Growth and distribution: a revised classical model

This paper discusses distribution and the historical phases of capitalism. It assumes that technical progress and growth are taking place, and, given that, its question is on the functional distribution of income between labor and capital, having as reference classical theory of distribution and Marx’s falling tendency of the rate of profit. Based on the historical experience, it, first, inverts the model, making the rate of profit as the constant variable in the long run and the wage rate, as the residuum; second, it distinguishes three types of technical progress (capital-saving, neutral and capital-using) and applies it to the history of capitalism, having the UK and France as reference. Given these three types of technical progress, it distinguishes four phases of capitalist growth, where only the second is consistent with Marx prediction. The last phase, after World War II, should be, in principle, capital-saving, consistent with growth of wages above productivity. Instead, since the 1970s wages were kept stagnant in rich countries because of, first, the fact that the Information and Communication Technology Revolution proved to be highly capital using, opening room for a new wage of substitution of capital for labor; second, the new competition coming from developing countries; third, the emergence of the technobureaucratic or professional class; and, fourth, the new power of the neoliberal class coalition associating rentier capitalists and financiers

Selenite and Selenate Effects on Mercury (Hg2+) Uptake and Distribution in Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., Assessed by Chronic Bioassay

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Immunocytochemical characterization of the pregeniculate nucleus and distribution of retinal and neuropeptide Y terminals in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Cebus monkey

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Local and cardiorenal effects of periodontitis in nitric oxide-deficient hypertensive rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Squamata, Elapidae, Micrurus surinamensis (Cuvier, 1817): new records and distribution map in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, with notes on diet and activity period.

We report six new records of M. surinamensis and present the map of distribution with known records for this species of semiaquatic coral snake in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

NEW HOSTS and DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR NEMATODE PARASITES of FRESHWATER FISHES FROM São Paulo STATE, BRAZIL.

A study on the nematode parasites of nine species of freshwater fishes from Peixe River São Paulo, State, Brazil. was conducted. Fish were collected between February 2010 and March 2011 and the following species were found: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus and Contracaecum sp. (larvae) in Astyanax altiparanae; Contracaecum sp. (larvae), Dioctophyma renale (larvae), Philometroides caudata, P. (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, P. (Spirocamallanus) neocaballeroi (larvae) and P. (Spirocamallanus) saofranciscensis in Acestrorhynchus lacustris; Contracaecum sp. (larvae), Guyanema sp., Hysterothylacium sp. (larvae) and Icthyouris sp. in Cyphocharax modestus; Contracaecum sp. (larvae), Cosmoxynemoides aguirrei and Pharyngodonidae gen. sp. in C. nagelii; Dioctophyma renale (larvae), Hysterothylacium sp. (larvae) and Rhabdochona sp. in Gymnotus sylvius; Capillariidae gen. sp. in Hoplosternum littorale; Cosmoxynema vianai, Guyanema sp., Ichthyouris sp. and Travnema travnema in Steindachnerina insculpta; Contracaecum sp. (larvae), Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) rebecae (larvae) in Triportheus angulatus and Rhabdochona acuminata in Triportheus nematurus. This is first study of nematode parasites from the Peixe River, therefore all the species found are new geographical records and 19 are new host records.

Abundance and distribution of juvenile pink shrimps Farfantepenaeus spp. in a mangrove estuary and adjacent bay on the northern shore of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Diversity and distribution of crustaceans from 13 sheltered sandy beaches along Sao Sebastiao Channel, south-eastern Brazil

The crustacean species composition in the intertidal zones of 13 sheltered unconsolidated marine beaches in south-eastern Brazil is described. Fifty-three crustacean species were collected, adding 46 species to the total reported by previous studies in the same region. Decapods dominated the community, in contrast to exposed sandy beaches where peracarids normally predominate. The species were distributed irregularly among the beaches. Richness varied markedly among sites, and was positively related to a combination of factors such as fine sand grains, high organic matter content, and relatively low silt-clay content. The presence of rock fragments enabled both rocky shore and sandy beach crustaceans to occur oil the same beaches. Richness and abundance of crustaceans showed no clear relationship to sediment grain size and slope, in contrast to the norm for exposed sandy beaches. The dominance of the tanaid Kalliapseudes schubarti in sonic areas may be a result of organic matter pollution in the region. These beaches showed higher species richness than typical sheltered and exposed sandy beaches, indicating that this sheltered, highly heterogeneous seascape is an important area for conservation.

Extensive Comparisons of Optical Fast-OFDM and Conventional Optical OFDM for Local and Access Networks

A performance comparison between a recently proposed novel technique known as fast orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (FOFDM) and conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is undertaken over unamplified, intensity-modulated, and direct-detected directly modulated laser-based optical signals. Key transceiver parameters, such as the maximum achievable transmission capacity and the digital-to-analog/analog-to-digital converter (DAC/ADC) effects are explored thoroughly. It is shown that, similarly to conventional OFDM, the least complex and bandwidth efficient FOFDM can support up to similar to 20 Gb/s over 500 m worst-case multimode fiber (MMF) links having 3 dB effective bandwidths of similar to 200 MHz X km. For compensation of the DAC/ADC roll-off, a power-loading (PL) algorithm is adopted, leading to an FOFDM system improvement of similar to 4 dB. FOFDM and conventional OFDM give similar optimum DAC/ADC parameters over 500 m worst-case MMF, while over 50 km single-mode fiber a maximum deviation of only similar to 1 dB in clipping ratio is observed due to the imperfect chromatic dispersion compensation caused by one-tap equalizers.

Recognition and distribution of Leptodactylus mystaceus (Anura; Leptodactylidae) in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

Leptodactylus mystaceus, uma espécie com ampla distribuição geográfica pela América do Sul, é diagnosticada com base em exemplares do Estado de São Paulo, seu limite meridional de distribuição geográfica. Apresentamos aqui o primeiro registro da espécie para o Sudeste do Brasil, ampliando sua distribuição conhecida em cerca de 1.300 km ao sudeste. Também incluímos a descrição da vocalização de anúncio, informações sobre história natural, fotografia em vida e desenhos de caracteres morfológicos que auxiliam na identificação desta espécie.

Local and global magnetic properties of Zn1-xCoxO and Mn-doped GaAs thin films

Amorphous and crystalline thin films of Mn-doped(0.5%-10%) GaAs and crystalline thin films of Zn1-xCoxO(x = 3%-20%) were investigated by means of magnetic susceptibility and electron spin resonance (ESR). For the Mn-doped GaAs samples, our results show the absence of ferromagnetic ordering for the amorphous films in the 300 > T > 2 K temperature range, in contrast to the ferromagnetism found in crystalline films for T-C < 110 K. A single ESR line with a temperature independent g-value (g similar to 2) is observed for the amorphous films, and the behavior of this ESR linewidth depends on the level of crystallinity of the film. For the Mn-doped GaAs crystalline films, only a ferromagnetic mode is observed for T < TC when the film is ferromagnetic. Turning now the Zn1-xCoxO films, ferromagnetic loops were observed at room temperature for these films. The magnetization data show an increasing of the saturation magnetization M. as a function of x reaching a maximum value for x approximate to 10%. ESR experiments at T = 300 K in the same films show a strong anisotropic ferromagnetic mode (FMR) for x = 0.10.

Identification, content, and distribution of type VI collagen in bovine tendons

Tendon composition changes according to differentiation, mechanical load, and aging. In this study, we attempted to identify, localize, and quantify type VI collagen in bovine tendons. Type VI collagen was identified by the electrophoretic behavior of the alpha chains and Western blotting, and by rotary shadowing. Type VI collagen was extracted from powdered tendon with three sequential 24-h extractions with 4 M guanidine-HCl. The amount of type VI collagen was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for purely tensional areas and for the compressive fibrocartilage regions of the deep flexor tendon of the digits, for the corresponding fetal and calf tendons, and for the extensor digital tendon. The distal fibrocartilaginous region of the adult tendon was richer in type VI collagen than the tensional area, reaching as much as 3.3 mg/g (0.33%) of the wet weight. Calf tendons showed an accumulation of type VI at the fibrocartilage site. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that type VI collagen was evenly distributed in the tensional areas of tendons but was highly concentrated around the fibrochondrocytes in the fibrocartilages. The results demonstrate that tendons are variable with regard to the presence and distribution of type VI collagen. The early accumulation of type VI collagen in the region of calf tendon that will become fibrocartilage in the adult suggests that it is a good marker of fibrocartilage differentiation. Furthermore, the distribution of type VI collagen in tendon fibrocartilage indicates that it organizes the pericellular environment and may represent a survival factor for these cells.

Local and nanoscopic structure of potassium triflate-doped siloxane-polyoxyethylene ormolytes

Siloxane-poly(oxyethylene) hybrids obtained by the sol-gel process and containing short polymer chain have been doped with potassium triflate (KCF3SO3). The local structure of these hybrids was investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy near the potassium K-edge. Small angle X-ray scattering was used to determine the structure at the nanometer scale. Results revealed that at low and medium potassium concentration (n = [O][K] >= 8, where n represents the molar ratio of ether-type oxygen atoms per alkaline cation) the cations interact mainly with the polymer chains, while at larger doping level (n < 8) the formation of a polyehter:KCF3SO3 Complex is observed. The nanoscopic structure of the hybrids is also affected by doping. By increasing the doping level, decreasing trends in the electronic density contrast between siloxane nanoparticles and polyether matrix and in the siloxane interparticle distance are observed. At high doping level the small angle X-ray scattering patterns are strongly modified, showing the disappearance of the correlation peak and the formation of a potassium-containing nanophase. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Local and remote lesions in horses subjected to small colon distension and decompression

The purpose of this study was to observe and characterize colonic and lung lesions in horses subjected to experimental distension and decompression of the small colon. Sixteen healthy adult horses were divided into 2 groups: 9 horses that were subjected to distension of the small colon by means of a latex balloon surgically implanted in the lumen and inflated to a pressure of 40 mm Hg for 4 h, and 7 horses in which the balloon was implanted but not inflated. Colonic biopsy specimens were collected before balloon implantation, at the end of the period of obstruction, and 1.5 and 12 h after decompression and were examined for hemorrhage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration; myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and hemoglobin concentration were measured as well. At the end of the experiment, lung samples were also collected and examined for neutrophil accumulation and MPO activity. The mucosa was not affected by luminal distension; lesions were restricted to the seromuscular layer. Neutrophil accumulation and edema were observed in the samples from both groups of horses but were greater in those from the distension group, in which there was also hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, and increased MPO activity in the seromuscular layer. Similarly, there was greater accumulation of neutrophils in the lung samples from the distension group than in those from the sham-operated group, as determined by histologic evaluation and MPO assay. These findings provide new evidence of reperfusion injury and a systemic inflammatory response, followed by remote lesions, in horses with intestinal obstruction.