David Pinski ; Emil Bernhard Cohn ; Louis Golding ; Vitalis Danon ; Alfred Graetzer ; Ernst Pickardt zum Gedächtnis

Will Pleß

Role Expectations and State Socialization: Germany's Rediscovery of the Use of Force 1990-1995

This dissertation engages the question of why German political elites accepted the use of force during the 1990s and started to commit the country's armed forces to multilateral peacekeeping missions. Previous governments of the Federal Republic had opposed foreign deployment of the military and Germany was characterized by a unique strategic culture in which the efficacy of military force was widely regarded as negative. The rediscovery of the use of force constituted a significant reorientation of German security policy with potentially profound implications for international relations. I use social role theory to explain Germany's security policy reorientation. I argue that political elites shared a national role conception of their country as a dependable and reliable ally. Role expectations of the international security environment changed as a result of a general shift to multilateral intervention as means to address emerging security problems after the Cold War. Germany's resistance to the use of force was viewed as inappropriate conduct for a power possessing the economic and military wherewithal of the Federal Republic. Elites from allied countries exerted social pressure to have Germany contribute commensurate with capabilities. German political elites adapted role behavior in response to external expectations in an effort to preserve the national role conception of a dependable and reliable ally. Security policy reorientation to maintain Germany's national role conception was pursued by conservative elites who acted as 'role entrepreneurs'. CDU/CSU politicians initiated a process of role adaptation to include the use of force for non-defensive missions. They persuaded Social Democrats and Alliance 90/Green party politicians that the maintenance of the country's role conception necessitated a reorientation in security policy to accommodate the changes in the security environment.

St. Louis, Missouri and vicinity, 1903 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic, topographic paper map entitled: Saint Louis quadrangle, Missouri - Illinois, [by the] Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey; H. M. Wilson, geographer; topography by Chas. E. Cooke, Wm. O. Tufts, Gilbert Young and City of St. Louis; control by U.S.C. and G.S. and Geo. T. Hawkins. Ed. of Apr. 1904, reprinted 1932. Surveyed 1903. It was published by U.S.G.S. Scale 1:62,500. Covers City of Saint Louis, and portions of Saint Louis County, Missouri, and Saint Clair and Madison Counties, Illinois. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Missouri East State Plane Coordinate System NAD27 (in Feet) (Fipszone 2401). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This is a typical topographic map portraying both natural and manmade features. It shows and names works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. It also identify the principal works of humans, such as roads, railroads, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 20 feet and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Addendum no. 2, March 2002, to "Report on East St. Louis flood protection rehabilitation project, June 1991."

"This addendum has been prepared due to changes in the 'State Participation' and the 'Recommendation' sections of the subject report that was filed in June 1991 and amended in May 1995. This addendum is an addition to those sections. The Illinois Department of Natural Resources/Office of Water Resources (IDNR/OWR) was formerly the Illinois Department of Transportation/Division of Water Resources."

Une école primitive méconnue; Nabur Martins ou le Maître de Flémalle (nouveaux documents)

Bibliographical foot-notes.

Interior Department appropriation bill, 1932. Hearings before subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations ... in charge of Interior Department appropriation bill for 1932. Seventy-first Congress, third session.

Louis R. Cramton, chairman of subcommittee.

1932 University of Michigan Football Team

UM Men's Swimming Team, 1932

Back Row: James Cristy, John Schmieler, Henry Kaminski, Reeve Bailey

Middle Row: Richard K. Degener, Frederic C. Fenske, Frank D. Kennedy, Louis Lemak, assistant coach John W. McMahon

Front Row: Robert B. Ladd, Ivan C. Smith, Robert Miller, head coach Matt Mann, Sidney R. Raike, Daniel L. Marcus

1932 UM Track Team

Top Row: Francis Hazen, Robert Ostrander, Richard McManus, Arthur Northrup, Donald Haefele, John Humphrey, Jerry Rea, st. mngr. David Louis

Middle Row: Harold Ellerby, Konrad W. Moisio, William Lemen, Edwin Turner, Roderick Cox, William Hill, Roger Howell, Hawley Eggleston, David Fitzgibbons,

Front Row: Booker Brooks, Donald Renwick, John Campbell, Edwin Russell, Coach Charles Hoyt, Charles DeBaker, Ben Glading, Harmon Wolfe

La cour et l'opéra sous Louis XVI.

Mode of access: Internet.