Benthic and substrate cover data derived from photo-transect surveys in Lizard Island Reef conducted on December 10-15, 2011

Underwater georeferenced photo-transect surveys were conducted on December 10-15, 2011 at various sections of the reef at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. For this survey a snorkeler or diver swam over the bottom while taking photos of the benthos at a set height using a standard digital camera and towing a GPS in a surface float which logged the track every five seconds. A standard digital compact camera was placed in an underwater housing and fitted with a 16 mm lens which provided a 1.0 m x 1.0 m footprint, at 0.5 m height above the benthos. Horizontal distance between photos was estimated by three fin kicks of the survey diver/snorkeler, which corresponded to a surface distance of approximately 2.0 - 4.0 m. The GPS was placed in a dry-bag and logged the position as it floated at the surface while being towed by the photographer. A total of 5,735 benthic photos were taken. A floating GPS setup connected to the swimmer/diver by a line enabled recording of coordinates of each benthic photo (Roelfsema 2009). Approximation of coordinates of each benthic photo was conducted based on the photo timestamp and GPS coordinate time stamp, using GPS Photo Link Software (www.geospatialexperts.com). Coordinates of each photo were interpolated by finding the GPS coordinates that were logged at a set time before and after the photo was captured. Benthic or substrate cover data was derived from each photo by randomly placing 24 points over each image using the Coral Point Count for Microsoft Excel program (Kohler and Gill, 2006). Each point was then assigned to 1 of 78 cover types, which represented the benthic feature beneath it. Benthic cover composition summary of each photo scores was generated automatically using CPCE program. The resulting benthic cover data of each photo was linked to GPS coordinates, saved as an ArcMap point shapefile, and projected to Universal Transverse Mercator WGS84 Zone 55 South.

Benthic and substrate cover data derived from photo-transect surveys in Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef conducted on October 3-7, 2012

Underwater georeferenced photo-transect surveys were conducted on October 3-7, 2012 at various sections of the reef and lagoon at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. For this survey a snorkeler swam while taking photos of the benthos at a set distance from the benthos using a standard digital camera and towing a GPS in a surface float which logged the track every five seconds. A Canon G12 digital camera was placed in a Canon underwater housing and photos were taken at 1 m height above the benthos. Horizontal distance between photos was estimated by three fin kicks of the survey snorkeler, which corresponded to a surface distance of approximately 2.0 - 4.0 m. The GPS was placed in a dry bag and logged the position at the surface while being towed by the photographer (Roelfsema, 2009). A total of 1,265 benthic photos were taken. Approximation of coordinates of each benthic photo was conducted based on the photo timestamp and GPS coordinate time stamp, using GPS Photo Link Software (www.geospatialexperts.com). Coordinates of each photo were interpolated by finding the GPS coordinates that were logged at a set time before and after the photo was captured. Benthic or substrate cover data was derived from each photo by randomly placing 24 points over each image using the Coral Point Count for Microsoft Excel program (Kohler and Gill, 2006). Each point was then assigned to 1 of 79 cover types, which represented the benthic feature beneath it. Benthic cover composition summary of each photo scores was generated automatically using CPCE program. The resulting benthic cover data of each photo was linked to GPS coordinates, saved as an ArcMap point shapefile, and projected to Universal Transverse Mercator WGS84 Zone 55 South.

Patient/carers' recollection of medicines related information from an out-patient clinic appointment

AIM: To identify what medicines related information children/young people or their parents/carers are able to recall following an out-patient clinic appointment. METHOD: A convenience sample of patients' prescribed at least one new long-term (>6 weeks) medicine were recruited from a single UK paediatric hospital out-patient pharmacy. A face-to-face semi-structured questionnaire was administered to participants when they presented with their prescription. The questionnaire included the following themes: names of the medicines, therapeutic indication, dose regimen, duration of treatment and adverse effects.The results were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2013. RESULTS: One hundred participants consented and were included in the study. One hundred and forty-five medicines were prescribed in total. Participants were able to recall the names of 96 (66%) medicines and were aware of the therapeutic indication for 142 (97.9%) medicines. The dose regimen was accurately described for 120 (82.8%) medicines with the duration of treatment known for 132 (91%). Participants mentioned that they had been advised about side effects for 44 (30.3%) medicines. Specific counselling points recommended by the BNFc1, were either omitted or not recalled by participants for the following systemic treatments: cetirizine (1), chlorphenamine (1), desmopressin (2), hydroxyzine (2), itraconazole (1), piroxicam (2), methotrexate (1), stiripentol (1) and topiramate (1). CONCLUSION: Following an out-patient consultation, where a new medicine is prescribed, children and their parents/carers are usually able to recall the indication, dose regimen and duration of treatment. Few were able to recall, or were told about, possible adverse effects. This may include some important drug specific effects that require vigilance during treatment.Patients, along with families and carers, should be involved in the decision to prescribe a medicine.2 This includes a discussion about the benefits of the medicine on the patient's condition and possible adverse effects.2 Treatment side effects have been shown to be a factor in treatment non-adherence in paediatric long-term medical conditions.3 Practitioners should explain to patients, and their family members or carers where appropriate, how to identify and report medicines-related patient safety incidents.4 However, this study suggests that medical staff may not be comfortable discussing the adverse effects of medicines with patients or their parents/carers.Further research in to the shared decision making process in the paediatric out-patient clinic when a new long-term medicine is prescribed is required to further support medicines adherence and the patient safety agenda.

Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment Modeling Approaches for Transboundary Energy Feedstocks

The rise of the twenty-first century has seen the further increase in the industrialization of Earth’s resources, as society aims to meet the needs of a growing population while still protecting our environmental and natural resources. The advent of the industrial bioeconomy – which encompasses the production of renewable biological resources and their conversion into food, feed, and bio-based products – is seen as an important step in transition towards sustainable development and away from fossil fuels. One sector of the industrial bioeconomy which is rapidly being expanded is the use of biobased feedstocks in electricity production as an alternative to coal, especially in the European Union.

As bioeconomy policies and objectives increasingly appear on political agendas, there is a growing need to quantify the impacts of transitioning from fossil fuel-based feedstocks to renewable biological feedstocks. Specifically, there is a growing need to conduct a systems analysis and potential risks of increasing the industrial bioeconomy, given that the flows within it are inextricably linked. Furthermore, greater analysis is needed into the consequences of shifting from fossil fuels to renewable feedstocks, in part through the use of life cycle assessment modeling to analyze impacts along the entire value chain.

To assess the emerging nature of the industrial bioeconomy, three objectives are addressed: (1) quantify the global industrial bioeconomy, linking the use of primary resources with the ultimate end product; (2) quantify the impacts of the expaning wood pellet energy export market of the Southeastern United States; (3) conduct a comparative life cycle assessment, incorporating the use of dynamic life cycle assessment, of replacing coal-fired electricity generation in the United Kingdom with wood pellets that are produced in the Southeastern United States.

To quantify the emergent industrial bioeconomy, an empirical analysis was undertaken. Existing databases from multiple domestic and international agencies was aggregated and analyzed in Microsoft Excel to produce a harmonized dataset of the bioeconomy. First-person interviews, existing academic literature, and industry reports were then utilized to delineate the various intermediate and end use flows within the bioeconomy. The results indicate that within a decade, the industrial use of agriculture has risen ten percent, given increases in the production of bioenergy and bioproducts. The underlying resources supporting the emergent bioeconomy (i.e., land, water, and fertilizer use) were also quantified and included in the database.

Following the quantification of the existing bioeconomy, an in-depth analysis of the bioenergy sector was conducted. Specifically, the focus was on quantifying the impacts of the emergent wood pellet export sector that has rapidly developed in recent years in the Southeastern United States. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment was conducted in order to quantify supply chain impacts from two wood pellet production scenarios: roundwood and sawmill residues. For reach of the nine impact categories assessed, wood pellet production from sawmill residues resulted in higher values, ranging from 10-31% higher.

The analysis of the wood pellet sector was then expanded to include the full life cycle (i.e., cradle-to-grave). In doing to, the combustion of biogenic carbon and the subsequent timing of emissions were assessed by incorporating dynamic life cycle assessment modeling. Assuming immediate carbon neutrality of the biomass, the results indicated an 86% reduction in global warming potential when utilizing wood pellets as compared to coal for electricity production in the United Kingdom. When incorporating the timing of emissions, wood pellets equated to a 75% or 96% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, depending upon whether the forestry feedstock was considered to be harvested or planted in year one, respectively.

Finally, a policy analysis of renewable energy in the United States was conducted. Existing coal-fired power plants in the Southeastern United States were assessed in terms of incorporating the co-firing of wood pellets. Co-firing wood pellets with coal in existing Southeastern United States power stations would result in a nine percent reduction in global warming potential.

A study of primary teeth restored by intracoronal restorations in children participating in an undergraduate teaching programme at Cork University Dental School and Hospital, Ireland

Aim: To study the outcomes for restored primary molar teeth; to examine outcomes in relation to tooth type involved, intracoronal restoration complexity and to the material used. Materials and methods: Design: Retrospective study of primary molar teeth restored by intracoronal restorations. A series of restored primary molar teeth for children aged 6-12 years was studied. The principal outcome measure was failure of initial restoration (re-restoration or extraction). Three hundred patient records were studied to include three equal groups of primary molar teeth restored with amalgam, composite or glass ionomer, respectively. Restorative materials, the restoration type, simple (single surface) or complex (multi-surface) restoration, and tooth notation were recorded. Subsequent interventions were examined. Data were coded and entered into a Microsoft Excel database and analysis undertaken using SPSS v.18. Statistical differences were tested using the c2 test of statistical significance. Results: Of the 300 teeth studied, 61 restoration failures were recorded with 11 of those extracted. No significant differences were found between outcomes for upper first, upper second, lower first or lower second primary molars. Outcomes for simple primary teeth restored by intracoronal restorations were significantly better than those for complex intracoronal restorations (P = 0.042). Teeth originally restored with amalgam accounted for 19.7% of the 61 failures, composite for 29.5%, while teeth restored with glass ionomer represented 50.8% of all restoration failures. The differences were significant (P = 0.012). Conclusions: The majority (79.7%) of the 300 restored primary teeth studied were successful, and 3.7% teeth were extracted. Restorations involving more than one surface had almost twice the failure rate of single surface restorations. The difference was significant. Significant differences in failure rates for the three dental materials studied were recorded. Amalgam had the lowest failure rate while the failure rate with glass ionomer was the highest.

Essays on Energy Economics and Industrial Organization

The dissertation consists of three chapters related to the low-price guarantee marketing strategy and energy efficiency analysis. The low-price guarantee is a marketing strategy in which firms promise to charge consumers the lowest price among their competitors. Chapter 1 addresses the research question "Does a Low-Price Guarantee Induce Lower Prices'' by looking into the retail gasoline industry in Quebec where there was a major branded firm which started a low-price guarantee back in 1996. Chapter 2 does a consumer welfare analysis of low-price guarantees to drive police indications and offers a new explanation of the firms' incentives to adopt a low-price guarantee. Chapter 3 develops the energy performance indicators (EPIs) to measure energy efficiency of the manufacturing plants in pulp, paper and paperboard industry.

Chapter 1 revisits the traditional view that a low-price guarantee results in higher prices by facilitating collusion. Using accurate market definitions and station-level data from the retail gasoline industry in Quebec, I conducted a descriptive analysis based on stations and price zones to compare the price and sales movement before and after the guarantee was adopted. I find that, contrary to the traditional view, the stores that offered the guarantee significantly decreased their prices and increased their sales. I also build a difference-in-difference model to quantify the decrease in posted price of the stores that offered the guarantee to be 0.7 cents per liter. While this change is significant, I do not find the response in comeptitors' prices to be significant. The sales of the stores that offered the guarantee increased significantly while the competitors' sales decreased significantly. However, the significance vanishes if I use the station clustered standard errors. Comparing my observations and the predictions of different theories of modeling low-price guarantees, I conclude the empirical evidence here supports that the low-price guarantee is a simple commitment device and induces lower prices.

Chapter 2 conducts a consumer welfare analysis of low-price guarantees to address the antitrust concerns and potential regulations from the government; explains the firms' potential incentives to adopt a low-price guarantee. Using station-level data from the retail gasoline industry in Quebec, I estimated consumers' demand of gasoline by a structural model with spatial competition incorporating the low-price guarantee as a commitment device, which allows firms to pre-commit to charge the lowest price among their competitors. The counterfactual analysis under the Bertrand competition setting shows that the stores that offered the guarantee attracted a lot more consumers and decreased their posted price by 0.6 cents per liter. Although the matching stores suffered a decrease in profits from gasoline sales, they are incentivized to adopt the low-price guarantee to attract more consumers to visit the store likely increasing profits at attached convenience stores. Firms have strong incentives to adopt a low-price guarantee on the product that their consumers are most price-sensitive about, while earning a profit from the products that are not covered in the guarantee. I estimate that consumers earn about 0.3% more surplus when the low-price guarantee is in place, which suggests that the authorities should not be concerned and regulate low-price guarantees. In Appendix B, I also propose an empirical model to look into how low-price guarantees would change consumer search behavior and whether consumer search plays an important role in estimating consumer surplus accurately.

Chapter 3, joint with Gale Boyd, describes work with the pulp, paper, and paperboard (PP&PB) industry to provide a plant-level indicator of energy efficiency for facilities that produce various types of paper products in the United States. Organizations that implement strategic energy management programs undertake a set of activities that, if carried out properly, have the potential to deliver sustained energy savings. Energy performance benchmarking is a key activity of strategic energy management and one way to enable companies to set energy efficiency targets for manufacturing facilities. The opportunity to assess plant energy performance through a comparison with similar plants in its industry is a highly desirable and strategic method of benchmarking for industrial energy managers. However, access to energy performance data for conducting industry benchmarking is usually unavailable to most industrial energy managers. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its ENERGY STAR program, seeks to overcome this barrier through the development of manufacturing sector-based plant energy performance indicators (EPIs) that encourage U.S. industries to use energy more efficiently. In the development of the energy performance indicator tools, consideration is given to the role that performance-based indicators play in motivating change; the steps necessary for indicator development, from interacting with an industry in securing adequate data for the indicator; and actual application and use of an indicator when complete. How indicators are employed in EPA’s efforts to encourage industries to voluntarily improve their use of energy is discussed as well. The chapter describes the data and statistical methods used to construct the EPI for plants within selected segments of the pulp, paper, and paperboard industry: specifically pulp mills and integrated paper & paperboard mills. The individual equations are presented, as are the instructions for using those equations as implemented in an associated Microsoft Excel-based spreadsheet tool.

Metodologias de determinação de alturas de onda para dimensionamento de obras marítimas

O clima marítimo ao longo da costa da Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM) apresenta algumas diferenças, sendo para isso fundamental efetuar uma análise das características oceanográficas e geotécnicas do Arquipélago da Madeira. A referida análise tem como pressuposto retratar, o mais fiável possível, as diferenças, incidindo especialmente nos Portos do Funchal, Caniçal, Porto Moniz e Porto Santo. A caracterização e simulação da propagação da agitação marítima, aplicada a estruturas portuárias da RAM, representam o cerne desta dissertação, sendo os seus objetivos primordiais: a definição da onda de projeto de uma obra marítima; a descrição da metodologia de determinação de estimativas de longo prazo; a análise comparativa; a definição de metodologias de cálculo e a aplicação a registos da costa da RAM. Numa primeira fase procedeu-se à recolha de informação bibliográfica e de todos os registos informáticos disponibilizados pelas identidades responsáveis, nomeadamente a Administração dos Portos da Região Autónoma da Madeira (APRAM). Posteriormente efetuou-se um registo fotográfico das estruturas portuárias de modo a poder enquadra-las geograficamente na região. Com recurso aos dados fornecidos pela APRAM e a folhas de cálculo desenvolvidas no programa Microsoft Excel foi possível efetuar uma análise das alturas de onda significativa, do período de pico e da direção de ocorrência, por forma a poder caracterizar a agitação marítima que ocorre em cada um dos locais alvo deste estudo, sendo esta complementada pela análise das variáveis oceanográficas através do programa Carol. O passo seguinte incidiu sobre a análise da propagação da agitação marítima em cada um dos locais analisados, com recurso ao programa Mopla e à caracterização supracitada, por forma a conseguir definir a altura de onda que ocorre na estrutura portuária em causa. Como tarefa final são expostas as principais conclusões, algumas considerações finais e alguns objetivos que deveriam ser alcançados num futuro próximo.

Children with intellectual disabilities’ perceptions of their participation in activities in everyday life – a pilot study : A minor field study conducted in Ethiopia

Background: Children with disabilities living in low and middle income countries’ perceptions of participation are not shown in research. These perceptions are important for providing appropriate interventions. Aim: To describe how children aged 8-12 with an intellectual disability living in Ethiopia perceive their situation regarding participation in activities in everyday life. Method: A descriptive design with a quantitative approach was used. The sample was gathered using consecutive sampling. Fifteen structured interviews were conducted, using “Picture my participation,” an instrument under development. Analyses were made using SPSS Statistics and Microsoft Excel. Results: The children perceived that they participated in activities in everyday life. There was a broad variation in the activities the children prioritized as most important. On a group level, they were very involved in these activities. The majority did not experience any barriers to perform these activities. Conclusions: The perceptions of the majority of the children were that they were involved in daily activities. They did not experience any barriers to participation. The results should be read with caution and generalization is not possible, due to the sample characteristics and that the instrument is under development.

Efectividad de los garrapaticidas (piretroides, amidinas, organofosforados) in vitro bajo las condiciones ambientales de la finca experimental "Las Mercedes", municipio de Managua durante junio – septiembre 2015

La presente investigación se realizó con la finalidad de constatar la efectividad de los ixodicidas pertenecientes a la familia de los organofosforados (Clorpirifos), Amidinas (Amitraz) y Piretroides (Cipermetrina) de uso en bovinos para controlar las infestaciones por garrapatas del género Boophilus spp , utilizando la dosis recomendada por el laboratorio productor, a través de la técnica conocida como Prueba de Inmersión de hembras adultas (PIA) , para la cual se tomaron muestras de garrapatas de la fi nca experimental de la Universidad Nacional Agraria ``Las Mercedes`` , ubicada en el municipio de Managua. Se muestrearon bovinos al azar, recolectando 50 garrapatas hembras repletas para cada ixodicida evaluado, pa ra un total de 150 garrapatas, las cuales se seleccionaron y pesaron en una balanza analítica (g) para ser sumergidas durante 1 minuto en los ixodicidas mencionados anteriormente. Quince días después se recolectaron los huevos de las garrapatas para su pesaje. Esta prueba fue realizada manera in vitro . Los datos se recolectaron en una base de datos, utilizando una hoja electrónica (Microsoft Excel), para luego realizar un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se calculó el coeficiente de Correlación de Pearson para conocer los niveles de significancia de las variables peso hembra y peso de huevos , el cual manifestó que ninguno de estos datos son determinantes para comprobar la efectividad del ixodicida . Para evaluar el comportamiento de las medias por variable y su significancia se utilizó la prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey , en donde El ixodicida con mayor significancia para este estudio fue el clorpirifos, con respecto a los otros dos ixodicidas (Cipermetrina y Amitraz) . Los resultados obtenidos a través de la prueba de inmersión de hembras adultas , demuestran que hay un mayor porcentaje en la inhibición de la ovoposición de las garrapatas tratadas con clorpirifos (57%), mientras que la Cipermetrina alcanzo el 16% y el Amitraz obtuvo 2% respectivamente. Sin embargo, ninguno de los tres ixodicidas ev aluados demostró una efectividad para inhibir la ovoposición del 80%, para poder decir que son realmente eficaces .

Sistematización del proceso de producción de plantas forestales en el jardín botánico y vivero Santa Elena, periodo 2009-2013, Managua, Nicaragua

El presente estudio fue realizado en El Jardín Botánico y Vivero Santa Elena perteneciente a la Alcaldía de Managua, del departamento de áreas verdes de la Dirección General de Ornato el cual se encarga de la reproducción y producción de plantas. El propósito del mismo fue evaluar los procesos de producción de plantas Forestales en el período 2009-2013, Para la realización del trabajo investigativo se establecieron tres etapas metodológicas, siendo la primera etapa la organización del trabajo la que abarca desde la planificación del trabajo, visitas, revisión documental, elaboración de instrumentos de campo, identificación del personal clave, estableciéndose en la segunda etapa la recopilación de la información para llevar a cabo la investigación a través de la revisión del inventario de plantas forestales de los 5 años en estudio y la digitalización de los registros manuales de producción, también se obtuvo información adicional realizando entrevistas a los informantes claves del vivero. La tercera etapa es la de procesamiento y análisis de toda la información esta se fundamentó en la elaboración de la base de datos de los registros de producción de plantas en el programa Microsoft Excel, analizando la información recopilada de los registros y entrevistas realizadas, según los resultados del inventario de la producción de plantas forestales durante el estudio fue de 2,829,930 comprendiendo las etapas de producto proceso y producto terminado en ambos casos se producen en bolsas plásticas de polietileno y a terrón, siendo las plantas de bolsas plásticas las de mayor producción con un total de 2,791,170 plantas y las plantas a terrón con un total de 38,760 , las especies con más demanda son el Roble (Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.), Caoba del pacifico (Swietenia humilis Zucc.), Cortez (Tabebuia chrysantha. (Jacq.) Nicholson), Madroño (Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC.), y Malinche (Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) que se utilizan para reforestar pistas, avenidas, boulevares, siendo la producción de plantas del vivero destinadas principalmente a la alcaldía misma a través de la dirección de Ornato para las áreas verdes de Managua; el método que utilizan para el registro de las plantas en el vivero es de forma manual lo que no garantiza que la producción de plantas registrada sea la correcta.

Nivel de conocimiento de cirujanos dentistas sobre el manejo de emergencias médicas durante la consulta odontológica en el distrito de Chiclayo, 2015

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de conocimiento de cirujanos dentistas sobre el manejo de emergencias médicas durante la consulta odontológica en el distrito de Chiclayo. Participaron 166 odontólogos colegiados en la región de Lambayeque y fue realizado bajo un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. Se realizó una prueba piloto en la que participaron 20 odontólogos que ejercen en el distrito de Chiclayo. Se visitaron consultorios y clínicas del distrito de Chiclayo y se solicitó a los odontólogos resolver el cuestionario presentado. Los resultados fueron obtenidos mediante las encuestas y registrados para su posterior análisis mediante el Programa Microsoft Excel. El presente estudio concluyó que de los 166 odontólogos encuestados, 36.75 % tienen un nivel de conocimiento bueno, 43.98% regular y 19.28% malo.

Frecuencia de interferencias oclusales en pacientes edéntulos parciales clase III de Kennedy que acuden a una clínica odontológica universitaria

El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la frecuencia de interferencias oclusales en pacientes edéntulos parciales clase III de Kennedy, que acuden a la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo de la provincia de Chiclayo, 2015. El diseño del estudio fue transversal y descriptivo. La población de estudio fue representada por 40 pacientes de la clínica odontológica universitaria que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Se diseñó una ficha de recolección de datos. Se capacitó y se realizó la calibración intra e interexaminador de los investigadores gracias a la participación de un especialista en Rehabilitación Oral, a fin de lograr una estandarización en los criterios de evaluación, verificado mediante índice de Kappa. Se encontró que el 73% del total de los pacientes presentaban interferencias oclusales en céntrica, el 53% en protrusiva, el 80% en lateralidad derecha y el 65% en lateralidad izquierda. Para obtener los resultados de nuestro estudio utilizamos el software Microsoft Excel. Básandonos en nuestros resultados, la mayoría de pacientes edéntulos parciales clase III de Kennedy, presentaron interferencias oclusales, tanto en céntrica, protrusiva, lateralidad derecha e izquierda.

Eficacia del programa "Por mi salud bucal y la de mi futuro bebé" en la higiene oral de gestantes que acuden a un centro de salud materno infantil de la provincia de Chiclayo, 2015

Tesis de pregrado

The effect of hook size on the catch rate and size of the Nile perch Lates niloticus (Linne) fishery in the Napoleon Gulf, Lake Victoria, Uganda

This study was undertaken in Napoleon gulf, Lake Victoria Uganda from July – December 2009. It was conducted in four landing sites; Bukaya (0.41103N, 33.19133E), Bugungu (0.40216N, 33.2028E), Busana (0.39062N, 33.25228E) and Kikondo (0.3995N, 33.21848E) all from Buikwe district (Formerly part of Mukono district). The main aim was to determine the effect of both hook size and bait type on the catch rate (mean weight) and size composition of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) (LINNE) fishery in the Napoleon Gulf, Lake Victoria. The main hook sizes investigated during the experiment were 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 that were dominantly used in harvesting Nile perch in Napoleon Gulf, Lake Victoria. In this study length, weight and bait type data were collected on site from each boat at that particular fishing spot; since most fishermen in the Napoleon Gulf could sell their fish immediately the catch is caught there and then. The results indicated a total of 873 Nile perch fish samples collected during the study. Statistical tests, descriptive statistics, regression and correlation were all carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in addition to Microsoft excel. The bait types in the Gulf ranged from 5-10 cm Total length (TL) haplochromine, 24.5-27 cm TL Mormyrus kannume and 9-24 cm TL Clarias species. The bait types had a significant effect on the catch rate and also on the size composition the fish harvested measured as Total length (ANCOVA F=8.231; P<0.05) despite the fact that bait type had no influence on mean weight of fish captured (ANCOVA F=2.898; P>0.05). Hook sizes used by the fishers had a significant effect on the both the size (TL) composition (ANCOVA F=3.847; P<0.05) and the mean weight (ANCOVA F=4.599; P<0.005) of the Nile perch captured. Investigations indicated hook sizes seven (7) and eight (8) were the ones that harvested the Nile perch above the slot size of 50 cm total length. In general hook sizes indicated to be the main drive in the harvesting of the Nile perch though bait type also contributed toward that. Generally there is need for management to put a law in place on the minimum hook size to be used on the harvesting of the Nile perch and also monitored by the Fisheries Management as a regulatory measure. In addition to that aquaculture should be encouraged to farm the fish for bait at a higher scale in the region in order to avoid depleting the wild stocks already in danger of extinction. Through this kind of venture, both biodiversity conservation and environmental sustainability will be observed in the Lake Victoria basin.

Frecuencia, manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio de infecciones respiratorias en pacientes con V.I.H./S.I.D.A. del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso de la ciudad de Cuenca período 2001-2007

Estudio descriptivo, se revisó y recolectó la información necesaria obtenidas de las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes diagnosticados de V.I.H.(+) en el departamento de clínica. Para el análisis estadístico: se utilizó los programas S.P.S.S. versión 10.0 para Windows y Microsoft Excel 2007, en la presentación de los datos se utilizó cuadros y gráficos en correspondencia con el tipo de variable y asociación que se deseó. Resultados: de un total de 7709 hospitalizados, 200 pacientes se encontraron infectados con V.I.H.(+), de los cuales 81 pacientes presentaron afección respiratoria, el 78de estos correspondió a los hombres, la mayoría se encontró entre los 26-35 años, la mortalidad se presentó en el 27,16; en los datos demográficos se encontró que los residentes de la sierra, católicos, solteros, un tipo de educación secundaria, la actividad manual sobresalían en los grupos de los pacientes; las principales patologías encontradas fueron Candidiasis Orofaríngea, Neumonía por P. Jirovecii, Tuberculosis Pulmonar y Neumonía Adquirida en la Comunidad. Se encontraron patrones en Radiología y Linfocitos CD4+ según principales patologías respiratorias. Conclusiones: el sexo masculino es el más frecuente dentro de los 81 pacientes V.I.H. que presentaron patologías respiratorias en el área de clínica, donde el sexo masculino fue el más frecuente, se presentó mortalidad alta en las primeras dos semanas de hospitalización, los datos demográficos son semejantes a nuestra región, la Candidiasis Oral y neumonía por P. Jirovecii fueron las principales afecciones en vías aéreas superior e inferior respectivamente, se encontró relación entre características radiológicas y linfocitos C.D.4+ asociadas con infecciones respiratorias en pacientes con VIH/SIDA