e implementação desde a origem e incluída em sistemas informáticos, e numa segunda parte caracterizar a tarefa de categorização ou classificação automática, a sua possível relação com a classificação em arquivo e a possibilidade de a automatizar. Para tal, foi realizado um teste e avaliação de resultados. Os resultados experimentais permitiram validar a hipótese colocada. /ABSTRACT - This essay has as intention to inquire the applicability of automatic categorization or classification methodologies to the classification of current archives of the City councils, having the City council of Palmela as case study. Classification continues to be of basic importance at a time of proliferation of electronic documents and informatics systems that manage them and a solution that simplifies and speeds it maintaining its efficiency would be of major value. The purposes will be, in the first chapters, to characterize classification in archives and the importance of its definition and implementation since the origin, in City councils and enclosed in those systems, and in the last chapters, to characterize the task of automatic categorization or classification, its possible relation with archival classification and the possibility of automatizing it. A test and evaluation of its results were made. The experimental results validate the hypothesis placed.

Contribuição para o estudo das tipologias documentais na administração municipal portuguesa: a Câmara Municipal de Portalegre

O presente trabalho desenvolve-se em duas partes, a teórica e a prática. Resultando na introdução aos temas da diplomática contemporânea como metodologia para analisar os documentos de um arquivo concreto (a autarquia de Portalegre). Perspectivou-se a metodologia consubstanciada numa abordagem ascendente (Bottom up) sem, no entanto, esquecer o trabalho antecedente que preparou o terreno para a aplicação do método diplomático. Esse trabalho assentou numa consistente caracterização da organização em todos os seus parâmetros, orgânico, funcional, regional, legal, social, documental, que permitiu com segurança o preenchimento das fichas de recolha dos documentos escolhidos. A parte prática revela a aplicação da análise diplomática e sintetiza a sua utilidade nas conclusões e propostas de melhoria nas funções arquivísticas, de classificação e comunicação. Aflorou-se levemente a questão do manual de procedimentos, como subproduto deste tipo de análise, que pode verdadeiramente funcionar como elo de ligação entre o arquivo e a organização. ABSTRACT: This paper develops in two parts, theory and practice. Introduces the theme contemporary diplomatic as a method to analyze the documents for a specific archive (The municipality of Portalegre). Prospect of the methodology reflected in a bottom-up approach, without forgetting the previous work, which paved the way for the application of diplomatic methods. It was based on a consistent characterization of the organization in all of its parameters: organic, functional, regional, legal, social, documentary, allowing safe completion of the characterization form of the chosen documents. A practical application of diplomatic analysis reveals and summarizes the usefulness of the findings and proposals for improvement in archival functions - classification and communication. It was touched lightly the issue of the procedures manual, as a byproduct of this type of analysis, that can truly function as a link between the archive and the organization

Biomass fly ash incorporation in cement based materials

In recent years, pressures on global environment and energy security have led to an increasing demand on renewable energy sources, and diversification of Europe’s energy supply. Among these resources the biomass could exert an important role, since it is considered a renewable and CO2 neutral energy resource once the consumption rate is lower than the growth rate, and can potentially provide energy for heat, power and transports from the same installation. Currently, most of the biomass ash produced in industrial plants is either disposed of in landfill or recycled on agricultural fields or forest, and most times this goes on without any form of control. However, considering that the disposal cost of biomass ashes are raising, and that biomass ash volumes are increasing worldwide, a sustainable ash management has to be established. The main objective of the present study is the effect of biomass fly ashes in cement mortars and concretes in order to be used as a supplementary cementitious material. The wastes analyzed in the study were collected from the fluidized bed boilers and grate boilers available in the thermal power plants and paper pulp plants situated in Portugal. The physical as well as chemical characterisations of the biomass fly ashes were investigated. The cement was replaced by the biomass fly ashes in 10, 20 and 30% (weight %) in order to investigate the fresh properties as well as the hardened properties of biomass fly ash incorporated cement mortar and concrete formulations. Expansion reactions such as alkali silica reaction (ASR), sulphate attack (external and internal) were conducted in order to check the durability of the biomass fly ash incorporated cement mortars and concretes. Alternative applications such as incorporation in lime mortars and alkali activation of the biomass fly ashes were also attempted. The biomass fly ash particles were irregular in shape and fine in nature. The chemical characterization revealed that the biomass fly ashes were similar to a class C fly ash. The mortar results showed a good scope for biomass fly ashes as supplementary cementitious materials in lower dosages (<20%). The poor workability, concerns about the organic content, alkalis, chlorides and sulphates stand as the reasons for preventing the use of biomass fly ash in high content in the cement mortars. The results obtained from the durability tests have shown a clear reduction in expansion for the biomass fly ash mortars/concretes and the binder blend made with biomass fly ash (20%) and metakaolin (10%) inhibited the ASR reaction effectively. The biomass fly ash incorporation in lime mortars did not improve the mortar properties significantly though the carbonation was enhanced in the 15-20% incorporation. The biomass fly ash metakaolin blend worked well in the alkali activated complex binder application also. Portland cement free binders (with 30-40 MPa compressive strength) were obtained on the alkali activation of biomass fly ashes (60-80%) blended with metakaolin (20-40%).

A medição das preferências em recursos humanos: uma aplicação da análise conjunta na implementação de um sistema de acolhimento e integração - o caso da Empresa Municipal de Águas e Resíduos de Portimão - EMARP, EM

Dissertação mest., Gestão Empresarial, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

O Gabinete de Desenvolvimento Rural da Câmara Municipal de Loulé: uma experiência lida à luz do conceito de desenvolvimento local

O presente texto é uma tentativa de sistematização da experiência do Gabinete de Desenvolvimento Rural, da Câmara Municipal de Loulé, que funcionou entre os anos de 1990 e 1995. Em Portugal ainda são raras as sistematizações de experiências práticas enquadradas no âmbito do desenvolvimento rural. Por um lado, devido ao facto de as práticas de desenvolvimento rural serem recentes no nosso país; por outro lado, porque decorrendo do factor anterior, se acentua a tentação do voluntarismo que promove a acção em detrimento da reflexão.