Antimicrobial susceptibility, phage types, and pulsetypes of Salmonella Typhimurium, in São Paulo, Brazil

A total of 283 Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from cases of human infections and non human sources, were examined for antimicrobial susceptibilityand the incidence of resistance was 38% and multiple resistance (to three or more antimicrobials) was 15%. All 43 multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) and 13 susceptible ones were characterized by phage typing and pulsed- field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The strains encompassed 14 definitive phage types (DT), three were untypable (UT), and 18 atypicals or reaction does not conform (RDNC), which belonged to 21 PFGE patterns, A1-A21. The predominant phage types were DT49, DT193, and RDNC and two strains belonging to DT 104 and 104b were also identified. The most commum PFGE patterns were A1 and A8. Analysis by PFGE and phage typing demonstrated that the most of the MDR were multiclonal and association among multiresistance, phage typing, and PFGE patterns was not so significant.

Anti-flagellin antibody responses elicited in mice orally immunized with attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine strains

In the present study we investigated the flagellin-specific serum (IgG) and fecal (IgA) antibody responses elicited in BALB/c mice immunized with isogenic mutant derivatives of the attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) SL3261 strain expressing phase 1 (FliCi), phase 2 (FljB), or no endogenous flagellin. The data reported here indicate that mice orally immunized with recombinant S. Typhimurium strains do not mount significant systemic or secreted antibody responses to FliCi, FljB or heterologous B-cell epitopes genetically fused to FliCi. These findings are particularly relevant for those interested in the use of flagellins as molecular carriers of heterologous antigens vectored by attenuated S. Typhimurium strains.

Tracing lineage by phenotypic and genotypic markers in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated in state of São Paulo, Brazil

Fifty-three Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- and 45 Salmonella Typhimurium strains were characterised using phage typing, plasmid profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for comparison. The majority of the strains were subdivided into definitive type (DT) 41 (22.6%) and DT 193 (18%) and the 60-MDa plasmid was detected in 94.3% and 84.4% of strains, respectively. Genetic diversity was observed among all strains and 90% presented a > 70% similarity through PFGE analysis. These results suggest a close relationship between Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Typhimurium at the serotype level.

Improved efficiency of a Salmonella-based vaccine against human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particles achieved by using a codon-optimized version of L1.

Cervical cancer results from cervical infection by human papillomaviruses (HPVs), especially HPV16. An effective vaccine against these HPVs is expected to have a dramatic impact on the incidence of this cancer and its precursor lesions. The leading candidate, a subunit prophylactic HPV virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, can protect women from HPV infection. An alternative improved vaccine that avoids parenteral injection, that is efficient with a single dose, and that induces mucosal immunity might greatly facilitate vaccine implementation in different settings. In this study, we have constructed a new generation of recombinant Salmonella organisms that assemble HPV16 VLPs and induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies in mice after a single nasal or oral immunization with live bacteria. This was achieved through the expression of a HPV16 L1 capsid gene whose codon usage was optimized to fit with the most frequently used codons in Salmonella. Interestingly, the high immunogenicity of the new recombinant bacteria did not correlate with an increased expression of L1 VLPs but with a greater stability of the L1-expressing plasmid in vitro and in vivo in absence of antibiotic selection. Anti-HPV16 humoral and neutralizing responses were also observed with different Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains whose attenuating deletions have already been shown to be safe after oral vaccination of humans. Thus, our findings are a promising improvement toward a vaccine strain that could be tested in human volunteers.

TLR5-dependent immunogenicity of a recombinant fusion protein containing an immunodominant epitope of malarial circumsporozoite protein and the FliC flagellin of Salmonella Typhimurium

Recently, we described the improved immunogenicity of new malaria vaccine candidates based on the expression of fusion proteins containing immunodominant epitopes of merozoites and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) protein as an innate immune agonist. Here, we tested whether a similar strategy, based on an immunodominant B-cell epitope from malaria sporozoites, could also generate immunogenic fusion polypeptides. A recombinant His6-tagged FliC protein containing the C-terminal repeat regions of the VK210 variant of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite (CS) protein was constructed. This recombinant protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli as soluble protein and was purified by affinity to Ni-agarose beads followed by ion exchange chromatography. A monoclonal antibody specific for the CS protein of P. vivax sporozoites (VK210) was able to recognise the purified protein. C57BL/6 mice subcutaneously immunised with the recombinant fusion protein in the absence of any conventional adjuvant developed protein-specific systemic antibody responses. However, in mice genetically deficient in expression of TLR5, this immune response was extremely low. These results extend our previous observations concerning the immunogenicity of these recombinant fusion proteins and provide evidence that the main mechanism responsible for this immune activation involves interactions with TLR5, which has not previously been demonstrated for any recombinant FliC fusion protein.

Infecções hospitalares no Brasil: Ações governamentais para o seu controle enquanto expressão de políticas sociais na área de saúde

As autoras estudam a evolução das infecções hospitalares no Brasil e as demandas para o seu controle até a sua institucionalização, por ações governamentais. Para a compreensão e análise do processo de disputa dos interesses e necessidades dos atores sociais e sua relação com o setor governamental para a institucionalização de uma dada política pública, buscou-se um referencial teórico que possibilitasse elaborar o conjunto dos elementos da estrutura social e que tomasse o campo da relação entre Sociedade, Estado e Políticas Sociais como sua questão central. Por referência à especificidade dessas ações e seu raio de intervenção, foi necessário buscar também a distinção de modalidades de políticas públicas e a responsabilidade de implementação. A partir do material empírico, foi possível delinear essas demandas, conformando-as em modelos tecno-assistenciais, através de indicadores do processo de trabalho. Sua aproximação com o referencial teórico exigiu outros níveis de categorias: conjunturas específicas, assistência médica previdenciária, modelo clínico de intervenção e o movimento de qualidade. A análise das demandas e do projeto institucionalizado buscou, o tempo todo, a relação dos seus instrumentos e finalidades com eles mesmos e com as políticas mais gerais do setor saúde, mostrando as suas implicações.

Medidas de prevenção e controle de infecções urinarias hospitalares em hospitais da cidade de São Paulo

Trata-se de parte de estudo onde avalia-se o conhecimento e a prática de enfermeiros e ocupacionais de enfermagem em relação a medidas de prevenção e controle de infecções hospitalares em vinte e nove hospitais gerais, da cidade de São Paulo. Objetiva, além de avaliar o conhecimento e a prática acerca das medidas de prevenção e controle das infecções, investigar se existem diferenças entre os níveis de conhecimento e de atuação prática dos enfermeiros e ocupacionais de enfermagem, quando lotados em diferentes grupos de hospitais: hospitais públicos com serviço de prevenção e controle de infecções hospitalares; hospitais públicos sem serviço de prevenção e controle de infecções hospitalares; hospitais privados com serviço e privados sem o referido serviço. Constata-se que existem lacunas no que se refere ao conhecimento e a prática acerca das medidas de prevenção e controle das infecções estudadas e que embora se detectem diferenças significativas para o conhecimento e a prática dos profissionais e ocupacionais de enfermagem, quando lotados em diferentes grupos de hospitais, a análise de perguntas isoladas nem sempre distingue, com significância, os mesmos grupos.

Intravaginal live attenuated Salmonella increase local antitumor vaccine-specific CD8(+) T cells.

We have recently reported that the intravaginal instillation of synthetic Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) or TLR9 agonists after a subcutaneous vaccination against human papillomavirus E7 highly increases (~5-fold) the number of vaccine-specific CD8(+) T cells in the genital mucosa of mice, without affecting E7-specific systemic responses. Here, we show that the instillation of live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium similarly, though more efficiently (~15- fold), increases both E7-specific and total CD8(+) T cells in the genital mucosa. Cancer immunotherapeutic strategies combining vaccination with local immunostimulation with live bacteria deserve further investigations.

Conhecimentos e práticas de trabalhadoras de creches universitárias relativos às infecções respiratórias agudas na infância

Dada a elevada freqüência de infecções respiratórias agudas em creches, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar conhecimentos e práticas de trabalhadoras de creches relativos à prevenção, detecção precoce e manejo desses agravos. Mediante quatorze entrevistas estruturadas em duas creches universitárias da cidade de São Paulo, verificou-se que as trabalhadoras: demonstram familiaridade com diversos agravos; apontam febre e respiração ruidosa como sinais de gravidade; consideram poluição e transmissão como principais causas; referem o cuidado com o ambiente como melhor forma de controle; cuidam mantendo observação contínua da criança e intervenções de higiene e conforto e maior cuidado emocional; consideram educação e cuidado interligados no atendimento infantil, manifestando necessidade de maior preparo para cuidar; têm na prática diária a fonte de seus conhecimentos.

The neutrophil NLRC4 inflammasome selectively promotes IL-1β maturation without pyroptosis during acute Salmonella challenge.

The macrophage NLRC4 inflammasome drives potent innate immune responses against Salmonella by eliciting caspase-1-dependent proinflammatory cytokine production (e.g., interleukin-1β [IL-1β]) and pyroptotic cell death. However, the potential contribution of other cell types to inflammasome-mediated host defense against Salmonella was unclear. Here, we demonstrate that neutrophils, typically viewed as cellular targets of IL-1β, themselves activate the NLRC4 inflammasome during acute Salmonella infection and are a major cell compartment for IL-1β production during acute peritoneal challenge in vivo. Importantly, unlike macrophages, neutrophils do not undergo pyroptosis upon NLRC4 inflammasome activation. The resistance of neutrophils to pyroptotic death is unique among inflammasome-signaling cells so far described and allows neutrophils to sustain IL-1β production at a site of infection without compromising the crucial inflammasome-independent antimicrobial effector functions that would be lost if neutrophils rapidly lysed upon caspase-1 activation. Inflammasome pathway modification in neutrophils thus maximizes host proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses during pathogen challenge.

Comunicação e educação nas consultas de crianças com infecções respiratórias agudas

Este estudo objetivou identificar as orientações de cuidado à criança com infecções respiratórias agudas (IRA) e descrever o processo de comunicação entre profissionais e mães na consulta. Os dados foram coletados em Unidades Básicas de Saúde, em entrevistas e observação de consultas de enfermeiras e médicos a crianças com IRA. Os resultados mostram orientações variáveis e incompletas entre os profissionais, predominantemente prescritivas e centradas na doença, principalmente no tratamento medicamentoso. A comunicação é centrada no profissional, o que não favorece um processo educativo emancipatório. Conclui-se a necessidade de incluir esses conteúdos na formação inicial e permanente dos profissionais.

Relações Públicas na melhoria da comunicação e prevenção sobre as Infecções sexualmente Transmissíveis nas mulheres: Estudo do caso: Cidade do Porto Inglês/Ilha do Maio

Este trabalho aborda-se o tema Relações Públicas na saúde mais precisamente, as relações públicas na melhoria da comunicação e informação sobre as Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST). É indispensável um profissional de comunicação em todas as áreas visto que, ela é o pilar de todo o sistema organizacional. Neste trabalho pretendemos mostrar a real importância de um profissional de Relações Públicas para a melhoria da comunicação sobre as IST e que contribuição, estas podem dar na sua prevenção.

Effect of irrigation water on the incidence of Salmonella spp. on lettuces produced by urban agriculture and sold on the markets in Dakar, Senegal

The aim of our survey was to assess the effect of irrigation water of the microbiological quality on the production chain of lettuce in the Dakar area. Microbiological analysis showed that 35% of irrigation water was contaminated by Salmonella spp. between the two water-types used for irrigation (groundwater and wastewater), no significant difference (p>0.05) in their degree of contamination was found. The incidence of different types of irrigation water on the contamination rate of lettuces from the farm (Pikine and Patte d'Oie) was not different either (p>0.05). However, the contamination rate of lettuce from markets of Dalifort and Grand-Yoff that were supplied by the area of Patte d'Oie was greater than those of Sham and Zinc supplied by Pikine (p<0.05). Comparison of serotypes of Salmonella isolated from irrigation water and lettuce showed that irrigation water may affect the microbiological quality of lettuce. Manures, frequently used as organic amendment in cultivating lettuce are another potential source of contamination. These results showed that lettuce may constitute effective vectors for the transmission of pathogens to consumers. Extensive treatment of the used wastewater and/or composting of manure could considerably reduce these risks.

Salmonella virulence factor SipB induces activation and release of IL-18 in human dendritic cells.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) plays an important role in innate and acquired immunity, in particular against intracellular pathogens. However, little is known about the microbial factors that trigger IL-18 secretion by dendritic cells (DCs). To determine the influence of bacterial virulence factors on the activation and release of IL-18, we infected human monocyte-derived DCs with virulence mutants of the facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella typhimurium. Our results show that infection by S. typhimurium causes caspase-1-dependent activation of IL-18 and triggers the release of IL-18 in human DCs. The secretion of IL-18 by the DCs was closely correlated with the ability of the S. typhimurium strains to induce apoptosis. We demonstrate that activation and release of IL-18 are blocked by mutations in the Salmonella sipB gene, which encodes a virulence factor that activates caspase-1 to induce apoptosis. These findings indicate that the activation and release of IL-18 induced by bacterial virulence factors may represent one component of innate immunity against the intracellular bacteria.

Salmonella typhimurium DT104 : kirjallisuuskatsaus

Summary: Salmonella typhimurium DT104 : a review