921 resultados para Indonesia - History - 1966-1998


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Este artículo se concentra en la vida política de algunas organizaciones anticomunistas de derecha en Argentina entre 1955 y 1966: se intenta poner de manifiesto la pluralidad de tradiciones anticomunistas presentes en el país, así como algunas de las diferentes vinculaciones internacionales de las que participaban. A partir de la consulta a fuentes periodísticas, oficiales y de la inteligencia policial, se reunió información para reconstruir las posturas ideológicas, las lecturas sobre los problemas sociales y culturales argentinos y algunas de las actividades políticas lideradas (o acompañadas) por diversos actores anticomunistas. Este período se caracteriza por una súbita coronación del anticomunismo en los discursos políticos, al punto de desplazar o subsumir una preocupación sobre el peronismo, originariamente más relevante. El anticomunismo terminó convirtiéndose en una pieza clave en la articulación entre las distintas familias de derecha.

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Fil: Raimundo, Marcelo Fabián. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

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En los últimos tiempos, el proceso de institucionalización de la sociología en Argentina ha sido trabajado en profundidad, particularmente la llamada "etapa de oro" de la UBA, entre 1955 y 1966. El período que va desde 1966 hasta 1976, en cambio, ha sido periféricamente observado. En la mayoría de los casos, ha sido abordado para mostrar su carácter antitético respecto del período "productivo" anterior. La metodología elegida para este trabajo consiste en ofrecer un ejercicio de comparación de las principales características del estado del campo sociológico de Argentina a la luz del caso de la sociología en Chile durante la segunda mitad de la década del 60 y la primera del 70 porque entendemos que este procedimiento nos puede ayudar a comprender más en profundidad el caso argentino. Tomaremos como pivote del análisis el caso argentino y la referencia a Chile nos servirá para acercarnos a la historia de la sociología argentina desde el marco de la sociología latinoamericana.

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Fil: Lenci, María Laura. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

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Una mirada atenta sobre la historia argentina reciente muestra con claridad la conjunción de tres fenómenos relacionados: la persistente dificultad para construir un patrón de desarrollo sostenido, el progresivo deterioro de las capacidades y de los niveles de autonomía relativa del Estado y, finalmente, la consolidación de un reducido grupo de grandes empresas. A partir de esta observación, se propone analizar la articulación entre intervención estatal, comportamiento empresario y difusión de ámbitos privilegiados de acumulación, y establecer las consecuencias que la misma generó sobre el perfil y desempeño de las diversas fracciones que componen la cúpula empresaria, entre 1966 y 1989. Dos hipótesis orientan la indagación: 1) la intervención económica estatal y las prácticas empresarias favorecieron la difusión de diversos ámbitos privilegiados de acumulación, y 2) la difusión de los ámbitos permitió la consolidación de una fracción empresaria estrechamente vinculada al funcionamiento del complejo económico estatal-privado.

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Este artículo se concentra en la vida política de algunas organizaciones anticomunistas de derecha en Argentina entre 1955 y 1966: se intenta poner de manifiesto la pluralidad de tradiciones anticomunistas presentes en el país, así como algunas de las diferentes vinculaciones internacionales de las que participaban. A partir de la consulta a fuentes periodísticas, oficiales y de la inteligencia policial, se reunió información para reconstruir las posturas ideológicas, las lecturas sobre los problemas sociales y culturales argentinos y algunas de las actividades políticas lideradas (o acompañadas) por diversos actores anticomunistas. Este período se caracteriza por una súbita coronación del anticomunismo en los discursos políticos, al punto de desplazar o subsumir una preocupación sobre el peronismo, originariamente más relevante. El anticomunismo terminó convirtiéndose en una pieza clave en la articulación entre las distintas familias de derecha.

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En los últimos tiempos, el proceso de institucionalización de la sociología en Argentina ha sido trabajado en profundidad, particularmente la llamada "etapa de oro" de la UBA, entre 1955 y 1966. El período que va desde 1966 hasta 1976, en cambio, ha sido periféricamente observado. En la mayoría de los casos, ha sido abordado para mostrar su carácter antitético respecto del período "productivo" anterior. La metodología elegida para este trabajo consiste en ofrecer un ejercicio de comparación de las principales características del estado del campo sociológico de Argentina a la luz del caso de la sociología en Chile durante la segunda mitad de la década del 60 y la primera del 70 porque entendemos que este procedimiento nos puede ayudar a comprender más en profundidad el caso argentino. Tomaremos como pivote del análisis el caso argentino y la referencia a Chile nos servirá para acercarnos a la historia de la sociología argentina desde el marco de la sociología latinoamericana.

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El estudio del semanario Azul y Blanco [importante referente intelectual y político del nacionalismo de derecha] y el análisis de las dos generaciones de intelectuales nacionalistas que se hicieron cargo de su edición desde 1956 hasta 1969 condujeron a la descripción de un nacionalismo de derecha de un nuevo cuno. Este se vio influenciado principalmente por la proscripción del peronismo, la Revolución Cubana, la nacionalización de la nueva izquierda, la promulgación de la encíclica papal Populorum Progressio y las sucesivas políticas autoritarias y liberales de las presidencias de Aramburu, Frondizi y Onganía. Así, al igual que sucediera con otros actores políticos de la época, el nacionalismo que representaba este seminario vio reestructurada su identidad política a partir de un proceso de actualización de sus discursos y tradiciones a un contexto lingüístico cambiante. En este sentido, este nacionalismo de la década del sesenta se caracterizó por un acercamiento gradual y constante hacia los sectores populares, hacia la izquierda nacional y el peronismo. Azul y Blanco y las trayectorias intelectuales y políticas de su grupo son testigos de este proceso de transformación de adaptación del nacionalismo de derecha los nuevos lenguajes políticos

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El presente trabajo busca aportar a la comprensión de la intervención política de la burguesía agraria pampeana, tomando como observable las acciones y los posicionamientos de las corporaciones rurales en un momento de crisis política. Los estudios sobre el tema han tendido a sobreestimar las diferencias entre productores chicos ("chacareros") y grandes ("oligarquía"), lo que ha eclipsado el estudio de los momentos de confluencia, que tienen por lo menos 40 años de historia en la Argentina. Luego de discutir el enfoque predominante en la bibliografía, abordaremos la conformación, en 1970, de la Comisión de Enlace, en la que confluyeron Federación Agraria, CONINAGRO, Confederaciones Rurales Argentinas y Sociedad Rural. Recurriendo a periódicos de tirada nacional y documentos institucionales de las corporaciones, reconstruiremos los acuerdos en torno a los que se estructuró esta alianza y su intervención concreta.

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After the collapse of the centralized Soeharto regime, deforestation caused by over-logging accelerated. To tackle this problem, an IMF/World Bank-led forestry sector reform program adopted a market-friendly approach involving the resumption of round wood exports and raising of the resource rent fee, with the aim to stop rent accumulation by plywood companies, which had enjoyed a supply of round wood at privileged prices. The Indonesian government, for its part, decentralized the forest concession management system to provide incentives for local governments and communities to carry out sustainable forest management. However, neither policy reform worked effectively. The round wood export ban was reimposed and the forest management system centralized again with cooperation from a newly funded industry-led institution. In the midst of the confusion surrounding the policy reversal, the gap between the price of round wood in international and domestic markets failed to contract, although rent allocations to plywood industries were reduced during 1998-2003. The rents were not collected properly by the government, but accumulated unexpectedly in the hands of players in the black market for round wood.

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The improvement of financial intermediation functions is crucial for a robust banking system. When lending, banks have to cope with such problems as information asymmetry and adverse selection. In order to mitigate these problems, banks have to product information and improve their techniques of lending. During the 1998 financial crisis, Indonesia's banking system suffered severe damage and revealed that the country's banking intermediation functions did not work well. This paper examines the financial intermediation functions of banks in Indonesia and analyzes the importance of bank lending to firms. The focus is on medium-sized firms, and "relationship lending", one of the bank lending techniques, is used to examine financial intermediation in Indonesia. The results of logit regressions show that the relationship between a bank and a firm affects the probability of bank lending. The amount of borrowing and collateral are also affected by a firm's relationship with a bank. When viewed from the standpoint of relationship lending to medium-sized firms, Indonesian banks cannot be criticized for any malfunction of financial intermediation.

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Introduction : Economic reform in Indonesia after the Asian currency crisis is often discussed in parallel with Thailand and South Korea, which were alike hit by the crisis. It should however be noted that what happened in Indonesia was a change of political regime from authoritarianism to democracy, not just a change of government as seen in Thailand and South Korea. Indonesia’s post-crisis reform should be understood in the context of dismantling of the Soeharto regime to seek a new democratic state system.    In the political sphere, dramatic institutional changes have occurred since the downfall of the Soeharto government in May 1998. In comparison, changes in the economic sphere are more complex than the political changes, as the former involve at least three aspects. The first is the continuity in the basic framework of capitalist system with policy orientation toward economic liberalization. In this framework, the policies to overcome the crisis are continued from the last period of the Soeharto rule, under the support system of IMF and CGI (Consultative Group on Indonesia). The second aspect is the impact of the political regime change on the economic structure. It is considered that the structure of economic vested interests of the Soeharto regime is being disintegrated as the regime breaks down. The third aspect is the impact of the political regime change on economic policy-making process. The process of formulating and implementing policies has changed drastically from the Soeharto time. With these three aspects simultaneously at work, it is not so easy to identify which of them is the main cause for a given specific economic phenomenon emerging in Indonesia today.    Keeping this difficulty in mind, this paper attempts to situate the post-crisis economic reform in the broader context of the historical development of Indonesian economic policies and their achievements. We focus in particular on the reform policies for banking and corporate sectors and resulting structural changes in these sectors. This paper aims at understanding the significance of the changes in the economic ownership structure that are occurring in the post-Soeharto Indonesia. Economic policies here do not mean macro economic policies, such as fiscal, financial and trade policies, but refer to micro economic policies whereby the government intervenes in the economic ownership structure. In Section 1, we clarify why economic policies for intervening in the ownership structure are important in understanding Indonesia. Section 2 follows the historical development of Indonesia’s economic policies as specified above, throughout the four successive periods since Indonesia’s independence, namely, the parliamentary democracy period, the Guided Democracy period under Soekarno, the Soeharto-regime consolidation period, and the Soeharto-regime transfiguration period2. Then we observe what economic ownership structure was at work in the pre-crisis last days of the Soeharto rule as an outcome of the economic policies. In Section 3, we examine what structural changes have taken place in the banking and corporate sectors due to the reform policies in the post-crisis and post-Soeharto Indonesia. Lastly in Section 4, we interpret the current reorganization of the economic ownership in the context of the historical transition of the ownership structure, taking account of the changes in the policy-making processes under democratization.

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Introduction: During the period from the latter half of the 1980s until just before the Asian currency crisis in 1997, Indonesia’s economic development had drawn expectations and attention from various quarters, along with Malaysia and Thailand within the same Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In fact, the 1993 report by the World Bank, entitled “East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy,” recognized Indonesia as one of the East Asian economies with the strong economic performance, i.e. sustained economic growth (World Bank [1993]). And it was the manufacturing industry that had been the driving force behind Indonesia’s economic growth during that period. Since the 1997 outbreak of the Asian currency crisis, however, the manufacturing sector in Indonesia has been mired in a situation that rules out the kind of bright prospects it had emanated previously. The Indonesian economy is still in the developing stage, and in accordance with the history of industrial structural changes in other countries, Indonesia’s manufacturing industry can still be expected to serve as the engine of the country’s economic development. But is it really possible in an environment where economic liberalization and globalization are forging ahead? And, what sort of problems have to be dealt with to make it possible? To answer these questions, it is necessary to know the current conditions of Indonesia’s manufacturing sector, and to do that, it becomes important to think back on the history of the country’s industrialization. Thus, this paper is intended to retrace and unlock the track of Indonesia’s industrialization up until the establishment of the manufacturing sector in its present form, with the ultimate goal being to give answers to the above-mentioned questions. Subject to an analysis in this paper is the period from the installment of President Soeharto’s administration onward when industrialization of the modern industrial sector2 moved into high gear.    The composition of this paper is outlined below. Section 1 first shows why it is important to examine import substitution and export orientation, both of which are used as the measures of the analysis in this paper, in tracking the history of the industrialization, and then discuss indicators of import substitution and export orientation as well as statistical data and resources needed to develop those indicators. Section 2 clarifies the status of the manufacturing industry among all industries by looking at the composition ratio of the manufacturing industry in terms of value added, imports and exports. Section 3 to 5 cover three periods between 1971 and 1995 and make an analysis of import substitution, export orientation and changes in the industrial structure for each period. Section 3 analyzes the period from 1971 through 1985, when Indonesia pursued the import substitution policy amid the oil boom. Section 4 covers the period from 1985 through 1990, when the packages of deregulatory measures were announced successively under structural adjustment policies made necessary by the fall in oil prices. Section 5 examines the period from 1990 through 1995, which saw the alternate shifts between the overheating of the economy by sharply rising investment by both domestic and foreign investors in the wake of the liberalization of investment, trade and financial services, and polices to cool down the economy. Section 6, which covers the 1995-1999 period straddling the economic crisis, is designed for an analysis of the changes in production trends before and after the economic crisis as well as the changes in the industrial structure. Section 7, after summing up the history of Indonesia’s industrialization examined in the previous sections, discusses problems found in respective sectors and attempts to present future prospects for the country’s manufacturing industry.