251 resultados para Manihot esculenta Crantz


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Mandioca: Preços recuam após três meses de alta ? A oferta de mandioca seguiu elevada para a indústria de fécula das regiões acompanhadas pelo Cepea em março. Este quadro foi atribuído aos preços favoráveis da cultura e também pelo clima favorável ao longo do período. Por conta destes fatores, as cotações que vinham se valorizando expressivamente em meses anteriores, passaram a ter elevações menos intensas. Em março, a tonelada da raiz destinada às fecularias foi cotada à média de R$ 249,71 (R$ 0,4343/ grama de amido, considerando a balança hidrostática de 5 kg), subindo 5,4% frente à de fevereiro (R$ 236,89/t). Esta alta é pouco expressiva quando comparada com a de meses anteriores, que foi de até 15%. Comparando o preço médio de R$ 236,89/t da última semana de fevereiro com o de R$ 243,23 em igual período de março, a desvalorização é de 4,0% entre os períodos. Entre os estados acompanhados pelo Cepea, o maior preço foi registrado no Paraná, de R$ 269,13/t, aumento de 6,5% frente ao valor do mês anterior. No Mato Grosso do Sul, no mesmo período, houve valorização de 4,6%, com o produto cotado a R$ 231,48/t. O estado de São Paulo teve a variação mais expressiva, de 11,9%, com a mandioca comercializada a R$ 195,81/t (Figura 1). Em âmbito regional, os preços tiveram alta em todas as regiões em março. A mais expressiva ocorreu na região de Assis (SP), de 11,9%, porém a mesma área teve a menor média do período (R$ 195,81/t). Já o maior preço do mês ocorreu no noroeste paranaense (R$ 272,17/t), onde a valorização foi de 5,5%. A alta menos expressiva foi observada no sudeste do Mato Grosso do Sul, de 4,0%, com o produto cotado à média de R$ 234,06/t (Figura 2).

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O mandarová (Erinnyis ello L.) ou "gervão", inseto de ocorrência esporádica e elevada capacidade de consumo foliar, que pode causar completo desfolhamento e redução na produção, principalmente, quando o ataque ocorre em plantas jovens, nos primeiros cinco meses após plantio. Em ataques severos a redução no rendimento de raízes pode chegar até a 64%, em alguns casos levar a planta à morte ou afetar a qualidade do material de plantio (manivas). Embora possa ocorrer em qualquer época do ano, é mais frequente em períodos chuvosos. Seu ciclo é relativamente curto - 33 a 55 dias - (Figura 1) podendo ter várias gerações no ano.

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ABSTRACT: The cassava market within Distrito Federal (DF) presents potencial for expansion, for that reason, it is fundamental that the propagative material for planting (stem cuttings) presents genetic traits that confer high productivity to the crop, resistance against the main diseases and plagues and culinary qualities that fulfill the demands of the consumer market. In order to select varieties which combine the before mentioned interesting caracteristics for the producers and consumers of DF, we carried out experiments to evaluate table cassava type varieties at Núcleo Rural Jardim, DF (year 1999/2000), at an experimental area of Embrapa Cerrados located in the Municipy of Planaltina, DF (year 1999/2000), at Núcleo Rural Ponte Alta, DF (year 2002/2003) and at Brazlândia, DF (year 2003/2004). Among the evaluated varieties, if the parameters productivity, time necessary for cooking and colour of the pulp (which, in the case of DF, must be cream-colour or yellow due to market demands) are collectively considered, the variety Japonesinha / IAC 576-70 / BGMC 753 stands out as it combines high productivity of roots, moderate resistance to bacterial blight, good culinary quality (time necessary for cooking inferior to thirty minutes) and pulp of cream colour. Conclusively, this variety can be recommended to be cultivated at DF.

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With the aid of the cobalt labelling technique, frog spinal cord motor neuron dendrites of the subpial dendritic plexus have been identified in serial electron micrographs. Computer reconstructions of various lengths (2.5-9.8 micron) of dendritic segments showed the contours of these dendrites to be highly irregular, and to present many thorn-like projections 0.4-1.8 micron long. Number, size and distribution of synaptic contacts were also determined. Almost half of the synapses occurred at the origins of the thorns and these synapses had the largest contact areas. Only 8 out of 54 synapses analysed were found on thorns and these were the smallest. For the total length of reconstructed dendrites there was, on average, one synapse per 1.2 micron, while 4.4% of the total dendritic surface was covered with synaptic contacts. The functional significance of these distal dendrites and their capacity to influence the soma membrane potential is discussed.

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The utilization and management of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis may improve production and sustainability of the cropping system. For this purpose, native AM fungi (AMF) were sought and tested for their efficiency to increase plant growth by enhanced P uptake and by alleviation of drought stress. Pot experiments with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and pea (Pisum sativum) in five soils (mostly sandy loamy Luvisols) and field experiments with peas were carried out during three years at four different sites. Host plants were grown in heated soils inoculated with AMF or the respective heat sterilized inoculum. In the case of peas, mutants resistant to AMF colonization were used as non-mycorrhizal controls. The mycorrhizal impact on yields and its components, transpiration, and P and N uptake was studied in several experiments, partly under varying P and N levels and water supply. Screening of native AMF by most probable number bioassays was not very meaningful. Soil monoliths were placed in the open to simulate field conditions. Inoculation with a native AMF mix improved grain yield, shoot and leaf growth variables as compared to control. Exposed to drought, higher soil water depletion of mycorrhizal plants resulted in a haying-off effect. The growth response to this inoculum could not be significantly reproduced in a subsequent open air pot experiment at two levels of irrigation and P fertilization, however, safflower grew better at higher P and water supply by multiples. The water use efficiency concerning biomass was improved by the AMF inoculum in the two experiments. Transpiration rates were not significantly affected by AM but as a tendency were higher in non-mycorrhizal safflower. A fundamental methodological problem in mycorrhiza field research is providing an appropriate (negative) control for the experimental factor arbuscular mycorrhiza. Soil sterilization or fungicide treatment have undesirable side effects in field and greenhouse settings. Furthermore, artificial rooting, temperature and light conditions in pot experiments may interfere with the interpretation of mycorrhiza effects. Therefore, the myc- pea mutant P2 was tested as a non-mycorrhizal control in a bioassay to evaluate AMF under field conditions in comparison to the symbiotic isogenetic wild type of var. FRISSON as a new integrative approach. However, mutant P2 is also of nod- phenotype and therefore unable to fix N2. A 3-factorial experiment was carried out in a climate chamber at high NPK fertilization to examine the two isolines under non-symbiotic and symbiotic conditions. P2 achieved the same (or higher) biomass as wild type both under good and poor water supply. However, inoculation with the AMF Glomus manihot did not improve plant growth. Differences of grain and straw yields in field trials were large (up to 80 per cent) between those isogenetic pea lines mainly due to higher P uptake under P and water limited conditions. The lacking N2 fixation in mutants was compensated for by high mineral N supply as indicated by the high N status of the pea mutant plants. This finding was corroborated by the results of a major field experiment at three sites with two levels of N fertilization. The higher N rate did not affect grain or straw yields of the non-fixing mutants. Very efficient AMF were detected in a Ferric Luvisol on pasture land as revealed by yield levels of the evaluation crop and by functional vital staining of highly colonized roots. Generally, levels of grain yield were low, at between 40 and 980 kg ha-1. An additional pot trial was carried out to elucidate the strong mycorrhizal effect in the Ferric Luvisol. A triplication of the plant equivalent field P fertilization was necessary to compensate for the mycorrhizal benefit which was with five times higher grain yield very similar to that found in the field experiment. However, the yield differences between the two isolines were not always plausible as the evaluation variable because they were also found in (small) field test trials with apparently sufficient P and N supply and in a soil of almost no AMF potential. This similarly occurred for pea lines of var. SPARKLE and its non-fixing mycorrhizal (E135) and non-symbiotic (R25) isomutants, which were tested in order to exclude experimentally undesirable benefits by N2 fixation. In contrast to var. FRISSON, SPARKLE was not a suitable variety for Mediterranean field conditions. This raises suspicion putative genetic defects other than symbiotic ones may be effective under field conditions, which would conflict with the concept of an appropriate control. It was concluded that AMF resistant plants may help to overcome fundamental problems of present research on arbuscular mycorrhiza, but may create new ones.

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Multidisciplinary investigations at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea show that agriculture arose independently in New Guinea by at least 6950 to 6440 calibrated years before the present (cal yr B.P.). Plant exploitation and some cultivation occurred on the wetland margin at 10,220 to 9910 cal yr B.P. (phase 1), mounding cultivation began by 6950 to 6440 cal yr B.P. (phase 2), and ditched cultivation began by 4350 to 3980 cal yr B.P. (phase 3). Clearance of lower montane rainforests began in the early Holocene, with modification to grassland at 6950 to 6440 cal yr B.P. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) was utilized in the early Holocene, and bananas (Musa spp.) were intensively cultivated by at least 6950 to 6440 cal yr B.P.

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O consumo culinário de raízes de mandioca é bastante generalizado em todo o mundo, sendo essa raiz amplamente utilizada na forma cozida, assada, frita ou integrando pratos mais complexos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir metodologia, avaliar o tempo de cozimento e algumas características associadas a este processo em 26 cultivares de mandiocas. Avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros avaliados foram cor da entrecasca; cor da polpa; dificuldade de soltar a entrecasca; dificuldade de palitar; porcentagem de água absorvida/perdida em relação ao peso dos toletes durante o processo de cozimento; cor dos toletes cozidos; formações de pontuações brancas no interior do tolete; formação de gel em volta dos toletes e tempo de cozimento observado para cozimento de 13 palitos. Ao final da avaliação concluiu-se que as melhores cultivares para utilização como mandioca de mesa foram a SRT-1105 (Mico), Milagrosa RG, Mantiqueira, IAC 522-30, IAC 576-70, sendo a última a que apresentou melhor resultado no teste de cozimento.

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Several Alternaria cassiae isolates were recovered from diseased sicklepod plants (Senna obtusifolia) in the southern regions of Brazil. A representative isolate (Cenargen CG593) was tested for its host range under greenhouse conditions. The fungus promoted symptoms in sicklepod, cassava (Manihot dulce), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) when tested at a spore concentration of 10(6) spores ml(-1). When the plants were inoculated with a suspension of 10(5) spores ml(-1) and held at a dew period of 12 h (cassava) or 18 h (tomato and eggplant), the plants showed symptoms of the disease, but they recovered and continued their normal vegetative growth. These results show that the fungus A. cassiae is safe to use for the control of S. obtusifolia under Brazilian conditions, because it did not cause excessive damage in the three plants tested.

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O cultivo associado é uma alternativa para culturas de ciclo longo e propriedades com limitação de área. Todavia, para o estabelecimento de associações, há necessidade de conhecer a tolerância das espécies ao sombreamento. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o crescimento de parte aérea, partição de fotoassimilados e produção de rizomas em plantas de taro 'Japonês' cultivadas sob intensidades e períodos de sombreamento artificial. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 13 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro intensidades de sombreamento (controle = pleno sol; 18; 30 e 50% de sombra, mantidos durante o ciclo todo), além da implementação das intensidades de sombra de 18; 30 e 50%, em três períodos (inicial = 0 a 3; intermediário = 3 a 6 e final = 6 a 9 meses). Aos 60; 90; 120; 150; 180; 210; 240 e 270 dias após o plantio (dat), avaliou-se crescimento de planta e partição de massa entre órgãos e aos 270 dat a produção de rizomas. Plantas sob sombreamento, sobretudo nas maiores intensidades e durante o ciclo todo, apresentaram maior produção de biomassa de parte aérea e de rizomas-mãe e filhos pequenos, em detrimento de rizomas-filho grandes, médios e comerciáveis. A intensidade de 18% de sombra, durante todo o ciclo ou nos períodos inicial e intermediário, foi a que menos afetou o desenvolvimento das plantas e produção de biomassa de rizomas-filho comerciáveis.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The aim was to evaluate the nutritional value of the root and leaves of cassava (Manihot sculenta) for juveniles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three diets were prepared, a reference and two test diets. The first tested diet contained 50.0% of cassava root and 50.0% of reference diet and the second one consisted of 30.0% of cassava leaf meal and 70.0% of reference diet. Moreover, in every diet was added 0.1% chromium oxide-III (Cr2O3) as inert marker. Sixty juveniles (100.0 +/- 9.0 g) were accommodated in cages (10 fish/cage) for feeding and feces collection. During the day these cages were maintained in a feeding tank (250 L), one tank for each treatment, where they were fed until apparent satiation. After the aforementioned feeding period they were transferred to a fecal collection tank, where they remained until next morning. The collected feces were frozen and dried for analyzes. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were calculated on basis of Cr2O3 concentration present in diets and feces. The ADC of reference diet for DM, cassava leaf and root were, respectively 85.23%, 81.22% and 91.44%; CP to 97.35%, 73.37% and 91.46% and for the GE to 87.70%, 64.70% and 92.20%, the values obtained for the diet with cassava root significantly higher (P<0.05). Summarizing, root and cassava leaves can be used as alternative ingredients for compose balanced diets for Nile tilapia juveniles.

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Este estudo investigou a composição florística das plantas daninhas em área queimada durante três anos agrícolas. A pesquisa foi conduzida no município de Zé Doca, Maranhão. O preparo da área no primeiro ano agrícola (2006/2007) foi realizado com corte e queima da vegetação para o cultivo de milho seguido do feijão-caupi. No segundo e no terceiro ano agrícola, o preparo da área consistiu de aração para o cultivo do milho seguido de mandioca (2007/2008) e depois para o feijão-caupi em sucessão à cultura de mandioca (2008/2009). A coleta das plantas daninhas ocorreu nas culturas de feijão-caupi e mandioca aos 30 e 60 dias após a semeadura (DAS), no primeiro e no segundo ano agrícola, respectivamente, e no feijão-caupi aos 30 DAS do terceiro ano agrícola, com retângulo (0,5 x 0,3 m) lançado 10 vezes ao acaso na área cultivada. A cada lançamento, as plantas daninhas foram colhidas, para contagem, identificação, secagem e, assim, obter os índices fitossociológicos. O fogo reduziu a diversidade e o número das plantas daninhas. As espécies com maior valor de IVI foram Imperata brasiliensis, Sida glomerata e Corchorus argutus, após o fogo na cultura do feijãocaupi; e Juncus sp., Spermacoce verticillata, Aeschynomene americana e Cyperus sp., após preparo da área com aração nas culturas de mandioca e feijão-caupi. As plantas de capoeira ocorreram depois da queima, porém sua importância foi reduzida com o passar do tempo.

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Neste trabalho foi investigada a assepsia para obtenção de explantes oriundos de tubérculos e a ação das poliaminas espermidina e espermina exógenas associadas aos reguladores vegetais AIA e BA no desenvolvimento, na tuberização in vitro e nos níveis endógenos de putrescina (Put), espermidina (Spd) e espermina (Spm) de taro (Colocasia esculenta). Plantas crescidas em meio contendo espermidina e espermina mostraram tuberização e a associação dessas poliaminas com AIA e BA induziu aumento do número de brotações. Para o estímulo da rizogênese, não foi necessário o uso de reguladores vegetais. Altos teores de putrescina foram encontrados durante a emissão de brotações, enquanto que altos teores de espermidina foram observados durante a formação de rizomas in vitro.

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Plants have been used in the cure of diseases from the origins of the humanity. At present, in Brazil, the use is common because of the difficulty of access of part of the population to medical assistance. It is commonly believed that the medicinal plants of traditional use were already tested and ratified by the long-lasting use by the human species, being considered effective medicines, presenting no collateral effects, not needful, therefore, of evaluation. The miraculous self-medication with medicinal plants goes to the point of substituting therapies in serious diseases such as those of hypoglycemic or anti-diabetic effect. For the test of medicinal plants, it is necessary to consider the material quality to be tested, the plant component used, extraction method, dosage, and the experimental species used. Several plants have already had hypoglycemic effects proven experimentally. The objective of this paper was to accomplish a revision of Brazilian medicinal plants, used popularly, as hypoglycemics that had effects proven in animals and in humans.

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA