Letters from Thomas Dickason & Co. to William Tudor,

Four letters regarding billings, the movements of Tudor’s cargo, and sundry items Tudor ordered through the firm.

Letters from Thomas Dickason & Co. to William Tudor,

Two letters regarding bills outstanding.

Letters from Thomas & Henry Lynch & Co. to William Tudor,

Four letters regarding a shipment of fish, and market for flour and wheat. Includes one duplicate letter, and two bills of lading.

Letter from Thomas Vantandeloe to William Tudor,

One letter regarding articles of clothing Tudor ordered.

Letter from William Tudor to William Vaughan,

One letter containing a brief history of the ice company business and William Tudor’s and Frederic Tudor’s ideas for the enterprise.

Letter from Samuel Welles to William Tudor,

One letter regarding Welles’ commercial operations and his travel plans, which he writes will depend on the political situation between England and America.

Letters from Samuel Williams to William Tudor,

Two letters, one regarding accounts related to the Birmingham nail factory, and one letter in which Williams writes of becoming naturalized and finding a wife.

Letters from Thomas Wilson to William Tudor,

Two letters regarding payment of bills.

Letters from Alfred Cobb to William Tudor,

Six letters reporting on communications with American merchants and naval officers, and various incidents involving American vessels. He also comments on the election of John Quincy Adams as president. Cobb includes copies of his correspodence with Lieutenant John Percival regarding the interception of Percival’s ship by Chilean Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada.

Affidavit of the administrators of the estate of Hannah Lee, 17 January 1788

Handwritten affidavit declaring Isaac Story of Marblehead, Mass. the executor of the estate of Hannah Lee, with the estate's proceeds to be distributed to Thomas and Sarah Fayerweather, Thomas Hubbard Townsend of Needham, and Andrew and Mary Bordman of Tewksbury. The affidavit also appoints London merchants to recover lands in England.

William Blair Townsend letter and receipt books, 1743-1805, bulk 1744-1777

The collection consists of two volumes, which date from 1743 to 1805, spanning his whole career as a merchant. Volume one is a letter book containing Townsend's business correspondence from November 23, 1743 to December 12, 1774. Most of the letters were written to American (many in North Carolina) and British (predominately in London) merchants. His earliest letters document his efforts to establish himself as a trader. Over time his letters turn to illustrate the common problems faced by many merchants: damaged goods, overpriced goods, embargos, and high freight costs. Particularly enlightening are his comments on the challenges of doing business throughout the French and Indian War and the years leading up to the American Revolution. He most frequently corresponded with London merchants Champion & Hayley, Lane & Booth, Lane Son & Fraser, Harrison & Ansley, and Leeds merchant Samuel Elam. In addition he frequently corresponded with Eliakim Palmer, colonial agent and merchant in London, as well as Dr. Walley Chauncy of North Carolina. He dealt in a wide variety of goods including molasses, rum, tar, medicines, pitch, saddles, tallow, hides, skins, pickled beef and pork, and wine. The letters also document Townsend's involvement in the slave trade through his occasional purchases of slaves.

Multilateral Interchange Fees: Competition and regulation in light of recent legislative developments. ECRI Research Report No. 14, 31 January 2014

Two-sided payment card markets generate costs that have to be distributed among the participating actors. For this purpose, payment card networks set an interchange fee, which is the fee paid by the merchant’s bank to the cardholder’s bank per transaction. While in recent years many antitrust authorities all over the world - including the European Commission - have opened proceedings against card brands in order to verify whether agreements to collectively establish the level of interchange fees are anticompetitive, the Reserve Bank of Australia – as a regulator - has directly tried to address market failures by lowering the level of interchange fees and changing some network rules. The US has followed with new legislation on financial consumer protection, which also intervenes on interchange fees. This has opened a strong debate not only on legitimacy of interchange fees, but also on the appropriateness of different public tools to address such issues. Drawing from economic and legal theories and a comparative analysis of recent case law in the EU and other jurisdictions, this work investigates whether a regulation rather than a purely competition policy approach would be more appropriate in this field, considering in particular, at EU level, all of the competition and regulatory concerns that have arisen from the operation of SEPA with multilateral interchange fees. The paper concludes that a wider regulation approach could address some of the shortcomings of a purely antitrust approach, proving to be highly beneficial to the development of an efficient European single payments area.

Saline Township (Mich.) residences and business, ca. 1874

Left to right: Res. of Orange Risdon, Sec. 1, Saline Tp. Mich.; Res. of Andrew Bush, Sec. 3, Saline Tp. Mich.; Res. of Dudley Miller, Sec. 24, Saline Tp. Mich.; Saline Exchange, A. Harmon Prop, Saline, Mich.; Res. of Abram Davenport, Sec. 36, Saline Tp. Mich.; Res. of Milton Reynolds, Sec. 22, Saline Tp. Mich.; Res. of George Neissle, Sec. 12, Saline Tp. Mich.; Res. of Robert Hammond, Sec. 25, Saline Tp. Mich.; Res. of M. Himerdinger, Sec. 8, Saline Tp. Mich. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Exemptions of manufacturing plants from municipal taxation.

"An address before the merchants and manufacturers of Detroit, Mich., April 18, 1901."

Credit department operating manual outline,

Cover title.