985 resultados para J.P. Morgan
Resumo:
Sommaren 1788 drabbades den svenska flottan av en svrartad febersjukdom. Febern, som senare definierats som febris recurrens el. terfallsfeber, hade sitt ursprung i den ryska flottan. Besttningen ombord skeppet Vladislav, krigsbytet frn slaget vid Hogland, bar p ett stort antal smittade kldlss. Efter flottans ankomst till Sveaborg spred sig sjukdomen snabbt bland manskapet, men ven bland fstningens garnison. Frhllandena inom militren, bde inom lantarmn och framfr allt inom flottan, var gynnsamma fr epidemiers spridning. De trnga utrymmena, den ensidiga kosten, det undermliga dricksvattnet, den bristande hygienen: allt gynnade uppkomsten och spridningen av olika epidemier. Manskapets frsmrade allmntillstnd gjorde, att sjukdomarna blev mera frdande n vad de i andra frhllanden skulle ha varit. Bristen p manskap och material under Gustav III:s ryska krig var enormt, bl.a. var bristen p medicinsk personal och -utrustning skriande. D flottan och armn drabbades av en epidemi av katastrofala dimensioner stod myndigheterna hjlplsa. Epidemin visaqr tydligt hur illa frberett hela kriget var och hur missktt flottans sjukvrd var. P Sveaborg var frhllandena fruktansvrda. Halva garnisonen uppges ha avlidit, och det lg travar av lik verallt. Kaserner m.fl. byggnader adapterades till provisoriska lasarett och det rdde brist p allt. De medicinska myndigheterna representerades av den till fstningen skickade andra fltlkaren, som tillsammans med lkarna p fstningen gjorde sitt bsta i enlighet med tidens vrdmetoder. D den svenska rlogsflottan i november seglat ver tilll Karlskrona spred sig epidemin i staden. Sjukdomen grasserade ocks bland de civila. D sjukdomens orsak och utbredningsstt var oknda, kunde man varken hindra epidemin frn att spridas eller genomfra adekvata vrdmetoder. Tvrtom, med de hemfrlovade btsmnnen spred sig sjukdomen ven till de vriga delarna av riket. Under 1789 var flottan p.g.a. de mnga sjukdomsfallen nrmast operationsoduglig. Under vrvintern och vren 1790 avtog epidemin. Epidemin var ett svrt medicinskt problem. Fr att utreda situationen i Karlskrona skickade den tillfrordnade regeringen, utredningskommissionen och Collegium medicum sina egna representanter till staden. De olika lkarnas sjukdomssyner grundade sig frmst p tron om sjukdomars uppkomst genom miasma och frbttrandet av luftkvaliteten sgs som en vsentlig vrdform. I arbetet jmfrs de olika myndigheternas och ngra av de p platsen varande lkarnas syn p sjukdomens art, dess orsaker och ursprung. De flesta hrleder sjukdomen till den ryska flottan, och nmner ngon form av smitta. Som frmsta sjukdomsorsak nmns dock miasma och de rekommenderade vrdformerna representerade den humoralpatologiska synen. Frste amiralitetslkaren Arvid Faxe representerar dock en annan sikt, i det att han enbart tror p sjukdomens verfring via smitta. Epidemin var ocks ett politiskt problem. Epidemin var en lokal angelgenhet nda till dess att flottans operationer hmmades av manskapsbristen, varefter den blev ett rende p hgsta niv. Kungen ingrep sommaren 1789 genom att grunda en kommision med rtt vidstrckta befogenheter. I Karlskrona verkar de militra myndigheterna och lkarna ha misstrott och skuldsatt varandra fr katastrofen, och frhllandet mellan de till staden snda utredarna och militrerna var likas inflammerat. Genom kllorna terspeglas rivalitet, avund och inbrdes konkurrens. Personalbristen var svr, och den skyldiga sktes utanfr den egna kretsen. Den danskfdde apotekaren med sina pstott otjnliga mediciner blev en ypperlig syndabock. rlogsflottan berknas i sjukdomar ha frlorat omkring 10.000 man i dda, huvudsakligen i Karlskrona (civila inberknade). Armn och Skrgrdsflottan uppges likadeles ha mist omkring 10.000 man, medan antalet i strid stupade armsoldater endast var ca 1500. Sammanlagt antas allts ca 20.000 mnniskor ha mist livet; bde i terfallsfeber, men ven i andra, samtidigt grasserande farsoter. I denna siffra r inte de vriga delarna av riket inberknade. Epidemin i frga kan allts p goda grunder anses vara det svenska 1700-talets strsta medicinska katastrof.
Resumo:
Abstract Microbial transformation of N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine (DMPDA), a microbial product formed from the fungicide fenaminosulf (p-dimethylaminobenzenediazo sodium sulfonate) was studied by enriching microbes in soils treated with the amine. Microorganisms isolated from DMPDA-treated soil belonged to the genera of Micrococcus, Alcaligenes, and Corynebacterium. Of the various isolates, Alcaligenes DM4 showed maximal growth on DMPDA utilizing it as sources of carbon and nitrogen. When grown in mineral salts basal medium containing 0.05% DMPDA to serve as carbon and nitrogen sources, Alcaligenes DM4 grew exponentially up to 18 h. Even though the characterization of the complete pathway of microbial degradation of DMPDA could not be carried out due to the auto-oxidation of the compound, the initial transformation product of DMPDA by Alcaligenes DM4 has been identified as a dimer. The dimer is generated into the culture medium presumably by the extra-cellular oxidase of Alcaligenes DM4. It is suggested that the risk-benefit evaluation on the use of fenaminosulf is to be made taking into consideration the microbial transformations of the fungicide.
Resumo:
The objective of my dissertation Pull (or Draught, or Moves) at the Parnassus , is to provide a deeper understanding of Nordic Middle Class radicalism of the 1960 s as featured in Finland-Swedish literature. My approach is cultural materialist in a broad sense; social class is regarded a crucial aspect of the contents and contexts of the novels and literary discussions explored. In the first volume, Middle Class With A Human Face , novels by Christer Kihlman, Jarl Sjblom, Marianne Alopaeus, and Ulla-Lena Lundberg, respectively, are read from the points of view of place, emotion, and power. The term "cryptotope" is used to designate the hidden places found to play an important role in all of these four narratives. Also, the "chronotope of the provincial small town", described by Mikhail Bakhtin in 1938, is exemplified in Kihlman s satirical novel, as is the chronotope of of war (Algeria, Vietnam) in those of Alopaeus and Lundberg s. All the four novels signal changes in the way general "scripts of emotions", e.g. jealousy, are handled and described. The power relations in the novels are also read, with reference to Michel Foucault. As the protagonists in two of them work as journalists, a critical discussion about media and Bourgeois hegemony is found; the term "repressive legitimation" is created to grasp these patterns of manipulation. The Modernist Debate , part II of the study, concerns a literary discussion between mainly Finland-Swedish authors and critics. Essayist Johannes Salminen (40) provided much of the fuel for the debate in 1963, questioning the relevance to contemporary life of the Finland-Swedish modernist tradition of the 1910 s and 1920 s. In 1965, a group of younger authors and critics, including poet Claes Andersson (28), followed up this critique in a debate taking place mainly in the newspaper Vasabladet. Poets Rabbe Enckell (62), Bo Carpelan (39) and others defended a timeless poetry. This debate is contextualized and the changing literary field is analyzed using concepts provided by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. In the thesis, the historical moment of Middle Class radicalism with a human face is regarded a temporary luxury that new social groups could afford themselves, as long as they were knocking over the statues and symbols of the Old Bourgeoisie. This is not to say that all components of the Sixties strategy have lost their power. Some of them have survived and even grown, others remain latent in the gene bank of utopias, waiting for new moments of change.
Resumo:
Thioacetamide, a hepatocarcinogen and an inhibitor of heme synthesis, blocks the phenobarbitone- mediated increase in the transcription of cytochrome P-450b+e messenger RNA in rat liver. This property is also shared by CoCl, and 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole, two other inhibitors of heme synthesis. Thus, it appears feasible that heme may serve as a positive regulator of cytochrome P-450b+e gene transcription. Thioacetamide enhances albumin messenger RNA concentration, whereas phenobarbitone decreases the same. However, these changes in albumin messenger RNA concentration are not accompanied by corresponding changes in the transcription rates. Therefore, drug-mediated changes in albumin messenger RNA concentration are due to posttranscriptional regulation. The property of thioacetamide to enhance the albumin messenger RNA concentration is not shared by CoC1, and 3-amino- 1,2,4-triazole. Therefore, heme does not appear to be a regulatory molecule mediating the reciprocal changes brought about in the concentrations of cytochrome P-450b+e and albumin messenger RNAs.
Resumo:
Two species of root-lesion nematode (predominantly Pratylenchus thornei but also P. neglectus) are widespread pathogens of wheat and other crops in Australia's northern grain belt, a subtropical region with deep, fertile clay soils and a summer-dominant rainfall pattern. Losses in grain yield from P. thornei can be as high as 70% for intolerant wheat cultivars. This review focuses on research which has led to the development of effective integrated management programs for these nematodes. It highlights the importance of correct identification in managing Pratylenchus species, reviews the plant breeding work done in developing tolerant and resistant cultivars, outlines the methods used to screen for tolerance and resistance, and discusses how planned crop sequencing with tolerant and partially resistant wheat cultivars, together with crops such as sorghum, sunflower, millets and canaryseed, can be used to reduce nematode populations and limit crop damage. The declining levels of soil organic matter in cropped soils are also discussed with reference to their effect on soil health and biological suppression of root-lesion nematodes.
Resumo:
The dissertation presents a functional model for analysis of song translation. The model is developed on the basis of an examination of theatrical songs and a comparison of three translations: the songs of the Broadway musical My Fair Lady (Lerner and Loewe, 1956), made for the premiere productions (19591960) in Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian. The analysis explores the three challenges of a song translator: the fitting of a text to existing music, the consideration of a prospective sung performance, and the verbal approximation of the content of the source lyric. The theoretical foundation is based on a functional approach to translation studies (Christiane Nord) and a structuralist/semiotic analysis of a theatrical message (Ivo Osolsob, building on Roman Jakobson). Thus, three functional levels in the fitting of a text to music are explored: first, a prosodic/phonetic format; secondly, a poetic/rhetoric format; and thirdly, semantic/reflexive values (verbalizing musical expression). Similarly, three functional levels in the textual connections to a prospective performance are explored: first, a presentational goal; secondly, the theatrical potential; and thirdly, dramaturgic values (for example dramatic information and linguistic register). The functionality of Broadway musical theatre songs is analyzed, and the song score of My Fair Lady, source and target lyrics, is studied, with an in-depth analysis of seven of the songs. The three translations were all considered very well-made and are used in productions of the musical to this day. The study finds that the song translators appear to have worked from an understanding of the presentational goal, designed their target texts on the prosodic and poetic shape of the music, and pursued the theatrical functionality of the song, not by copying, but by recreating connections to relevant contexts, partly independently of the source lyrics, using the resources of the target languages. Besides metaphrases (closest possible transfer), paraphrases and additions seem normally to be expected in song translation, but song translators may also follow highly individual strategies for example, the Norwegian translator is consistently more verbally faithful than the Danish and Swedish translators. As a conclusion, it is suggested that although linguistic and cultural difference play a significant role, a translators solution must nevertheless be arrived at, and assessed, in relation to the song as a multimedial piece of material. As far as a song can be considered a theatrical message singers representing the voice, person, and situation of the song the descriptive model presented in the study is also applicable to the translation of other types of song.
Resumo:
Tm pro gradu -tutkielma on tehty osana Svenska i toppen -projektia, joka alkoi syksyll 2008 Pohjoismaisten kielten ja pohjoismaisen kirjallisuuden laitoksella. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvitt, mitk tekijt vaikuttavat lukiolaisten nkkulmasta hyvien tulosten saavuttamiseen ruotsin ylioppilaskirjoituksissa kolmessa suomenkielisess lukiossa, jotka sijaitsevat Turun, Tampereen ja Joensuun seuduilla. Lisksi tavoitteena on selvitt, miten maantieteelliset tekijt vaikuttavat opiskelijoiden ruotsin kielen osaamiseen sek mit eroja on keskipitkn ja pitkn ruotsin oppimrn opiskelijoiden asenteissa kielt kohtaan. Tutkielman aineistona on kolme ryhmhaastattelua, joihin on osallistunut 14 lukiolaista, 11 tytt ja 3 poikaa. Haastattelut on tehty joulukuussa 2008 sek tammi- ja maaliskuussa 2009. Haastatteluissa on kytetty strukturoitua kyselylomaketta, jossa kysytn opiskelijoiden nkemyksi ruotsin opiskelusta. Tutkimusmenetelmn on kvalitatiivinen tutkimusote, jossa on piirteit kolmesta eri menetelmst: tapaustutkimuksesta, etnografisesta tutkimuksesta sek temaattisesta analyysist. Trkeimpn teoriataustana on ruotsi toisena kielen -tutkimus, oppiminen sosiokonstruktivistisena ilmin sek motivaatiotutkimus. Tarkastelen kielenoppijaa luokkahuoneessa sosiaalisena osallistujana omassa oppimisprosessissaan. Oppiminen nhdn kokonaisuutena, johon kuuluu eri osa-alueita, esimerkiksi koulujen kytnnt, yhteisn vaikutus oppimiseen sek opiskelijan identiteetin muokkautuminen kouluyhteisss. Motivaatiota tarkastelen kielenoppimisen nkkulmasta, ja se koostuu erilaisista dynaamisista vaiheista, esimerkiksi tavoitteiden asettamisesta oppimisprosessin alussa, valintojen tekemisest sek motivaation yllpitmisest oppimisprosessin kuluessa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, ett suurin yksittinen syy menestykseen opiskelijoiden nkkulmasta on opettaja, joka omalla toiminnallaan voi merkittvsti parantaa opiskelijoiden oppimisedellytyksi. Tyhn panostaminen, opiskelijoiden yksilllinen kohtaaminen mys luokkahuoneen ulkopuolella ja esimerkiksi omien oppimateriaalien valmistaminen ovat opettajaan liittyvi tekijit, jotka voivat nostaa opiskelijoiden motivaatiota huomattavasti. Mys lukion maantieteellisell sijainnilla on vaikutusta. Paikkakunnilla, joilla ruotsin kielt kytetn vhn, korostuu opettajan rooli kielellisen oppimisympristn luomisessa. Keskipitkn ja pitkn ruotsin opiskelijoiden vlill ei tutkimuksessa ilmene eroja asenteissa kielt kohtaan.
Resumo:
The electrical and optical properties of the thermally induced quenched-in levels in p-silicon which have heen attributed to iron are studied. The two levels, HI and H2, are located at Ev + 0.42 eV and Ev + 0.52 eV, respectively, as determined by TSCAP, DLTS, and transient photocapacitance methods. The photoionization cross sections are well described by Lucovsky's model. The hole capture by H1 is temperature dependent; a barrier of 40 meV is measured. However, multiphonon emission mechanism cannot be invoked to explain this temperature dependence due to the inferred zero lattice relaxation. The source of iron contamination is found to be the ambient conditions, in particular the quartz tube. The conflicting reports regarding the stability and the variation in the reported capture cross section values suggests that the observed Ev + 0.4 eV level must be a complex centre. The inferred near zero lattice relaxation during the electron transition implies weak coupling to the host lattice.
Resumo:
Pro gradu -tutkielma Teori, praktik och yrkesval: En etnografisk analys av yrkeslivsrelevansen p Nordicas versttarlinje ksittelee pohjoismaisten kielten ja pohjoismaisen kirjallisuuden laitoksen (Nordican) kntjlinjan koulutusta. Tutkielman tavoite on tuottaa kytnnllist tietoa kntjkoulutuksen opinnoista ja opiskelijoista. Tietoa voidaan kytt suunnitteluapuna Helsingin yliopiston kntjkoulutuksen uudelleenorganisoinnissa, joka tapahtuu vuonna 2009. Tutkimuskysymyksiss keskitytn erityisesti Nordican kntjkoulutuksen tyelmorientaatioon liittyviin opintoihin. Tyelmorientaation osuutta opinnoissa ja kntjlinjan opiskelijoiden opintosuunnittelua tutkitaan kyselytutkimuksen ja haastattelujen avulla. Kyselytutkimukseen on vastannut 19 nykyist ja valmistunutta opiskelijaa kntjlinjalta (vastausprosentti on n. 36). Haastatteluihin on osallistunut viisi henkil kolme opiskelijaa ja kaksi valmistunutta. Materiaalin suurin ongelma on aineiston vhyys ja se, ett haastateltavista suurin osa opiskelee tai on opiskellut toisen kotimaisen kielen linjalla. Tutkimuksessa ei siis saada riittvsti tietoa idinkielen linjan opiskelijoiden tilanteesta. Tutkimusmetodi on kvalitatiivinen osaksi aineiston pienuuden takia, mutta kyselytutkimuksen tuloksia analysoidaan mys kvantitatiivisesti. Kyselyn ja haastattelujen avoimet vastaukset analysoidaan etnografisen metodin avulla, joka soveltuu hyvin pienen aineiston analysointiin. Metodissa korostuvat tutkimuksen prosessiluonteisuus ja esimerkiksi tutkimuskysymysten muotoiluun ja materiaalin kermiseen liittyv joustavuus. Tutkimusmateriaalin analyysissa korostuu tutkimuskohteen kuvailun sijaan tulkinta. Tutkielman teoriaosuus ksittelee sek kntjkoulutuksen historiaa ett nykyist yliopistopedagogiikkaa. Johdannossa ksitelln mys Helsingin yliopiston tyllistymiskartoituksia ja aikaisempia tutkimuksia Nordican ja knnstieteen laitoksen opiskelijoiden sijoittumisesta tymarkkinoille. Teoreettisen viitekehyksen keskeisimmt aiheet ovat funktionaalinen kntjkoulutus, kntjn kompetenssit, asiantuntijuus ja ammattimaisuus sek teorian ja kytnnn osuus opinnoissa. Teoriaosuus pohjustaa analyysin keskeisi teemoja. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voi kumota osan tutkielman alussa esitetyist hypoteeseista. Esimerkiksi kntjlinjan opiskelijoiden opintosuunnittelu ja halu suorittaa opintonsa yksinomaan kntjlinjalla ovat osoittautuneet oletettua johdonmukaisemmiksi. Opiskelijat ovat motivoituneita ja sitoutuvat kntjlinjan opintoihin muun muassa valitsemalla sivuaineita, jotka tukevat paineopintoja. Tyelmorientaation osalta tmnhetkiset opiskelijat vaikuttavat tyytyvisemmilt opintoihinsa kuin jo valmistuneet kntjlinjalaiset. Haastateltavien yleinen ksitys on, ett tyelmorientaatiota, ja erityisesti kntjn ammattiin liittyvi kytnnn kysymyksi, ksitelln opinnoissa liian vhn. Tutkielman tarkoitus on kartoittaa kntjlinjan opiskelijoiden ja valmistuneiden kntjlinjalaisten ksityksi opintojen yhteydest tyelmn. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, ett akateemisiin opintoihin pitisi sislty enemmn tyelmkontakteja. Tyharjoittelu on ollut monelle tutkimuksen haastateltavalle hyv kokemus, joka on johtanut harjoittelujakson jlkeiseen tysuhteeseen. Nordican uutta kntjkoulutusta suunniteltaessa tulisikin ottaa huomioon tyharjoittelun trkeys. Monet haastateltujen mainitsemista koulutuksen kehittmiskohteista liittyvt resurssikysymyksiin. Kntjkoulutuksen uudistuksen myt voidaan toivottavasti vaikuttaa esimerkiksi erityisalojen kurssitarjontaan.
Resumo:
TRANSFORMATIONS OF NATURE Science, Knowledge and Freedom in the Early Thinking of Rudolf Steiner. Perspectives on Waldorf Education in the light of the History of Ideas Waldorf Education is based on the worldview that Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) developed to a wide-ranging anthroposophical movement in the first decades of the 20th century. This thesis takes as its departure the early thinking of Rudolf Steiner that precedes anthroposophy, and its main purpose is to uncover the tradition of ideas represented in Steiners early life and which, in different ways, have emerged in the practice of Waldorf Education. Through systematic analysis I attempt to bring to light different aspects of Steiners early thinking: his concept of science, his epistemological startingpoints and his philosophy of freedom. By departing from J. W. Goethes qualitative concept of science, Steiner strove in his early works to formulate a monistic worldview which appears to be closely related to the Romantic Movement and its philosophy of nature. Characteristic traits of his thinking are, on the one hand, a critique of a one-sided enlightenment and, on the other hand, an aspiration to see the world as a living organic unity. Human beings can, by developing our intuitive faculties, get a deeper understanding of the indissoluble relationship between man and nature. Against this background Steiners early thinking can be read as a special kind of romantic development narrative. Steiners early thinking also opens the way for romantic perspectives on Waldorf Education. It appears that many central aims and conceptions in Waldorf Education can be illuminated by the epistemological perspective upon which Steiner elaborated early in his life. An organic curriculum, phenomenological didactics and high ideal of freedom can be considered seen as educational applications of conceptions that played an important role in Goethe and his age. Thus, Waldorf Education provides in our contemporary society an exceptional set of educational values: a holistic education with romantic undertones.
Resumo:
Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus are two species of root-lesion nematode that cause substantial yield losses in wheat. No commercially available wheat variety has resistance to both species. A doubled-haploid population developed from a cross between the synthetic hexaploid wheat line CPI133872 and the bread wheat Janz was used to locate and tag quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to both P. thornei and P. neglectus. Wheat plants were inoculated with both species of nematode in independent replicated glasshouse trials repeated over 2 years. Known locations of wheat microsatellite markers were used to construct a framework map. After an initial single-marker analysis to detect marker-trait linkages, chromosome regions associated with putative QTLs were targetted with microsatellite markers to increase map density in the chromosome regions of interest. In total, 148 wheat microsatellite markers and 21 amplified fragment length polymorphism markers were mapped. The codominant microsatellite marker Xbarc183 on the distal end of chromosome 6DS was allelic for resistance to both P. thornei and P. neglectus. The QTL were designated QRlnt.lrc-6D.1 and QRlnn.lrc-6D.1, for the 2 traits, respectively. The allele inherited from CPI133872 explained 22.0-24.2% of the phenotypic variation for P. thornei resistance, and the allele inherited from Janz accounted for 11.3-14.0% of the phenotypic variation for P. neglectus resistance. Composite interval mapping identified markers that flank a second major QTL on chromosome 6DL (QRlnt.lrc-6D.2) that explained 8.3-13.4% of the phenotypic variation for P. thornei resistance. An additional major QTL associated with P. neglectus resistance was detected on chromosome 4DS (QRlnn.lrc-4D.1) and explained a further 10.3-15.4% of the phenotypic variation. The identification and tagging of nematode resistance genes with molecular markers will allow appropriate allele combinations to be selected, which will aid the successful breeding of wheat with dual nematode resistance.
Resumo:
The effect of some alcohols, acetylacetonates of transition metals, and manganese stearate and naphthenate on the curing reaction of a diglycidyl ether of ether of bisphenol-A with p-phenylenediamine is studied. Maximum catalytic activity is shown by the manganese compounds and triethanolamine.
Resumo:
This work explores the electrical properties of p-SnS/n-ITO heterojunction at different temperatures. The p-type SnS film was deposited on n-type ITO substrate using the thermal evaporation technique and its junction properties were studied using two probe method. The as-grown p-n junction exhibited weak rectifying behaviour with a low Saturation current of the order of similar to 10(-6) A. While increasing temperature, the saturation current of the junction is increased and however, its series resistance decreased. At all temperatures the junction exhibited three types of transport mechanisms depending on applied bias-voltage. At lower voltages the junction showed nearly ideal diode characteristics. The junction behaviour with respect to bias-voltage and temperature is discussed with the help of existing theories and energy band diagram.
