Impact of relative size and language on the attitudes between nations and linguistic groups : The case of Switzerland

This study explores the impact of relative size on the intra- and intergroup attitudes of groups who either share a language or have a different language. For that purpose, we examined international attitudes, comparing a small nation, Switzerland, and two larger nations, Germany and France. We found support for the assumption that large neighbouring nations pose a threat to the smaller nation's identity, especially when they are linguistically similar. Consequently, in line with Tajfel's Social Identity Theory (1978), the smaller nation's inhabitants evaluate those of the larger nation less positively, liking them less and perceiving them to be more arrogant than vice versa. By investigating the special case of the French-speaking and the German-speaking Swiss as linguistic groups within their own nation we were able to demonstrate that these groups seek support with the larger-linguistically-similar nation to defend themselves against the more direct in-country threat to their identity. They acknowledge the similarity with the larger nation, yet keep defending their social identity by expressing a dislike for this perceived similarity.

The role of magma rheology during emplacement of the Listino Suite, Adamello Massif, Italy

This thesis studies individual and contextual antecedents of anti-immigrant attitudes by drawing on intergroup threat and contact, social representation, and value theories. As an alternative to previous multilevel research on the topic, it aims to articulate levels of analysis by putting forward a Person x Context Interaction approach. Moreover, rather than focussing exclusively on the impact of a large immigrant proportion, by introducing ideological climates, it develops and examines the normative societal context in which individuals are embedded. The studies largely draw on cross-sectional survey data across Swiss municipalities (Studies 1 to 3) and European countries (Study 4), but are complemented by elite discourses (Study 5) and online collected survey data (Study 6). Study 1 distinguishes between valued and devalued immigrants, thereby shedding light on the impact of immigrant proportion on intergroup contact and threat. Study 2 focuses on the link between immigrant proportion and attitudes towards the Muslim veil by examining its joint impact with conservative ideologies on the individual and municipality level. Aiming to explain threat related to immigrants, the interplay between immigrant proportion and ideological climates is studied across Swiss municipalities (Study 3) and European countries (Study 4). In addition, by adopting a Person x Context Interaction approach, it is investigated whether a context galvanizes individuals already prone to viewing immigrants as threatening, or mobilizes those generally least likely to express prejudice. Finally, to better understand the role political elites play in fuelling ideological climates, the official discourses on the 2011 England riots are analysed (Study 5). With online survey data collected during the riots, it is then shown that once endorsed, threat-eliciting climates are likely to mobilize negative ethnic diversity attitudes in the larger population (Study 6). Overall, this thesis proposes an integrative approach to studying anti-immigrant attitudes and discusses theoretical and methodological implications. - La présente thèse se penche sur les antécédents individuels et contextuels des attitudes négatives envers les immigré e s, en combinant les théories de la menace intergroupe, du contact, des représentations sociales et des valeurs. Elle a plus précisément pour but d'articuler différents niveaux d'analyse à travers une approche insistant sur les interactions entre Individu et Contexte. Ce faisant, elle propose une alternative aux recherches précédentes sur le thème, basées sur une perspective multiniveau plus « classique ». Au lieu de se pencher uniquement sur l'impact de la présence de populations immigrées dans un lieu donné, la recherche réalisée a par ailleurs développé et étudié le concept de climat idéologique, à savoir le contexte normatif au sein duquel les individus sont plongés au quotidien. Les études composant cette thèse se basent essentiellement sur des données d'enquête de grande échelle, récoltées dans diverses municipalités Suisses (Etudes 1 à 3) ou divers pays Européens (Etude 4). Elles sont complétées par l'analyse de discours politiques (Etude 5) et de données récoltées sur internet (Etude 6). Distinguant entre immigré-e'S valorisé-e s et dévalorisé-e-s, l'Etude 1 a eu pour but de mettre en lumière l'impact de la présence d'immigré e s sur le contact et la menace intergroupes. L'Etude 2 a, quant à elle, examiné si la présence d'immigré e s interagit avec les idéologies conservatrices, tant au niveau individuel que municipal, pour expliquer les attitudes envers le voile. Dans le même ordre idée, les études suivantes ont mis en exergue les effets conjoints de la présence d'immigré-e s et du climat idéologique au niveau des municipalités suisses (Etude 3) ou des pays Européens (Etude 4). En s'intéressant aux interactions entre Individu et Contexte, ces études ont en particulier cherché à observer dans quelle mesure ce dernier pouvait galvaniser les attitudes de personnes qui avaient déjà tendance à percevoir les immigré e s comme une menace ou, au contraire, mobiliser des individus desquels on n'attendrait pas de telles attitudes. Pour finir, les dernières études ont eu pour but de mettre en lumière la manière dont les élites politiques alimentent les climats idéologiques. Dans ce but, l'Etude 5 a analysé les discours officiels donnés pendant les émeutes qui ont secoué Londres en 2011, alors que l'Etude 6 a démontré comment le fait d'être en accord avec le message de menace véhiculé par ces discours avait poussé des individus égalitaires à exprimer des attitudes négatives envers la diversité ethnique. Dans l'ensemble, la présente thèse propose donc une approche intégrative d'étudier les attitudes négatives envers les immigré-e-s, et en discute les implications théoriques et méthodologiques.

Keeping the Vermin Out: Perceived Disease Threat and Ideological Orientations as Predictors of Exclusionary Immigration Attitudes

Integrating evolutionary and social representations theories, the current study examines the relationship between perceived disease threat and exclusionary immigration attitudes in the context of a potential avian influenza pandemic. This large-scale disease provides a realistic context for investigating the link between disease threat and immigration attitudes. The main aim of this cross-sectional study (N=412) was to explore mechanisms through which perceived chronic and contextual disease threats operate on immigration attitudes. Structural equation models show that the relationship between chronic disease threat (germ aversion) and exclusionary immigration attitudes (assimiliationist immigration criteria, health-based immigration criteria and desire to reduce the proportion of foreigners) was mediated by ideological and normative beliefs (social dominance orientation, belief in a dangerous world), but not by contextual disease threat (appraisal of avian influenza pandemic threat). Contextual disease threat only predicted support for health-based immigration criteria. The conditions under which real-life disease threats influence intergroup attitudes are scrutinized. Convergence and dissimilarity of evolutionary and social representational approaches in accounting for the link between disease threat and immigration attitudes are discussed.

Valoració de la capacitat de salt i sincronització temporal intergrupal en la Gimnàstica Estètica de Grup

La Gimnàstica Estètica de Grup (GEG) és un esport emergent del qual no existeix gairebé cap treball de camp i/o publicació. En relació al codi de puntuació d’aquesta modalitat, tant les capacitats de salt com la unitat de moviment del cos i la sincronització entre els membres del conjunt, tenen un pes molt important en la puntuació del valor tècnic i de l’execució. En aquest estudi s’ha realitzat la mesura, avaluació i comparació de les manifestacions de la força explosiva, elàstica i reactiva d’un grup de gimnàstica d’estètica d’alt nivell al principi i al final del període competitiu, mitjançant la bateria de tests de salts verticals de Bosco, concretament SJ, CMJ, CMJas i RJ (15” CMJas). També s’ha analitzat la sincronització i/o coordinació temporal intergrupal d’execució de les dificultats tècniques de salt de les coreografies competitives, al llarg del període competitiu d’un conjunt de gimnàstica estètica d’alt nivell, tenint en compte la sincronització en començar la dificultat i en acabar-la. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que la manifestació de força elàsticoexplosiva en CMJ ha disminuït un 0,46 % i la força explosiva SJ (sense reutilització d'energia elàstica ni aprofitament del reflex miotàtic) ha augmentat un 4,63 %. Durant el període competitiu del conjunt sènior de gimnàstica estètica del Club Muntanyenc Sant Cugat, la influència dels braços en la capacitat de salt ha augmentat un 1,32% i la potència anaeròbica alàctica un 4,76%. Tot i que en la majoria de tests, els resultats han estat positius, no es considera que la mostra hagi assolit una millora significativa, atès que no ha superat el 10% proposat en començar l’estudi, i els valors obtinguts són totalment inestables. S’ha vist que en un mateix test el % de pèrdues i de guanys ha estat molt variat, de manera que no es pot establir una relació de millora de la capacitat de salt en funció de l’entrenament. Pel que fa a la sincronització temporal intergrupal, ha millorat entre un 37,50% (sincronització temps inicial) i un 50,00% (sincronització temps final) en relació a les dificultats tècniques. Fet que és relaciona directament amb l’automatització de mecanismes d’execució al llarg de la temporada competitiva. Tot i així no s’ha igualat o superat la millora d’un 70% proposada per les hipòtesis inicials de l’estudi.

Effects of anti-resorptive agents on trabecular bone score (TBS) in older women.

We evaluated the longitudinal effects of anti-resorptive agents (534 treated women vs. 1,150 untreated) on lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone score (TBS). TBS was responsive to treatment in women over age 50. The treatment-related increase in TBS was less than the increase in BMD, which is consistent with bone texture preservation. INTRODUCTION: In addition to inducing an increase in BMD, anti-resorptive agents also help to preserve bone architecture. TBS, a new gray-level texture measurement, correlates with 3D parameters of bone micro-architecture independent of BMD. Our objective was to evaluate the longitudinal effects of anti-resorptive agents on lumbar spine BMD and TBS. METHODS: Women (≥50 years), from the BMD program database for the province of Manitoba, Canada, who had not received any anti-resorptive drug prior to their initial dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) exam were divided into two groups: untreated, those without any anti-resorptive drug over the course of follow-up, and treated, those with a non-estrogen anti-resorptive drug (86 % bisphosphonates, 10 % raloxifene, and 4 % calcitonin). Lumbar spine TBS was calculated for each lumbar spine DXA examination. Changes in TBS and BMD between baseline and follow-up (mean follow-up 3.7 years), expressed in percentage per year, were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 1,150 untreated women and 534 treated women met the inclusion criteria. Only a weak correlation was seen between BMD and TBS in either group. Significant intergroup differences in BMD change and TBS change were observed over the course of follow-up (p < 0.001). Similar mean decreases in BMD and TBS (-0.36 %/year and -0.31 %/year, respectively) were seen for untreated subjects (both p < 0.001). Conversely, treated subjects exhibited a significant mean increase in BMD (+1.86 %/year, p < 0.002) and TBS (+0.20 %/year, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: TBS is responsive to treatment with non-estrogen anti-resorptive drug therapy in women over age 50. The treatment-related increase in TBS is less than the increase in BMD, which is consistent with bone texture preservation.

PAX3/FOXO1 fusion gene status is the key prognostic molecular marker in rhabdomyosarcoma and significantly improves current risk stratification.

PURPOSE: To improve the risk stratification of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) through the use of clinical and molecular biologic data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two independent data sets of gene-expression profiling for 124 and 101 patients with RMS were used to derive prognostic gene signatures by using a meta-analysis. These and a previously published metagene signature were evaluated by using cross validation analyses. A combined clinical and molecular risk-stratification scheme that incorporated the PAX3/FOXO1 fusion gene status was derived from 287 patients with RMS and evaluated. RESULTS: We showed that our prognostic gene-expression signature and the one previously published performed well with reproducible and significant effects. However, their effect was reduced when cross validated or tested in independent data and did not add new prognostic information over the fusion gene status, which is simpler to assay. Among nonmetastatic patients, patients who were PAX3/FOXO1 positive had a significantly poorer outcome compared with both alveolar-negative and PAX7/FOXO1-positive patients. Furthermore, a new clinicomolecular risk score that incorporated fusion gene status (negative and PAX3/FOXO1 and PAX7/FOXO1 positive), Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study TNM stage, and age showed a significant increase in performance over the current risk-stratification scheme. CONCLUSION: Gene signatures can improve current stratification of patients with RMS but will require complex assays to be developed and extensive validation before clinical application. A significant majority of their prognostic value was encapsulated by the fusion gene status. A continuous risk score derived from the combination of clinical parameters with the presence or absence of PAX3/FOXO1 represents a robust approach to improving current risk-adapted therapy for RMS.

Facing Structural Disadvantage: The Role of Ingroup Connectedness

This thesis focuses on the social-psychological factors that help coping with structural disadvantage, and specifically on the role of cohesive ingroups and the sense of connectedness and efficacy they entail in this process. It aims to complement existing group-based models of coping that are grounded in a categorization perspective to groups and consequently focus exclusively on the large-scale categories made salient in intergroup contexts of comparisons. The dissertation accomplishes this aim through a reconsideration of between-persons relational interdependence as a sufficient and independent antecedent of a sense of groupness, and the benefits that a sense of group connectedness in one's direct environment, regardless of the categorical or relational basis of groupness, might have in the everyday struggles of disadvantaged group members. The three empirical papers aim to validate this approach, outlined in the first theoretical introduction, by testing derived hypotheses. They are based on data collected with youth populations (15-30) from three institutions in French-speaking Switzerland within the context of a larger project on youth transitions. Methods of data collection are paper-pencil questionnaires and in-depth interviews with a selected sub-sample of participants. The key argument of the first paper is that members of socially disadvantaged categories face higher barriers to their life project and that a general sense of connectedness, either based on categorical identities or other proximal groups and relations, mitigates the feeling of powerlessness associated with this experience. The second paper develops and tests a model that defines individual needs satisfaction as antecedent of self-group bonds and the efficacy beliefs derived from these intragroup bonds as the mechanism underlining the role of ingroups in coping. The third paper highlights the complexities that might be associated with the construction of a sense of groupness directly from intergroup comparisons and categorization-based disadvantage, and points out a more subtle understanding of the processes underling the emergence of groupness out of the situation of structural disadvantage. Overall, the findings confirm the central role of ingroups in coping with structural disadvantage and the importance of an understanding of groupness and its role that goes beyond the dominant focus on intergroup contexts and categorization processes.

Determinants of Broadband Access: Is Platform Competition always the Key Variable to Success?

Previous studies have identified the rivalry among technological platforms as one of the main driving forces of broadband services penetration. This paper draws on data from the Spanish market between 2005 and 2011 to estimate the main determinants of broadband prices. Controlling for broadband tariffs features and network variables, we examine the impact of the different modes of competition on prices. We find that inter-platform competition has no significant effects over prices, while intra-platform competition is a key driver of the prices charged in the broadband market. Our analysis suggests that the impact of different types of competition on prices is critically affected by the levels of development of the broadband market achieved by the considered country

Does evolution lead to maximizing behavior?

A long-standing question in biology and economics is whether individual organisms evolve to behave as if they were striving to maximize some goal function. We here formalize this "as if" question in a patch-structured population in which individuals obtain material payoffs from (perhaps very complex multimove) social interactions. These material payoffs determine personal fitness and, ultimately, invasion fitness. We ask whether individuals in uninvadable population states will appear to be maximizing conventional goal functions (with population-structure coefficients exogenous to the individual's behavior), when what is really being maximized is invasion fitness at the genetic level. We reach two broad conclusions. First, no simple and general individual-centered goal function emerges from the analysis. This stems from the fact that invasion fitness is a gene-centered multigenerational measure of evolutionary success. Second, when selection is weak, all multigenerational effects of selection can be summarized in a neutral type-distribution quantifying identity-by-descent between individuals within patches. Individuals then behave as if they were striving to maximize a weighted sum of material payoffs (own and others). At an uninvadable state it is as if individuals would freely choose their actions and play a Nash equilibrium of a game with a goal function that combines self-interest (own material payoff), group interest (group material payoff if everyone does the same), and local rivalry (material payoff differences).

Identification and ethnic diversity underlie support for multicultural rights : a multilevel analysis in Bulgaria

Bulgaria is historically a multicultural society, composed of the Bulgarian (ethnic) majority and a number of ethnic minorities among which Bulgarian Turks and Roma are the largest. Both minority communities are stigmatized in contemporary Bulgaria, though to different degrees and for different reasons. Ethnic minorities' rights to preserve their culture, customs, and language are a topic of contentious debate. The purpose of this study was to examine individual- and context-level antecedents of the ethnic Bulgarian majority's support for multicultural rights of ethnic minorities. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted with International Social Survey Programme ISSP 2003 data (N = 920 in 28 Bulgarian districts). At the individual-level, an ethnic conception of the nation and anti-Roma symbolic prejudice were negatively related to support for multicultural rights, whereas national identification was positively related to the support of these rights. Over and above individual-level effects, and in line with recent extensions of intergroup contact theory, thepercentage ofBulgarianTurks withindistricts was positively related to support for multicultural rights. Importantly, support for multicultural rights was particularly high in districts characterized by ethnic diversity, that is, in districts with high proportions of both Bulgarian Turks and Roma. The beneficial effects of ethnic diversity and theoretical implications of findings are discussed.

Courts and Courtly Cultures in Early Modern Italy and Europe: Models and Languages

This volume deals with the forms of propaganda and self-representation, through words and images, during the rise of the 'civiltà delle corti' and through processes typical of the time, such as confrontation, adaptation, competition and rivalry. This period, which marked the passage of Italian and European culture from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, is fundamental in the development of Modern Europe, and it lasted up to the XVIII century and beyond. At the heart of many matters debated here lies the relationship between culture and politics. The formation of a 'Lombard identity', central to the Sinergia project which was the frame of the whole research and its conferences, is closely linked to this broad general context. It places the so called 'questione milanese' - above the traditional hierarchies 'Toscana oriented' - at the centre of many questions regarding Northern Italy as a whole, starting from the dissolution of the Medieval communes, through to the rise of the signorie, from the end of the XIII century and the beginning of the XIV century up to the early XVI century.