Influence of the degradation on the stress cracking values of high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes after different exposures

This paper presents results from stress cracking (SC) tests performed in both fresh and exposed high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GM). The HDPE GMs were exposed to ultraviolet radiation, thermal aging (air oven) and tested for chemical compatibility with sodium hydroxide. Stress cracking tests in both fresh and degraded samples were performed in accordance to ASTM D5397: Notched Constant Tensile Load Test (NCTL) and Single Point-Notched Constant Tensile Load Test (SP-NCTL). The results of the NCTL showed that the geomembrane degradation process can be considered to be a catalyst for the phenomenon of SC because it caused a 50% to 60% reduction in stress crack resistance. The most resistance reduction was observed for the sample under chemical compatibility with sodium hydroxide. For the SP-NCTL, the results showed that the samples maintain the same trend verified in the NCTL. The largest resistance reduction was evidenced in samples undergoing ultraviolet degradation. © 2012 ejge.

Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) after different exposures of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly vinyl chloride (PVC) geomembranes

This paper presents the results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests in PVC (1.0; 2.0 mm) and HDPE (0.8; 2.5 mm) geomembranes exposed to weathering and leachate after 30 months. The aim of this paper is the comparison of fresh and exposed samples to assess the degradation process concerning the total loss of mass of geomembranes. The exposure was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of ASTM standards. The TGA tests were carried out according to ASTM D6370 and E2105. Results show, for instance, that for PVC geomembrane the largest reductions of plasticizers occurred for samples exposed to weathering. The loss of plasticizers after the exposure contributed to the decrease of deformation and consequent increase in stiffness. TGA tests shows to be a valuable tool to control the quality of the materials. © 2012 ejge.

Determination of Mg (II) in biodiesel by adsorptive stripping voltammetry at a mercury film electrode in the presence of sodium thiopentone

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Direct simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cu(II) in biodiesel by anodic stripping voltammetry at a mercury-film electrode using microemulsions

A mercury film electrode was used to determine direct and simultaneously Pb(II) (at -410 mV) and Cu(II) (at -100 mV) in biodiesel by anodic stripping voltammetry. A linear response was obtained for Pb(II) and Cu(II) in the 2.00 × 10-8-1.00 × 10-7 mol L-1 concentration range and detection limits were 2.91 × 10-9 mol L-1 and 4.69 × 10-9 mol L-1 for Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively, with recovery around of 100.0%. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mercury concentrations in south atlantic swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Caught off the Coast of Brazil

This study evaluated the concentrations of mercury in fillets (anterior, middle, and end regions) from the swordfish, Xiphias gladius, and the relationships between mercury concentration and fish weight, as well as the region of collection. Of a total of 697 swordfish analyzed, 11 had mercury concentrations above 1 mg/kg, 421 were between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, and 265 were below 0.5 mg/kg. The anterior and posterior regions had greater concentrations of mercury than the middle region, and fish caught off the northern coast of Brazil had a higher concentration than those caught off the southern coast. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

GFAAS determination of mercury in muscle samples of fish from Amazon, Brazil

In the present study, a simple, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the determination of mercury concentrations in the muscle tissue of fish from the Brazilian Amazon using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) following acid mineralization of the samples in an ultrasonic cold water bath. Using copper nitrate as a chemical modifier in solution and sodium tungstate as permanent modifier, we were able to attain thermal stabilization of the mercury up to the atomisation temperature of 1600 °C in the GFAAS assay. The calculated limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.014 and 0.047 mg kg-1, respectively. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparative study of human exposure to mercury in riverside communities in the Amazon region

Four populations in the Amazon area were selected for a comparative study of mercury-exposed and non-exposed populations: São Luiz do Tapajós, Barreiras, Panacauera, and Pindobal Grande. The highest mercury levels in human hair samples were found in São Luiz do Tapajós and Barreiras, greatly exceeding the limits established by the World Health Organization. Panacauera showed an intermediate level below 9 µg/g. This was the first comparative and simultaneous evaluation of mercury exposure in the Amazon area. Also, thanks to this type of monitoring, we were able to eliminate the uncertainties about the reference dose. On the basis of these data, we can conclude that the mercury levels detected in exposed populations of the Tapajós River basin may be dangerous not only because they are above the World Health Organization limits, but also because the simultaneous mercury detection in non-exposed populations with similar characteristics provided a valid control and revealed lower mercury levels. Our results support the importance of continuous monitoring in both exposed and non-exposed populations.

A first evaluation on the use of Ardea albus feathers as bioindicators of mercury burden in Amazonian ecosystems

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as concentrações de mercúrio total em penas de Ardea albus coletadas em uma assembléia de aves localizada nas imediações da cidade de Belém, Pará, com vistas a investigar a possibilidade do uso desta espécie nos estudos de biomonitoramento deste metal. Para determinação de mercúrio total foi utilizada a espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com amalgamação. A concentração média de mercúrio total nas penas do corpo foi 2,2 ± 1,5 µg.g-1 e nas penas das asas foi 1.3 ± 0.9 µg/g-1. Não foi observada correlação entre a concentração de mercúrio total e o comprimento das penas do corpo e da asa. Foi observado teor de mercúrio total superior a 5 µg.g-1 em apenas uma amostra de pena do corpo.

Mercury toxicity in the Amazon: contrast sensitivity and color discrimination of subjects exposed to mercury

We measured visual performance in achromatic and chromatic spatial tasks of mercury-exposed subjects and compared the results with norms obtained from healthy individuals of similar age. Data were obtained for a group of 28 mercury-exposed subjects, comprising 20 Amazonian gold miners, 2 inhabitants of Amazonian riverside communities, and 6 laboratory technicians, who asked for medical care. Statistical norms were generated by testing healthy control subjects divided into three age groups. The performance of a substantial proportion of the mercury-exposed subjects was below the norms in all of these tasks. Eleven of 20 subjects (55%) performed below the norms in the achromatic contrast sensitivity task. The mercury-exposed subjects also had lower red-green contrast sensitivity deficits at all tested spatial frequencies (9/11 subjects; 81%). Three gold miners and 1 riverine (4/19 subjects, 21%) performed worse than normal subjects making more mistakes in the color arrangement test. Five of 10 subjects tested (50%), comprising 2 gold miners, 2 technicians, and 1 riverine, performed worse than normal in the color discrimination test, having areas of one or more MacAdam ellipse larger than normal subjects and high color discrimination thresholds at least in one color locus. These data indicate that psychophysical assessment can be used to quantify the degree of visual impairment of mercury-exposed subjects. They also suggest that some spatial tests such as the measurement of red-green chromatic contrast are sufficiently sensitive to detect visual dysfunction caused by mercury toxicity.

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of low doses of mercury chloride and methylmercury chloride on human lymphocytes in vitro

Mercury is a xenobiotic metal that is a highly deleterious environmental pollutant. The biotransformation of mercury chloride (HgCl2) into methylmercury chloride (CH3HgCl) in aquatic environments is well-known and humans are exposed by consumption of contaminated fish, shellfish and algae. The objective of the present study was to determine the changes induced in vitro by two mercury compounds (HgCl2 and CH3HgCl) in cultured human lymphocytes. Short-term human leukocyte cultures from 10 healthy donors (5 females and 5 males) were set-up by adding drops of whole blood in complete medium. Cultures were separately and simultaneously treated with low doses (0.1 to 1000 µg/l) of HgCl2 and CH3HgCl and incubated at 37ºC for 48 h. Genotoxicity was assessed by chromosome aberrations and polyploid cells. Mitotic index was used as a measure of cytotoxicity. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the relative frequency of chromosome aberrations was observed for all concentrations of CH3HgCl when compared to control, whether alone or in an evident sinergistic combination with HgCl2. The frequency of polyploid cells was also significantly increased (P < 0.05) when compared to control after exposure to all concentrations of CH3HgCl alone or in combination with HgCl2. CH3HgCl significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the mitotic index at 100 and 1000 µg/l alone, and at 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/l when combined with HgCl2, showing a synergistic cytotoxic effect. Our data showed that low concentrations of CH3HgCl might be cytotoxic/genotoxic. Such effects may indicate early cellular changes with possible biological consequences and should be considered in the preliminary evaluation of the risks of populations exposed in vivo to low doses of mercury.

Cytogenetic damage related to low levels of methyl mercury contamination in the Brazilian Amazon

The mercury rejected in the water system, from mining operations and lixiviation of soils after deforestation, is considered to be the main contributors to the contamination of the ecosystem in the Amazon Basin. The objectives of the present study were to examine cytogenetic functions in peripheral lymphocytes within a population living on the banks of the Tapajós River with respect to methylmercury (MeHg) contamination, using hair mercury as a biological indicator of exposure. Our investigation shows a clear relation between methylmercury contamination and cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes at levels well below 50 micrograms/gram, the level at which initial clinical signs and symptoms of mercury poisoning occur. The first apparent biological effect with increasing MeHg hair level was the impairment of lymphocyte proliferation measured as mitotic index (MI). The relation between mercury concentration in hair and MI suggests that this parameter, an indicator of changes in lymphocytes and their ability to respond to culture conditions, may be an early marker of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in humans and should be taken into account in the preliminary evaluation of the risks to populations exposed in vivo. This is the first report showing clear cytotoxic effects of long-term exposure to MeHg. Although the results strongly suggest that, under the conditions examined here, MeHg is both a spindle poison and a clastogen, the biological significance of these observations are as yet unknown. A long-term follow-up of these subjects should be undertaken.

Avaliação neurocomportamental da exposição crônica ao Mercúrio inorgânico na memória social e memória emocional de ratos wistar machos adultos

O mercúrio inorgânico é facilmente absorvido por ingestão ou via cutânea. Entretanto, uma quantidade relativamente pequena de Hg²⁺ atravessa a barreira hematoencefálica ou as membranas biológicas, sendo em ratos adultos, o transporte axonal retrógrado a única via para a absorção de Hg²⁺ por neurônios, apresentando um forte potencial neurotóxico. Desta forma, o presente estudo objetivou investigar os efeitos da exposição crônica ao cloreto de mercúrio em memória social e emocional de ratos adultos. Para isso utilizou-se ratos Wistar, machos (n=40), com 5 meses de idade, distribuídos em dois grupos, um dos quais foi exposto ao Cloreto de Mercúrio (HgCl₂) via oral, por gavagem intra-gástrica (0,375mg/Kg), durante 45 dias. O outro grupo, denominado grupo controle (n=20) recebeu água destilada por gavagem. Foram utilizados os seguintes testes comportamentais: teste do campo aberto, teste de reconhecimento social para avaliação de memória social; o Teste do Labirinto em T Elevado (LTE) foi usado para avaliar o aprendizado do estado de esquiva e as memórias de curta e longa-duração. Após a finalização dos testes, os animais foram sacrificados para a dosagem do mercúrio total no hipocampo e através de um Espectrofotômetro de Absorção Atômica. Os resultados revelaram que os animais submetidos à exposição ao cloreto de mercúrio não manifestaram déficits em atividade exploratória. Nos dados do Teste de Reconhecimento Social, observamos que não houve alteração em memória social. No teste do LTE, o grupo exposto ao HgCl₂ necessitou de um número maior de exposições para aquisição do critério de esquiva (p<0,05) e apresentaram latência maior no braço aberto do aparato (p<0,05). Após 24 horas, verificou-se que os animais expostos passaram menos tempo no braço fechado em relação ao grupo controle, sugerindo déficits de memória de longa duração. Ao observar apenas o grupo HgCl₂, percebeu-se uma melhora no reteste, indicando preservação na memória de curta duração. Os dados de espectrometria de absorção atômica mostraram uma maior deposição de mercúrio no hipocampo de animais intoxicados, em relação aos animais do grupo controle.

Simple, Direct and Simultaneous Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Lead and Copper in Gasoline Using an In Situ Mercury Film Electrode

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Metallomic study of mercury in fish from Amazon region - Brazil

This paper presents preliminary findings for a metallomics study of mercury in the muscle of the fish from Amazonas region - Brazil, after protein separation by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and subsequent evaluation of mercury by Thermal Decomposition and Amalgamation Coupled with Atomic Absorption (TTA-CAAS). It was found that mercury is present in 18 protein spots of dourada muscle (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) and 9 protein spots of pacu muscle (Myleus sp.). The protein spots in which they were determined the presence of mercury present molecular weight of 13.5 and 21.4 kDa and isoelectric point of 3.8 and 9.2, respectively.

Soil and biomass mercury emissions during a prescribed fire in the Amazonian rain forest

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)