1000 resultados para Líquido iônico. Tetrafluoroborato. 1-metilimidazol. Produção de hidrogênio


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Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um equipamento de desbastamento iônico aplicado ao afinamento de amostras para análise com a técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). A técnica de MET é uma das mais importantes para a caracterização da microestrutura de praticamente todas as classes de materiais sólidos. Contudo, esta técnica requer amostras suficientemente finas (espessuras típicas da ordem de 100 nm) para que os elétrons transmitidos proporcionem informação relevante da microestrutura. Com exceção do sistema de vácuo, todos os demais componentes do equipamento (fonte de íons, câmara de vácuo, fonte de alta tensão e suporte mecânico das amostras) foram construídos na UFRGS. O equipamento foi testado através da preparação de amostras de silício. As amostras obtidas apresentam áreas de observação amplas e suficientemente finas permitindo uma caracterização microestrutural detalhada mesmo com feixes de elétrons acelerados com potencial de 120 kV. Além disso, os valores de taxa de desbaste em torno de 1,5 mm/h foram obtidos em amostras bombardeadas com íons de Ar+ acelerados com um potencial de 6 kV. Tais resultados mostram que o equipamento tem uma performance semelhante a um equipamento comercial A segunda contribuição do trabalho foi a de introduzir um estudo sistemático sobre a formação de camadas amorfas e a produção de átomos auto intersticiais dentro da região cristalina das amostras de silício. Trata-se de um assunto atual pois tais efeitos ainda não são bem conhecidos. Apesar do estudo ter sido realizado em um material específico (Si), os resultados obtidos podem ser aproveitados como modelo para outros materiais. A formação de camadas amorfas foi caracterizada em função dos parâmetros: ângulo de incidência e energia do feixe de íons de Ar+ e temperatura da amostra durante a irradiação. A produção e/ou injeção de átomos auto intersticiais na região cristalina foi estudada em função do ângulo de incidência e da energia do feixe de íons. Os resultados mostram que a espessura da camada amorfa cresce com o aumento da energia e do ângulo de incidência do feixe e com a diminuição da temperatura do alvo. A taxa de produção de átomos intersticiais dentro da região cristalina apresenta um máximo para ângulos em torno de 15° independentemente da energia do feixe de íons.

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Pelo fato de algumas gramíneas nativas apresentarem um bom valor forrageiro objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar a dinâmica do crescimento de algumas espécies: Paspalum notatum ecótipos André da Rocha e Comum, P. pauciciliatum, P. lividum, e Axonopus catharinensis, relacionada com as suas características morfogenéticas. O solo foi corrigido de acordo com análise do solo e a adubação nitrogenada foi aplicada para otimizar a disponibilidade deste elemento. Os parâmetros estudados foram: produção de matéria seca verde (MSV), de lâminas foliares, bainhas foliares, colmo e inflorescências, material morto e outras espécies. O filocrono foi menor para o ecótipo André da Rocha no período de primavera e inverno-primavera, sendo o ecótipo Comum no período de verão. A duração de vida da folha, elongação e senescência foliar têm uma grande variabilidade entre os materiais, com grande influência da época do ano, notadamente o outono, quando todos materiais diminuem seu ritmo de crescimento. Axonopus pode ter maior período de acúmulo pois uma senescência significativa ocorre posteriormente aos materiais do gênero Paspalum e apresenta alta duração de vida da folha (> 1.000 GD). Produções ao redor de 10 t/ha de MSV foram alcançadas. Axonopus foi mais produtivo tanto em MSV quanto lâminas foliares. P. pauciciliatum teve um intenso florescimento que dificulta o manejo. P. notatum Comum permitiu o maior crescimento de espécies invasoras. Axonopus permite um maior período de acúmulo líquido de folhas e 400 GD é o limite máximo para o corte dos materiais do gênero Paspalum. Ocorre uma grande estacionalidade da produção nos materiais do gênero Paspalum. Todos os materiais avaliados apresentam um grande potencial de uso como espécie forrageira, podendo ser recomendadas para o plantio, porém com maiores cuidados no manejo do Pauciciliatum.

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Este estudo objetivou demonstrar que é possível explicar os fenômenos que ocorrem na criação de frangos de corte através de redes neurais artificiais. A estatística descritiva e a diferença entre as médias das variáveis dos dados iniciais foram calculadas com o programa computacional SigmaStat® Statistical Software para Windows 2.03. Foi utilizada uma série histórica de dados de produção de frangos de corte, obtidos nos anos de 2001 e 2002, fornecidos por uma Integração Avícola do Rio Grande do Sul, contendo informações de 1.516 criadores com lotes alojados em 2001 e 889 criadores com lotes alojados em 2002. Nos arquivos estavam registrados, para cada lote, suas variáveis de produção, tais como número do lote, data do alojamento, data do abate, idade ao abate, número de pintos alojados, quilogramas de ração consumidos, quilogramas de frangos produzidos, número de aves abatidas, custo do frango produzido, mortalidade, peso médio, ganho de peso diário, índice de conversão alimentar, índice de eficiência, quilogramas líquido de frangos, quilogramas de ração inicial, quilogramas de ração crescimento, quilogramas de ração abate, além de outros. Para a construção das redes neurais artificiais foi utilizado o programa computacional NeuroShell®Predictor, desenvolvido pela Ward Systems Group. Ao programa foi identificado as variáveis escolhidas como “entradas” para o cálculo do modelo preditivo e a variável de “saída” aquela a ser predita. Para o treinamento das redes foram usados 1.000 criadores do banco de dados do alojamento de frangos de corte de 2001. Os restantes 516 criadores de 2001 e todos os 889 criadores de 2002 serviram para a validação das predições, os quais não participaram da etapa de aprendizagem, sendo totalmente desconhecidos pelo programa. Foram gerados 20 modelos na fase de treinamento das redes neurais artificiais, com distintos parâmetros de produção ou variáveis (saídas). Em todos estes modelos, as redes neurais artificiais geradas foram bem ajustadas apresentando sempre, um Coeficiente de Determinação Múltipla (R²) elevado e o menor Quadrado Médio do Erro (QME). Ressalta-se que o R² perfeito é 1 e um coeficiente muito bom deve estar próximo de 1. Todos os 20 modelos, quando validados com os 516 lotes de 2001 e com 889 de 2002, apresentaram também Coeficientes de Determinação Múltipla (R²) elevados e muito próximos de 1, além de apresentarem o Quadrado Médio do Erro (QME) e Erro Médio reduzidos. Foi comprovado não haver diferenças significativas entre as médias dos valores preditos e as médias dos valores reais, em todas as validações efetuadas nos lotes abatidos em 2001 e em 2002, quando aplicados os 20 modelos de redes neurais gerados. Como conclusão, as redes neurais artificiais foram capazes de explicar os fenômenos envolvidos com a produção industrial de frangos de corte. A técnica oferece critérios objetivos, gerados cientificamente, que embasarão as decisões dos responsáveis pela produção industrial de frangos de corte.Também permite realizar simulações e medir a contribuição de cada variável no fenômeno em estudo.

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Metarhizium anisopliae é um fungo cosmopolita com capacidade de infectar uma grande variedade de hospedeiros, estando entre eles o carrapato Boophilus microplus. A penetração de M. anisopliae em seus hospedeiros ocorre de forma ativa onde a cutícula constitui a principal barreira. A penetração é um processo multifatorial, porém, o emprego de pressão mecânica e a secreção de enzimas hidrolíticas parecem ser fundamentais para o seu sucesso. M. anisopliae, quando cultivado em meios com fontes de carbono que mimetizam a cutícula de seus hospedeiros, secreta enzimas como proteases, quitinases e lipases. Atualmente, o emprego de técnicas que identificam genes diferencialmente expressos (RDA) mostrou o possível envolvimento de outras enzimas, como as β-glicanases, durante o processo de penetração. A descoberta da ocorrência de modificações morfológicas como espessamento e perda da definição da parede celular nas extremidades das hifas que penetram na cutícula do carrapato sustentam ainda mais o possível envolvimento de enzimas que degradam as β-glicanas nas etapas iniciais da infecção. Neste trabalho, foi investigada a produção de β-1,3- glicanases pela linhagem E6 de M. anisopliae como também, buscou-se purificar as enzimas produzidas. A síntese e secreção de β-1,3-glicanases foram verificadas em meio contendo diferentes fontes de carbono sendo a secreção diferenciada dependendo da condição testada. A utilização de glicose em determinadas concentrações pareceu inibir a secreção enzimática. Duas das condições testadas, N-acetilglicosamina (NAG) 0,5% e parede celular de Rizoctonia solani 0,5%, foram utilizadas para a produção enzimática em larga escala. O sobrenadante dos cultivos em fermentador foi submetido ao processo de purificação que constou de três etapas: concentração por ultrafiltração com membrana de celulose regenerada, aplicação em coluna de troca iônica QSepharose Fast Flow e aplicação em coluna de filtração em gel Superdex 75. O emprego deste protocolo permitiu a purificação parcial de uma β-1,3-glicanase com aproximadamente 95kDa, secretada durante a fermentação em presença de parede celular de Rizoctonia solani, e de outra, com aparentemente a mesma massa molecular secretada em fermentação utilizando NAG 0,5% como fonte de carbono. Durante este trabalho, também foi confirmada a presença de pelo menos um gene que codifica uma exo-β-1,3-glicanase no genoma da linhagem E6 de M. anisopliae. Por fim, o estudo das β-1,3 glicanases em M. anisopliae é justificado pela importância destas enzimas em variados aspectos do desenvolvimento do fungo bem como, pelo seu possível envolvimento na infecção de hospedeiros.

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The liquid of the rind of green coconut (LCCV), an effluent stream from the industrial processing of green coconut rind, is rich in sugars and is a suitable feedstock for fermentation. The first step of this study was to evaluate the potential of natural fermentation of LCCV. As the literature did not provide any information about LCCV and due to the difficulty of working with such an organic effluent, the second step was to characterize the LCCV and to develop a synthetic medium to explore its potential as a bioprocess diluent. The third step was to evaluate the influence of initial condensed and hydrolysable tannins on alcoholic fermentation. The last step of this work was divided into several stages: in particular to evaluate (1) the influence of the inoculum, temperature and agitation on the fermentation process, (2) the carbon source and the use of LCCV as diluent, (3) the differences between natural and synthetic fermentation of LCCV, in order to determine the best process conditions. Characterization of LCCV included analyses of the physico-chemical properties as well as the content of DQO, DBO and series of solids. Fermentation was carried out in bench-scale bioreactors using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as inoculum, at a working volume of 5L and using 0.30% of soy oil as antifoam. During fermentations, the effects of different initial sugars concentrations (10 - 20%), yeast concentrations (5 and 7.5%), temperatures (30 - 50°C) and agitation rates (400 and 500 rpm) on pH/sugars profiles and ethanol production were evaluated. The characterization of LCCV demonstrated the complexity and variability of the liquid. The best conditions for ethanol conversion were (1) media containing 15% of sugar; (2) 7.5% yeast inoculum; (3) temperature set point of 40°C and (4) an agitation rate of 500 rpm, which resulted in an ethanol conversion rate of 98% after 6 hours of process. A statistical comparison of results from natural and synthetic fermentation of LCCV showed that both processes are similar

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Environmental sustainability has become one of the topics of greatest interest in industry, mainly due to effluent generation. Phenols are found in many industries effluents, these industries might be refineries, coal processing, pharmaceutical, plastics, paints and paper and pulp industries. Because phenolic compounds are toxic to humans and aquatic organisms, Federal Resolution CONAMA No. 430 of 13.05.2011 limits the maximum content of phenols, in 0.5 mg.L-1, for release in freshwater bodies. In the effluents treatment, the liquid-liquid extraction process is the most economical for the phenol recovery, because consumes little energy, but in most cases implements an organic solvent, and the use of it can cause some environmental problems due to the high toxicity of this compound. Because of this, exists a need for new methodologies, which aims to replace these solvents for biodegradable ones. Some literature studies demonstrate the feasibility of phenolic compounds removing from aqueous effluents, by biodegradable solvents. In this extraction kind called "Cloud Point Extraction" is used a nonionic surfactant as extracting agent of phenolic compounds. In order to optimize the phenol extraction process, this paper studies the mathematical modeling and optimization of extraction parameters and investigates the effect of the independent variables in the process. A 32 full factorial design has been done with operating temperature and surfactant concentration as independent variables and, parameters extraction: Volumetric fraction of coacervate phase, surfactant and residual concentration of phenol in dilute phase after separation phase and phenol extraction efficiency, as dependent variables. To achieve the objectives presented before, the work was carried out in five steps: (i) selection of some literature data, (ii) use of Box-Behnken model to find out mathematical models that describes the process of phenol extraction, (iii) Data analysis were performed using STATISTICA 7.0 and the analysis of variance was used to assess the model significance and prediction (iv) models optimization using the response surface method (v) Mathematical models validation using additional measures, from samples different from the ones used to construct the model. The results showed that the mathematical models found are able to calculate the effect of the surfactant concentration and the operating temperature in each extraction parameter studied, respecting the boundaries used. The models optimization allowed the achievement of consistent and applicable results in a simple and quick way leading to high efficiency in process operation.

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The need for new sources of energy and the concern about the environment have pushed the search for renewable energy sources such as ethanol. The use of lignocellulosic biomass as substrate appears as an important alternative because of the abundance of this raw material and for it does not compete with food production. However, the process still meets difficulties of implementation, including the cost for production of enzymes that degrade cellulose to fermentable sugars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the species of cactus pear Opuntia ficus indica and Nopalea cochenillifera, commonly found in northeastern Brazil, as raw materials for the production of: 1) cellulosic ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process, using two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2 and LNF CA-11), and 2) cellulolytic enzymes by semi-solid state fermentation (SSSF) using the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Before alcoholic fermentation process, the material was conditioned and pretreated by three different strategies: alkaline hydrogen peroxide, alkaline using NaOH and acid using H2SO4 followed by alkaline delignification with NaOH. Analysis of composition, crystallinity and enzymatic digestibility were carried out with the material before and after pretreatment. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images were used to compare qualitatively the material and observe the effects of pretreatments. An experimental design 2² with triplicate at the central point was used to evaluate the influence of temperature (30, 40 and 45 °C) and the initial charge of substrate (3, 4 and 5% cellulose) in the SSF process using the material obtained through the best condition and testing both strains of S. cerevisiae, one of them flocculent (LNF CA-11). For cellulase production, the filamentous fungus P. chrysogenum was tested with N. cochenillifera in the raw condition (without pretreatment) and pretrated hydrothermically, varying the pH of the fermentative medium (3, 5 and 7). The characterization of cactus pear resulted in 31.55% cellulose, 17.12% hemicellulose and 10.25% lignin for N. cochenillifera and 34.86% cellulose, 19.97% hemicellulose and 15.72% lignin for O. ficus indica. It has also been determined, to N. cochenillifera and O. ficus indica, the content of pectin (5.44% and 5.55% of calcium pectate, respectively), extractives (26.90% and 9.69%, respectively) and ashes (5.40% and 5.95%). Pretreatment using alkaline hydrogen peroxide resulted in the best cellulose recovery results (86.16% for N. cochenillifera and 93.59% for O. ficus indica) and delignification (48.79% and 23.84% for N. cochenillifera and O. ficus indica, respectively). This pretreatment was also the only one which did not increase the crystallinity index of the samples, in the case of O. ficus indica. However, when analyzing the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose, alkali pretreatment was the one which showed the best yields and therefore it was chosen for the tests in SSF. The experiments showed higher yield of conversion of cellulose to ethanol by PE-2 strain using the pretreated N. cochenillifera (93.81%) at 40 °C using 4% initial charge of cellulose. N. cochenillifera gave better yields than O. ficus indica and PE-2 strain showed better performance than CA-11. N. cochenillifera proved to be a substrate that can be used in the SSSF for enzymes production, reaching values of 1.00 U/g of CMCase and 0.85 FPU/g. The pretreatment was not effective to increase the enzymatic activity values

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Rio Grande do Norte, northeast state from Brazil, it is the greatest producer and exporter of yellow melon, well known as Spanish melon. Despite the consumption of this fruit to be mainly its pulp, melon seeds are an important source of lipids considered an industrial residue it has been discharge product. The use of oilseeds in order to produce biodiesel establishes an important raw material and the increase of its production promotes the national development of the agriculture. In this background, the aim of this work has been to use oil from seeds of yellow melon to produce biodiesel and to accomplish a study of the phase equilibrium of the system evolving biodiesel, methanol and glycerin. The biodiesel was obtained by oil transesterification through methylic route with molar ratio 1:9.7 (oil:alcohol) and with a mass of NaOH of 0.5% from the oil mass; the reaction time was 73 minutes at 55 °C. A yield of 84.94% in biodiesel was achieved. The equilibria data present a well-characterized behavior with a great region of two phases. The tie lines indicate that methanol has a best solubility in the phase that is rich in glycerin. Consistency of the experimental data was made based on Othmer-Tobias and Hand correlations which values above 0.99 were found to correlation coefficients, this fact confers a good thermodynamic consistency to the experimental data. NRTL and UNIQUAC models were employed to predict liquid-liquid equilibrium of this system. It was observed a better concordance of the results when NRTL was applied (standard deviation 1.25%) although the UNIQUAC model has presented a quite satisfactory result either (standard deviation 2.70%). The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were also used to evaluate the effect of temperature in the range of 328 K to 358 K, in which a little change in solubility with respect to the data obtained at 298 K was observed, thus being considered negligible the effect of temperature

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Innovative technologies using surfactant materials have applicability in several industrial fields, including petroleum and gas areas. This study seeks to investigate the use of a surfactant derived from coconut oil (SCO saponified coconut oil) in the recovery process of organic compounds that are present in oily effluents from petroleum industry. For this end, experiments were accomplished in a column of small dimension objectifying to verify the influence of the surfactant SCO in the efficiency of oil removal. This way, they were prepared emulsions with amount it fastens of oil (50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm), being determined the great concentrations of surfactant for each one of them. Some rehearsals were still accomplished with produced water of the industry of the petroleum to compare the result with the one of the emulsions. According to the experiments, it was verified that an increase of the surfactant concentration does not implicate in a greater oil removal. The separation process use gaseous bubbles formed when a gas stream pass a liquid column, when low surfactant concentrations are used, it occurs the coalescence of the dispersed oil droplets and their transport to the top of the column, forming a new continuous phase. Such surfactants lead to a gas-liquid interface saturation, depending on the used surfactant concentration, affecting the flotation process and influencing in the removal capacity of the oily dispersed phase. A porous plate filter, with pore size varying from 40 to 250 mm, was placed at the base of the column to allow a hydrodynamic stable operation. During the experimental procedures, the operating volume of phase liquid was held constant and the rate of air flow varied in each experiment. The resulting experimental of the study hydrodynamic demonstrated what the capturing of the oil was influenced by diameter of the bubbles and air flow. With the increase flow of 300 about to 900 cm3.min-1, occurred an increase in the removal of oil phase of 44% about to 66% and the removal kinetic of oil was defined as a reaction of 1° order

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The nonionic surfactants when in aqueous solution, have the property of separating into two phases, one called diluted phase, with low concentration of surfactant, and the other one rich in surfactants called coacervate. The application of this kind of surfactant in extraction processes from aqueous solutions has been increasing over time, which implies the need for knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of these surfactants. In this study were determined the cloud point of polyethoxylated surfactants from nonilphenolpolietoxylated family (9,5 , 10 , 11, 12 and 13), the family from octilphenolpolietoxylated (10 e 11) and polyethoxylated lauryl alcohol (6 , 7, 8 and 9) varying the degree of ethoxylation. The method used to determine the cloud point was the observation of the turbidity of the solution heating to a ramp of 0.1 ° C / minute and for the pressure studies was used a cell high-pressure maximum ( 300 bar). Through the experimental data of the studied surfactants were used to the Flory - Huggins models, UNIQUAC and NRTL to describe the curves of cloud point, and it was studied the influence of NaCl concentration and pressure of the systems in the cloud point. This last parameter is important for the processes of oil recovery in which surfactant in solution are used in high pressures. While the effect of NaCl allows obtaining cloud points for temperatures closer to the room temperature, it is possible to use in processes without temperature control. The numerical method used to adjust the parameters was the Levenberg - Marquardt. For the model Flory- Huggins parameter settings were determined as enthalpy of the mixing, mixing entropy and the number of aggregations. For the UNIQUAC and NRTL models were adjusted interaction parameters aij using a quadratic dependence with temperature. The parameters obtained had good adjust to the experimental data RSMD < 0.3 %. The results showed that both, ethoxylation degree and pressure increase the cloudy points, whereas the NaCl decrease

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Innovative technologies using surfactant materials have applicability in several industrial fields, including petroleum and gas areas. This study seeks to investigate the use of a surfactant derived from coconut oil (SCO saponified coconut oil) in the recovery process of organic compounds that are present in oily effluents from petroleum industry. For this end, experiments were accomplished in a column of small dimension objectifying to verify the influence of the surfactant SCO in the efficiency of oil removal. This way, they were prepared emulsions with amount it fastens of oil (50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm), being determined the great concentrations of surfactant for each one of them. Some rehearsals were still accomplished with produced water of the industry of the petroleum to compare the result with the one of the emulsions. According to the experiments, it was verified that an increase of the surfactant concentration does not implicate in a greater oil removal. The separation process use gaseous bubbles formed when a gas stream pass a liquid column, when low surfactant concentrations are used, it occurs the coalescence of the dispersed oil droplets and their transport to the top of the column, forming a new continuous phase. Such surfactants lead to a gas-liquid interface saturation, depending on the used surfactant concentration, affecting the flotation process and influencing in the removal capacity of the oily dispersed phase. A porous plate filter, with pore size varying from 40 to 250 mm, was placed at the base of the column to allow a hydrodynamic stable operation. During the experimental procedures, the operating volume of phase liquid was held constant and the rate of air flow varied in each experiment. The resulting experimental of the study hydrodynamic demonstrated what the capturing of the oil was influenced by diameter of the bubbles and air flow. With the increase flow of 300 about to 900 cm3.min-1, occurred an increase in the removal of oil phase of 44% about to 66% and the removal kinetic of oil was defined as a reaction of 1° order.

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Effect of fermentation parameters on ethanol production from cassava liquid residue (manipueira). "Manipueira", a liquid residue from the processing of cassava starch and flour, has recognized high pollution potential. Aiming at a possible use of "manipueira" as raw material for ethanol production, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the percentage of inoculated yeast and fermentation temperature on the chromatographic profile of the components of wine of "manipueira". The residue was characterized for starch and sugar content, as well as pH and total acidity. The residue was hydrolyzed by the action of enzymes Termamyl 120 L and AMG 300 L. The hydrolysate obtained was fermented under different experimental conditions. A factorial central composite design (2(2)) with two independent variables and the response surface methodology were used to evaluate the results. The results showed a significant effect of variable parameters on the components of wine. The conditions of low fermentation temperature and lower percentages of inoculated yeast were the most appropriate to obtain ethanol from "manipueira".

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)