Submarine landslides : selected studies in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone

Submarine Landslides: An Introduction 1 By RIo Lee, W.C. Schwab, and J.S. Booth U.S. Atlantic Continental Slope Landslides: Their Distribution, General Anributes, and Implications 14 By J.S. Booth, D.W. O'Leary, Peter Popenoe, and W.W. Danforth Submarine Mass Movement, a Formative Process of Passive Continental Margins: The Munson-Nygren Landslide Complex and the Southeast New England Landslide Complex 23 By D.W. O'Leary The Cape Fear Landslide: Slope Failure Associated with Salt Diapirism and Gas Hydrate Decomposition 40 By Peter Popenoe, E.A. Schmuck, and W.P. Dillon Ancient Crustal Fractures Control the Location and Size of Collapsed Blocks at the Blake Escarpment, East of Florida 54 By W.P. Dillon, J.S. Risch, K.M. Scanlon, P.C. Valentine, and Q.J. Huggett Tectonic and Stratigraphic Control on a Giant Submarine Slope Failure: Puerto Rico Insular Slope 60 By W.C. Schwab, W.W. Danforth, and K.M. Scanlon Slope Failure of Carbonate Sediment on the West Florida Slope 69 By D.C. Twichell, P.C. Valentine, and L.M. Parson Slope Failures in an Area of High Sedimentation Rate: Offshore Mississippi River Delta 79 By J.M. Coleman, D.B. Prior, L.E. Garrison, and H.J. Lee Salt Tectonics and Slope Failure in an Area of Salt Domes in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico 92 By B.A. McGregor, R.G. Rothwell, N.H. Kenyon, and D.C. Twichell Slope Stability in Regions 01 Sea-Floor Gas Hydrate: Beaufort Sea Continental Slope 97 By R.E. Kayen and H.J. Lee Mass Movement Related to Large Submarine Canyons Along the Beringian Margin, Alaska 104 By P.R. Carlson, H.A. Karl, B.D. Edwards, J.V. Gardner, and R. Hall Comparison of Tectonic and Stratigraphic Control of Submarine Landslides on the Kodiak Upper Continental Slope, Alaska 117 By M.A. Hampton Submarine Landslides That Had a Significant Impact on Man and His Activities: Seward and Valdez, Alaska 123 By M.A. Hampton, R.W. Lemke, and H.W. Coulter Processes Controlling the Style of Mass Movement in Glaciomarine Sediment: Northeastern Gulf of Alaska 135 By W.C. Schwab and H.J. Lee Contents V VI Contents Liquefaction of Continental Shelf Sediment: The Northern California Earthquake of 1980 143 By M.E. Field A Submarine Landslide Associated with Shallow Sea-Floor Gas and Gas Hydrates off Northern California 151 By M.E. Field and J.H. Barber, Jr. Sur Submarine Landslide, a Deep-Water Sediment Slope Failure 158 By C.E. Gutmacher and W.R. Normark Seismically Induced Mudflow in Santa Barbara Basin, California 167 By B.D. Edwards, H.J. Lee, and M.E. Field Submarine Landslides in a Basin and Ridge Setting, Southern California 176 By M.E. Field and B.D. Edwards Giant Volcano-Related Landslides and the Development of the Hawaiian Islands 184 By W.R. Normark, J.G. Moore, and M.E. Torresan Submarine Slope Failures Initiated by Hurricane Iwa, Kahe Point, Oahu, Hawaii 197 By W.R. Normark, Pat Wilde, J.F. Campbell, T.E. Chase, and Bruce Tsutsui (PDF contains 210 pages)

Molecular diagnosis of distal renal tubular acidosis in Tunisian patients: proposed algorithm for Northern Africa populations for the ATP6V1B1, ATP6V0A4 and SCL4A1 genes

Background: Primary distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) caused by mutations in the genes that codify for the H+ -ATPase pump subunits is a heterogeneous disease with a poor phenotype-genotype correlation. Up to now, large cohorts of dRTA Tunisian patients have not been analyzed, and molecular defects may differ from those described in other ethnicities. We aim to identify molecular defects present in the ATP6V1B1, ATP6V0A4 and SLC4A1 genes in a Tunisian cohort, according to the following algorithm: first, ATP6V1B1 gene analysis in dRTA patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) or unknown hearing status. Afterwards, ATP6V0A4 gene study in dRTA patients with normal hearing, and in those without any structural mutation in the ATP6V1B1 gene despite presenting SNHL. Finally, analysis of the SLC4A1 gene in those patients with a negative result for the previous studies. Methods: 25 children (19 boys) with dRTA from 20 families of Tunisian origin were studied. DNAs were extracted by the standard phenol/chloroform method. Molecular analysis was performed by PCR amplification and direct sequencing. Results: In the index cases, ATP6V1B1 gene screening resulted in a mutation detection rate of 81.25%, which increased up to 95% after ATP6V0A4 gene analysis. Three ATP6V1B1 mutations were observed: one frameshift mutation (c.1155dupC; p.Ile386fs), in exon 12; a G to C single nucleotide substitution, on the acceptor splicing site (c.175-1G > C; p.?) in intron 2, and one novel missense mutation (c. 1102G > A; p. Glu368Lys), in exon 11. We also report four mutations in the ATP6V0A4 gene: one single nucleotide deletion in exon 13 (c.1221delG; p. Met408Cysfs* 10); the nonsense c.16C > T; p.Arg6*, in exon 3; and the missense changes c.1739 T > C; p.Met580Thr, in exon 17 and c.2035G > T; p.Asp679Tyr, in exon 19. Conclusion: Molecular diagnosis of ATP6V1B1 and ATP6V0A4 genes was performed in a large Tunisian cohort with dRTA. We identified three different ATP6V1B1 and four different ATP6V0A4 mutations in 25 Tunisian children. One of them, c.1102G > A; p.Glu368Lys in the ATP6V1B1 gene, had not previously been described. Among deaf since childhood patients, 75% had the ATP6V1B1 gene c. 1155dupC mutation in homozygosis. Based on the results, we propose a new diagnostic strategy to facilitate the genetic testing in North Africans with dRTA and SNHL.

Scanning tunneling spectroscopic studies on high-temperature superconductors and Dirac materials

This thesis details the investigations of the unconventional low-energy quasiparticle excitations in electron-type cuprate superconductors and electron-type ferrous superconductors as well as the electronic properties of Dirac fermions in graphene and three-dimensional strong topological insulators through experimental studies using spatially resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) experiments.

Magnetic-field- and temperature-dependent evolution of the spatially resolved quasiparticle spectra in the electron-type cuprate La_{0.1Sr_0.9CuO₂ (La-112) T_C = 43 K, are investigated experimentally. For temperature (T) less than the superconducting transition temperature (TC), and in zero field, the quasiparticle spectra of La-112 exhibits gapped behavior with two coherence peaks and no satellite features. For magnetic field measurements at T < TC, first ever observation of vortices in La-112 are reported. Moreover, pseudogap-like spectra are revealed inside the core of vortices, where superconductivity is suppressed. The intra-vortex pseudogap-like spectra are characterized by an energy gap of VPG = 8.5 ± 0.6 meV, while the inter-vortex quasiparticle spectra shows larger peak-to-peak gap values characterized by Δpk-pk(H) >VPG, and Δpk-pk (0)=12.2 ± 0.8 meV > Δpk-pk (H > 0). The quasiparticle spectra are found to be gapped at all locations up to the highest magnetic field examined (H = 6T) and reveal an apparent low-energy cutoff at the VPG energy scale.}

Magnetic-field- and temperature-dependent evolution of the spatially resolved quasiparticle spectra in the electron-type "122" iron-based Ba(Fe_1-xCo_x)₂A_{s2 are investigated for multiple doping levels (x = 0.06, 0.08, 0.12 with T_C= 14 K, 24 K, and 20 K). For all doping levels and the T < TC}, two-gap superconductivity is observed. Both superconducting gaps decrease monotonically in size with increasing temperature and disappear for temperatures above the superconducting transition temperature, TC</sub>. Magnetic resonant modes that follow the temperature dependence of the superconducting gaps have been identified in the tunneling quasiparticle spectra. Together with quasiparticle interference (QPI) analysis and magnetic field studies, this provides strong evidence for two-gap sign-changing s-wave superconductivity.</sub>

Additionally spatial scanning tunneling spectroscopic studies are performed on mechanically exfoliated graphene and chemical vapor deposition grown graphene. In all cases lattice strain exerts a strong influence on the electronic properties of the sample. In particular topological defects give rise to pseudomagnetic fields (B ~ 50 Tesla) and charging effects resulting in quantized conductance peaks associated with the integer and fractional Quantum Hall States.

Finally, spectroscopic studies on the 3D-STI, Bi₂Se₃ found evidence of impurity resonance in the surface state. The impurities are in the unitary limit and the spectral resonances are localized spatially to within ~ 0.2 nm of the impurity. The spectral weight of the impurity resonance diverges as the Fermi energy approaches the Dirac point and the rapid recovery of the surface state suggests robust topological protection against perturbations that preserve time reversal symmetry.

Catalisadores para hidroisomeriza��ão de n-hexadecano

No processo de hidrocraqueamento para a produção de lubrificantes ocorre a forma��ão de uma corrente rica em compostos parafínicos que possuem alto ponto de fluidez, apesar dos mesmos apresentarem excelentes desempenhos em termos de estabilidade térmica e oxidativa. A transforma��ão das n-parafinas obtidas nestas correntes em isoparafinas e compostos naftênicos, os quais possuem menores pontos de fluidez, se faz necessária a fim de enquadrar esta propriedade. Uma das rotas catalíticas mais importantes neste sentido é a hidroisodesparafina��ão ou HIDW (hydroisodewaxing) que consiste na conversão de n-parafinas nas respectivas isoparafinas, onde são empregados catalisadores bifuncionais zeolíticos com a ocorrência de seletividade de forma. No caso dos catalisadores industriais, se faz necessária a dispersão da fase metálica e da zeólita em uma matriz amorfa para viabilizar sua conforma��ão e melhorar a resistência mec��nica do catalisador final. Neste cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho foi preparar e analisar o desempenho de uma série de catalisadores à base de zeólita beta inseridos numa matriz de alumina, variando-se o teor de zeólita e o tipo de precursor de Pt utilizado. Os catalisadores foram avaliados na rea��ão de hidroisomeriza��ão de um composto modelo, no caso, n-hexadecano. Os testes realizados para avalia��ão da atividade e seletividade foram conduzidos em um reator de fluxo contínuo em alta pressão e fase líquida em unidade de laboratório. Os catalisadores foram testados em condições operacionais que proporcionassem uma ampla faixa de conversões do n-C16. Verificou-se que as atividades dos catalisadores foram proporcionais ao teor de zeólita no catalisador, indicando que a função ácida, neste catalisador bifuncional, é a etapa limitante do processo. Quanto à natureza do precursor de Pt, o catalisador preparado com ácido cloroplatínico foi sensivelmente mais ativo que os preparados com o complexo aminplatina. No entanto, para todos os catalisadores, a distribuição de produtos em função da conversão foi similar, independente do teor de zeólita e da natureza do precursor de platina. Foi também determinado o ponto de fluidez de uma série de produtos de rea��ão, obtendo-se valores entre 17,5 C (n-hexadecano) e - 41 C (produto com 98% de conversão). Obteve-se uma boa correla��ão entre o ponto de fluidez e a composição dos produtos, considerando-se a presença de isômeros mono, di e tri-substituídos e compostos de menor peso molecular que C16

Comments on the nature of persistence in dendrochronologic records with implications for hydrology and climatology [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Jurate Landwehr discussed the use of surrogate hydrologic records, specifically dendrochronologic records, to study the nature of persistence which is characteristic of hydrologic phenomenon. These proxy records are generally considered to correspond to such hydrologic measures as mean annual discharge but are much longer in length than directly measured hydrologic records. Consequently, they allow one to explore questions pertaining to the structure of candidate stochastic processes with greater validity than permitted by the latter.

A sensitivity analysis of Southwestern climate [abstract and conclusions]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): We provide here an estimate of the extent that modern climate in the southwest US is sensitive to changes in several parameters that reflect global climatic changes. For the purposes of this study, we define modern climate as mean monthly values for the months of February and August (called winter and summer, respectively) of temperature and precipitation, at points representing the average of cells of dimension 7.5' on a side. The area studied surrounds the drainage basin of Death Valley, California.

外源草酸对采后果实的保鲜效应及其生理机理研究

本文以桃(Prunus persica L. cv. Bayuecui.)栽培种‘八月脆’和芒果（Mangifera indica L.）栽培种‘圣心’为材料，研究外源草酸对采后果实的生理生化效应及其作用机理，为果实贮藏保鲜提供新方法。采后桃果实用1、5 mM的草酸溶液浸果10 min，以浸水10 min为对照，然后在常温下贮藏，测定果实在贮藏期间对草酸处理的一些生理生化反应。芒果经采后杀菌剂（post- P）、采后草酸（post-OA���、采前＋采后草酸（pre-OA + post-OA���、采前Ca ＋ 采后草酸处理（pre-Ca + post-OA���处理，以采后浸水为对照，然后分别将果实在常温(25 C)、低温（14 C���和控制性气调（3% CO2 + 2% O2 ，14 ± 1 C���下贮藏，测定草酸处理对芒果的成熟进程、病情发展及其相关生理指标的影响。研究结果表明如下： 1．与对照相比，草酸处理的桃果实在贮藏期间果实的电解质渗漏量和呼吸速率降低、果实硬度高、果实的抗氧化酶（超氧化物岐化酶、SOD;过氧化物酶，POD;过氧化氢酶、CAT;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、APX）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性提高、脂氧合酶（LOX）活性降低。同时，在贮藏后期，果实的活性氧自由基（ROS）产量（超氧阴离子、O2.;过氧化氢、H2O2)和丙二醛（MDA���含量降低。草酸的这些生理效应有利于保持膜的完整性和延缓桃果实的成熟;草酸诱导POD、SOD、PPO活性可能有助于提高采后果实的抗病性。 2．外源5、10 mM浓度的草酸（pH值中和或不中和）对芒果炭疽病原菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）孢子萌发和菌丝生长均表现出显著的抑制作用。这种作用不仅与草酸降低培养基（PDA���的pH值相关，而且与草酸独特的化学特性相关。 3．在常温、低温和控制性气调贮藏下，采后草酸、采前 + 采后草酸、采前Ca + 采后草酸处理均能有效减缓芒果果实的软化速率，延缓芒果的成熟进程，降低芒果的病情指数，同时改善芒果成熟时的表皮着色，对果实完全后熟时的可溶性固形物（SSC���、可滴定酸（TA���含量、果肉口感均没有产生负面的影响。 4．草酸处理增强芒果细胞膜的稳定性，诱导提高芒果抗氧化酶活性，特别是提高果皮SOD、APX活性，降低LOX活性，以及降低果皮O2.、H2O2 和果肉H2O2含量，抑制采后果实的乙烯生物合成。这些生理生化效应与延缓芒果的成熟衰老和提高果实的抗病性相关。 5． 采后草酸、采前 + 采后草酸和采前Ca + 采后草酸处理表现出高效低廉、无毒无副作用、易操作等优点，是芒果采后贮藏保鲜的可供选、具有实际应用前景的新方法。

Land surface hydrology in a general circulation model: global and regional fields needed for validation

For the last two decades most general circulation models (GCMs) have included some kind of surface hydrology submodel. The content of these submodels is becoming increasingly complex and realistic. It is still easy to identify defects in present treatments. Yet, to improve our ability to model the contribution of land hydrology to climate and climate change, we must be concerned not with just the surface hydrology submodel per se, but also with how it works in the overall context of the GCM.

Simulation of recent global temperature trends [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Observations show that global average tropospheric temperatures have been rising during the past century, with the most recent portion of record showing a sharp rise since the mid-1970s.

内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物和群落热值的时空变异研究

第一部分：内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物种群和群落热值的时空变异研究 热值的研究是评价生态系统能量固定、传输和转化的基础，也是评价植物光合作用效率和植物营养值的有用参数。同种植物热值会随着植物部位、光照、养分条件、季节、土壤类型和气候条件的不同而发生变化。不同的种类和类群之间热值也存在差异。本项研究以内蒙古锡林河流域中段草原植物群落为对象，研究了植物种群和群落热值的时空变异规律。 对内蒙古羊草草原群落不同植物种群热值的时问动态研究结果表明，42种植物地上部分的热值在13.16土1.14 kJ.g-l和18.14土0.53 kJ.g-1之间变动，所有物种的平均热值为16.90土0,84 kJ.g-1，种间变异系数4.9%。小叶锦鸡儿(Caraganamicrophylla)具有最高的热值。禾草的平均热值高于杂草。根据生活型和生长型，草本物种被进一步分组，热值从高到低的排列顺序为：高禾草>豆科植物>矮禾草>其余杂草>半灌木>一二年生植物。 主要植物种群地下部分热值的分布范围为15.05-16.41 kJ.g-1。其中根茎型草地下部分热值较高。不同种类植物地下部分热值差异并不与地上部分一致。根茎型禾草地上、地下部分热值差异较小，而须根型植物差异较大。不同种群的植物地上部分热值随植物物候期的不同而波动，其变化规律是与植物种群本身的生物学特性相联系的。不同植物种群热值的年际波动规律有所不同，羊草(Leymuschinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)和洽草(Koeloria cristata)的年际热值波动相关显著，但与生长季降水量和生长季累积日照时数之间无明显相关性。在某种程度上，植物热值的种内变化反映了植物生长状况的差异。 42种植物的热值和它们在群落中的相对生物量存在显著正相关关系。表现为优势种(17.74 kJ.g-1)>伴生种(17.24 kJ．g-l)>偶见种(16.65 kJ.g-1)。高热值的植物更具竞争力，在群落中通常占据优势地位，而低热值的植物竞争力通常较弱，构成草原群落的伴生种或偶见种。 以内蒙古锡林河流域3个草原群落类型（羊草典型草原，大针茅典型草原，羊草草甸草原）的放牧退化梯度系列（包括未退化，轻度退化，中度退化和重度退化4个强度）为研究对象，对主要植物种群和群落热值随草原类型和退化梯度的空间变异规律及热值与其他群落和土壤性质的相关性进行了研究。 结果表明，研究区出现的60个植物种平均热值为17.25土0.92 kJ.g-1，变异系数5.4%．热值大于18.00 kJ.g-1的高能植物包括3种优势高禾草(羊草、大针茅和羽茅(A. sibiricum))和一些有毒植物，热值小于17.00 kJ.g-1的低能值植物包括多数一年生杂草;热值在17.00-18.00 kJ.g-1之间的中能值植物包括大多数多年生杂草和矮禾草。 按照生活型分类，灌木的热值最高，多年生禾草显著高于一二年生植物，半灌木和多年生杂草介于二者之间。按照水分生态类型分类，旱生植物、中旱生、旱中生和中生植物之间在热值上没有明显差异。不同科之间热值存在显著差异，禾本科、豆科、菊科植物热值较高，藜科植物平均热值最低。 二因素方差分析结果表明，主要优势物种热值在不同草原类型之间存在显著差异，表现为羊草草甸草原>羊草典型草原>大针茅典型草原。对于大多数优势禾草，热值没有随退化梯度发生明显变化，洽草(K. cristata)、冰草(A���ctistatum)和所有优势杂草随退化程度的增强热值趋于下降。对于大多数优势物种，热值随不同草原类型的空间变异大于放牧退化所导致的空间变异。 不同草原类型的群落热值为羊草草甸草原>羊草典型草原>大针茅典型草原，群落平均热值表现出随退化强度的增加而下降的趋势，这主要归因于沿退化梯度不同物种构成比例的变化，即随退化程度的加剧，高能值植物在群落中的比例下降。其次是特定物种热值随退化梯度的变化。在同一草原区，放牧对群落热值的影响大于立地条件之间的差异。 群落和主要物种热值均表现出与某些群落特征和土壤性质的相关性。 关键词：内蒙古，锡林河流域，羊草草原;物种和群落热值，时空变异，退化梯度，草原类型，土壤性质 第二部分内蒙古羊草草原17年刈割演替过程中功能群组成动态及其对群落净初级生产力稳定性的影响 基于17年的野外实验数据，研究了内蒙古羊草草原群落刈割演替过程中的功能群组成动态，探索功能群组成变化与群落净初级生产力(ANPP)之间的关系，分析结构参数怎样影响功能参数。结果显示：在17年的割草演替过程中，群落的结构与功能均发生了变化。随着羊草群落刈割演替的进行，群落的功能群组成发生了显著变化，根茎禾草在群落中的优势地位相继被一二年生植物，高丛生禾草，矮丛生禾草所取代。到17年末，群落变成根茎禾草，矮丛生禾草，高丛生禾草共同建群的群落。在对照群落中ANPP与年降水量显著相关，但在刈割群落中二者则不相关。年降水量解释对照群落ANPP变异的62%，而连年的刈割干扰则是刈割群落中ANPP动态的主要驱动因子。群落净初级生产则显出对刈割干扰的抵抗能力，在刈割干扰的前几年，依靠群落内功能群组成的不断调节，保持相对稳定的水平，当刈割进行5年之后，群落结构的变化积累到一定程度，净初级生产迅速下降到一个较低的水平，此后依靠群落结构的不断调节来维持这一功能水平。因此，群落结构是以渐变的方式改变的，而群落功能的下降则是以跃变的形式完成的。群落依赖于结构的不断调整来保持功能的相对稳定，但结构变化到一定程度也会导致功能的衰退。 关键词：内蒙古，羊草草原;刈割演替;功能群组成;净初级生产;群落;稳定性

In vivo and in vitro storage of kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum eggs

Effects of post-ovulatory and post-stripping retention time and temperature on egg viability rates were studied in kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum). Eggs were retained inside (in vivo storage) or outside the ovarian cavity with ovarian fluid (in vitro storage) at various temperatures. Two experiments were performed: 1) Partial volumes of eggs were stripped and fertilized at 24- hour intervals for 96 hours post-ovulation (HPO) (at 11 °C) and at 12-hour intervals for 72 HPO (at 14 °C), and 2) stored eggs were fertilized after 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours post-stripping (HPS) at temperatures of 4, 10, 12, and 26 °C. In the first experiment, the highest eyeing and hatching rates (76% and 60% at 11 °C; 81% and 71% at 14 °C) and the lowest eyed-egg mortalities (20% at 11 °C; 12% at 14 °C) occurred in the eggs fertilized immediately (0–24 HPO at 11 °C and 0–12 HPO at 14 °C) after ovulation. Egg viability, as shown by successful eyeing and hatching rates, was completely lost by 72–96 HPO at 11 °C, and 60–72 HPO at 14 °C. In the second experiment, the maximum eyeing (87%) and hatching (75%) rates of eggs took place at 0 HPS followed by 8 HPS (> 80% and > 70%, respectively) at 4 °C. As storage temperature increased, egg viability decreased: 80%, 70%, and 50% viable at 8 HPS at 4, 10, and 12 °C, respectively. The eggs stored at 26 °C lost their viability almost completely after 4 HPS. Eyed-egg mortality increased from 13% at 0 HPS to 48.2% at 4 HPS at 26°C. These results demonstrate that egg stripping should take place within 168 °C-hours after ovulation and that complete loss of viability of the eggs occurs by 672°C-hours after ovulation. The in vivo storage method is more effective compared to in vitro storage. Also successful in vitro storage of eggs can be used atleast within 8 hours at temperatures ranging from 4 to 12ºC.

黑长臂猿的分布、现状与保护

黑长臂猿(H y lobates concolor) 是现生11 种长臂猿中其系统地位最低的灵长类。历史时期 长臂猿曾广泛分布在我国南部的大部省区。自公元4 世纪以来, 它们的分布发生了很大变化。分 布区从北到南, 从东到西急剧缩小, 现黑长臂猿缩小到只在海南岛、云南南部和越南北部, 已 分化为6 个亚种。分布于我国的5 亚种中, 海南亚种(H. c. hainanus) 现今仅20 余只, 是最 濒危的一个亚种; . 北部湾亚种(H. c. nasu tus) 50 年代曾在广西西南部发现, 60- 70 年代已绝 迹; 指名亚种(H. c. concolor) 主要分布于越南北部、滇南和滇中哀牢山。滇南约有100 余只, 滇中哀牢山可能有40- 60 群, 180- 240 只; 景东亚种(H. c. j ing d ong ensis) 为滇中无量山的 特有亚种, 现有100- 116 群, 430- 500 只; 滇西亚种(H. c. f u rvog aster) , 只分布在滇西南的 沧源、镇康、云县和耿马等地, 约有26- 42 群, 100- 150 只。现今, 黑长臂猿的分布区已不足 1 000Km 2, 总数量约1 000 只, 为高度濒危的灵长类动物。造成黑长臂猿濒危的主要原因是: 热 带和南亚热带原始森林的被破坏和缩小、人类活动的干扰使生境破碎和恶化、过度猎捕和长臂 猿自身的生物学弱点。目前, 中国的黑长臂猿已在9 个自然保护区中得到保护。