Effect of gamma irradiation on caprolactam migration from multilayer polyamide 6 films into food simulants: development and validation of a gas chromatographic method

A GC method to determine caprolactam in water, 15 ethanol, and olive oil food simulants was developed and validated. Linear ranges varied from 0.96 to 642.82 g/mL for water, 0.64 to 800.32 g/mL for 15 ethanol, and 1.06 to 1062.34 g/g for olive oil, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999. Method precision studies showed RSD values lower than 5.45, while method accuracy studies showed recovery from 72 to 111 for all simulants. The effect of gamma irradiation on caprolactam migration from multilayer polyamide 6 (PA-6) films intended for cheese into water, 15 ethanol, olive oil, and 3 acetic acid simulants was also studied. For migration assay, non-irradiated and irradiated (12 kGy) films were placed in contact with the simulant and exposed at 40C for 10 days. The validated method was used to quantify caprolactam migration from multilayer PA-6 films into the simulants, which ranged from 1.03 to 7.59 mg/kg for non-irradiated films, and from 4.82 to 11.32 mg/kg for irradiated films. Irradiation caused almost no changes in caprolactam levels, with the exception of olive oil, which showed an increase in the caprolactam level. All multilayer PA-6 films were in accordance with the requirements of the legislation for caprolactam migration.

Dynamics of adventitious rooting in mini-cuttings of Eucalyptus benthamii x Eucalyptus dunnii

It is possible to determine the optimum time for permanence of vegetative propagules (mini-cuttings) inside a greenhouse for rooting, and this value can be used to optimize the structure of the nursery. The aim of this study was to determine the dynamics of adventitious rooting in mini-cuttings of three clones of Eucalyptus benthamii x Eucalyptus dunnii. Sprouts of H12, H19 and H20 clones were collected from mini-stumps that were planted in gutters containing sand and grown in a semi-hydroponic system. The basal region of the mini-cuttings was immersed in 2,000 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solution for 10 seconds. The rooting percentage of the mini-cuttings, the total length of the root system and the rooting rate per mini-cutting were also evaluated at 0 (time of planting), 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days. We used logistic and exponential regression to mathematically model the speed of rhizogenesis. The rooting percentage was best represented as a logistic model, and the total length of the root system was best represented as an exponential model. The clones had different speeds of adventitious rooting. The optimum time for permanence of the mini-cuttings inside the greenhouse for rooting was between 35 and 42 days, and varied depending on the genetic material.

Identification of noninvasive biomarkers for alcohol-induced liver disease using urinary metabolomics and the Ppara-null mouse

Alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of nonaccident-related deaths in the United States. Although liver damage caused by ALD is reversible when discovered at the earlier stages, current risk assessment tools are relatively nonspecific. Identification of an early specific signature of ALD would aid in therapeutic intervention and recovery. In this study, the metabolic changes associated with ALD were examined using alcohol-fed male Ppara-null mouse as a model of ALD. Principal components analysis of the mass spectrometry-based urinary metabolic profile showed that alcohol-treated wild-type and Ppara-null mice could be distinguished from control animals without information on history of alcohol consumption. The urinary excretion of ethyl-sulfate, ethyl-beta-d-glucuronide, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid sulfate was elevated and that of the 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, adipic acid, and pimelic acid was depleted during alcohol treatment in both wild-type and the Ppara-null mice albeit to different extents. However, indole-3-lactic acid was exclusively elevated by alcohol exposure in Ppara-null mice. The elevation of indole-3-lactic acid is mechanistically related to the molecular events associated with development of ALD in alcohol-treated Ppara-null mice. This study demonstrated the ability of a metabolomics approach to identify early, noninvasive biomarkers of ALD pathogenesis in Ppara-null mouse model.

Conservación de plantas regeneradas in vitro y análisis de la variación somaclonal de Cinchona officinalis, Linneo

Cinchona officinalis (Rubiaceae), especie endémica del Valle de Loja, ubicado en la región sur del Ecuador, es un recurso forestal de importancia medicinal y ecológica, además la especie ha sido catalogada como planta nacional y es un ícono de la región sur por su aporte a la farmacopea mundial. Esta especie, entre los siglos XVII-XIX sufrió una gran presión en sus poblaciones debido a la extracción masiva de la corteza para la cura del paludismo. Aunque la actividad extractiva generó grandes ingresos a la Corona Española y a la región Sur del Ecuador, ésta fue poco o nada sustentable ecológicamente, provocando la desaparición de la especie en muchos sitios de la provincia, pues, en su momento, no se consideraron alternativas de recuperación de las poblaciones naturales. Actualmente la extracción y consumo de la corteza en la zona de origen es baja o nula, sin embargo esta zona enfrenta nuevas amenazas. La deforestación a causa de proyectos de desarrollo en infraestructuras, la práctica de actividades agrícolas y de ganadería, y los efectos del cambio climático han ocasionado, en estos últimos años, la fragmentación de los ecosistemas. La mayoría de los bosques del sur del Ecuador se han convertido en parches aislados (los bosques en los que se distribuye C. officinalis no son la excepción) siendo esta la principal causa para que la especie se encuentre en estado de amenaza. Los individuos de la especie tienen una alta capacidad de rebrote y producen semillas durante todo el año; sin embargo la capacidad germinativa y la tasa de sobrevivencia son bajas, además de estas dificultades la especie requiere de la asociación con otras especies vegetales para su desarrollo, lo cual ha limitado su distribución en pequeños parches aislados. Con esta problemática, la recuperación natural de las poblaciones es una necesidad evidente. Varios trabajos y esfuerzos previos se han realizado a nivel local: i. Identificación de la distribución actual y potencial; ii. Determinación de la fenología y fructificación iii. Programas de educación ambiental, iv. Análisis moleculares para determinar la diversidad genética. v. Ensayos de propagación vegetativa; y otras acciones de tipo cultural. No obstante, el estado de conservación y manejo de las poblaciones naturales no ha mejorado significativamente, siendo necesaria la aplicación de estrategias integradas de conservación in situ y ex situ, que permitan la recuperación y permanencia de las poblaciones naturales a largo plazo. El presente trabajo tiene como fin dar alternativas para el cultivo de tejidos in vitro de Cinchona officinalis centrados en la propagación masiva a partir de semillas, análisis de la fidelidad genética y alternativas de conservación de tejidos. Los objetivos específicos que se plantean son: i. Analizar el proceso de germinación y proliferación in vitro. ii. Evaluar la estabilidad genética en explantes cultivados in vitro, mediante marcadores ISSR. iii. Establecer protocolos de conservación in vitro mediante limitación del crecimiento y criopreservación de segmentos nodales y yemas. Los resultados más significativos de esta investigación fueron: i. El desarrollo de protocolos eficientes para mejorar los porcentajes de germinación y la proliferación de brotes en explantos cultivados in vitro. Para evaluar el efecto de los fenoles sobre la germinación, se determinó el contenido total de fenoles y el porcentaje de germinación en semillas de C. officinalis comparados con una especie de control, C. pubescens. Para inducir a proliferación, se utilizaron segmentos nodales de plántulas germinadas in vitro en medio Gamborg (1968) suplementado con diferentes combinaciones de reguladores de crecimiento (auxinas y citoquininas). Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el contenido de compuestos fenólicos es alto en las semillas de C. officinalis en comparación con las semillas de C. pubescens. Estos fenoles pueden eliminarse con peróxido de hidrógeno o con lavados de agua para estimular la germinación. La formación de nuevos brotes y callos en la mayoría de las combinaciones de reguladores de crecimiento se observó en un período de 45 días. El mayor porcentaje de proliferación de brotes, formación de callos y presencia de brotes adventicios se obtuvo en medio Gamborg (B5) suplementado con 5.0 mg/l 6-bencil-aminopurina y 3.0 mg/l de ácido indol-3-butírico. ii. La evaluación de la fidelidad genética de los explantes obtenidos con distintas combinaciones de reguladores de crecimiento vegetal y diversos subcultivos. Se realizó el seguimiento a los explantes obtenidos de la fase anterior, determinando el índice de multiplicación y analizando la fidelidad genética de los tejidos obtenidos por las dos vías regenerativas: brotación directa y regeneración de brotes a partir de callos. Este análisis se realizó por amplificación mediante PCR de las secuencias ubicadas entre microsatélites-ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeat). El medio Gamborg (B5) con 3.0 mg/l de AIB y 5.0 mg/l de BAP usado como medio de inducción en la primera etapa de cultivo generó el mayor índice de proliferación (11.5). Un total de 13 marcadores ISSR fueron analizados, 6 de éstos fueron polimórficos. El mayor porcentaje de variación somaclonal fue inducido en presencia de 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D combinado con 0.2 mg/l Kin con un 1.8% en el segundo sub-cultivo de regeneración, la cual incrementó a 3.6% en el tercer sub-cultivo. Todas las combinaciones con presencia de 2,4-D produjeron la formación de callos y presentaron variación genética. Por su parte la fidelidad genética se mantuvo en los sistemas de propagación directa a través de la formación de brotes a partir de meristemos preformados. iii. El establecimiento de protocolos de conservación in vitro y crioconservación de segmentos nodales y yemas. Para la conservación limitando el crecimiento, se cultivaron segmentos nodales en los medios MS y B5 en tres concentraciones de sus componentes (25, 50 y 100%); y en medio B5 más agentes osmóticos como el manitol, sorbitol y sacarosa en diferentes concentraciones (2, 4 y 8%); los cultivos se mantuvieron por 12 meses sin subcultivos. Para el establecimiento de protocolos para la crioconservación (paralización del metabolismo) se usaron yemas axilares y apicales a las cuales se les aplicaron los métodos de encapsulación-deshidratación y vitrificación. La efectividad de los protocolos usados se determinó en función de la sobrevivencia, reducción del crecimiento y regeneración. Los resultados obtenidos en este apartado reflejan que un crecimiento limitado puede mantener tejidos durante 12 meses de almacenamiento, usando medio B5 más manitol entre 2 y 8%. En los protocolos de crioconservación, se obtuvo el mayor porcentaje de recuperación tras la congelación en NL en el tratamiento control seguido por el método crioprotector de encapsulación-deshidratación. Este trabajo brinda alternativas para la propagación de C. officinalis bajo condiciones in vitro, partiendo de material vegetal con alta diversidad genética. El material propagado puede ser fuente de germoplasma para la recuperación y reforzamiento de las poblaciones naturales así como una alternativa de producción para las comunidades locales debido a la demanda actual de corteza de la zona de origen para la elaboración de agua tónica. ABSTRACT Cinchona officinalis (Rubiaceae) is endemic to the Loja Valley, located in the southern area of Ecuador. The importance of this plant as medical and ecological resource is so great that it has been designated as the national flower and is an icon of the southern region for its contribution to the world pharmacopoeia. Between XVII-XIX centuries its population suffered great reduction due to massive harvesting of the bark to cure malaria. Although extraction activity generated large revenues to the Spanish Crown and the southern region of Ecuador, this was not ecologically sustainable, causing the disappearance of the species in many areas of the province, because during that time alternatives to prevent extinction and recover natural populations were not taken in account. Currently the extraction and consumption of bark in the area of origin is almost absent, but this species faces new threats. Deforestation due to infrastructure development, the practice of farming and ranching, and the effects of climate change had led to the fragmentation of ecosystems during the recent years. Most of the forests of southern Ecuador have become isolated patches, including those where C. officinalis is diffused. The lack of suitable habitat is today the main threat for the species. The species has a high capacity for regeneration and produces seeds throughout the year, but the germination rate is low and the growth is slow. In addition, the species requires the association with other plant species to develop. All these factors had limited its distribution to small isolated patches. The natural recovery of populations is essential to face this problem. Several studies and previous efforts had been made at local level: i. Identification of current and potential distribution; ii. Phenology determination. iii. Environmental education programs, iv. Molecular analisis to determine the genetic diversity. v. Testing of vegetative propagation; and other actions of cultural nature. Despite these efforts, the state of conservation and management of natural populations has not improved significantly. Implementation of integrated in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for the recovery and permanence of long-term natural populations is still needed. This work aims to provide alternatives for in vitro culture of tissue of Cinchona officinalis focused on mass propagation from seeds, genetic fidelity analysis and tissue conservation alternatives. The specific aims are: i. Analyze the process of germination and proliferation in vitro. ii. To evaluate the genetic stability of the explants cultured in vitro by ISSR markers. iii. Establish protocols for in vitro conservation by limiting growth and cryopreservation of nodal segments and buds. The most significant results of this research were: i. The development of efficient protocols to improve germination rates and proliferation of buds in explants cultured in vitro. To study the effect of phenols on germination, the total phenolic content and percentage germination was measured in C. officinalis and in a control species, C. pubescens, for comparison. The content of phenolic compounds in C. officinalis seeds is higher than in C. pubescens. These phenols can be removed with hydrogen peroxide or water washes to stimulate germination. To analyze the regeneration, we used nodal explants from seedlings germinated in vitro on Gamborg medium (1968) supplemented with different combinations of growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) to induce proliferation. The formation of new shoots and calluses was observed within a period of 45 days in most combinations of growth regulators. The highest percentage of shoot proliferation, callus formation and adventitious buds were obtained in B5 medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/l 6-benzyl-aminopurine and 3.0 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid. ii. Evaluating genetic fidelity explants obtained with various combinations of plant growth regulators and different subcultures. The genetic fidelity was analyzed in tissues obtained by the two regenerative pathways: direct sprouting and shoot regeneration from callus. This analysis was performed by PCR amplification of the sequences located between microsatellite-ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat). Among a total of 13 ISSR markers analyzed, 6 were polymorphic. The highest percentage of somaclonal variation was induced in the presence of 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D combined with 0.2 mg/l Kin with 1.8% in the second round of regeneration, and increased to 3.6% in the third round. The presence of 2,4-D induced genetic variation in all the combinations of growth regulators. Meanwhile genetic fidelity remained systems propagation through direct shoot formation from meristems preformed. iii. Establishing conservation protocols in vitro and cryoconservation of nodal segments and buds. For medium-term conservation (limited growth) nodal segments were cultured in MS and B5 media at three concentrations (25, 50 and 100%); we tested B5 medium with different concentrations of osmotic agents such as mannitol, sorbitol and sucrose (2, 4 and 8%); cultures were maintained for 12 months with regular subculturing. To establish protocols for cryoconservation (cessation of metabolism) different methods of encapsulation-dehydration and vitrification were applied to axillary and apical buds. The effectiveness of the used protocols is determined based on the survival, growth and regeneration success. The results show that these tissues can be maintained in storage for 12 months, using B5 medium plus mannitol between 2 and 8%. The cryoconservation protocol with highest percentage of recovery was obtained by contral treatment, followed by freezing in NL with encapsulation-dehydration method. This work provides alternatives for the propagation in vitro of C. officinalis, starting from plant material with high genetic diversity. The obtained material represents a source of germplasm to support the recovery and strengthening of natural populations as well as a creation of alternative sources for local communities due to the current demand of bark for the preparation of tonic water.

Occurrence of Cello-Oligosaccharides in the Apoplast of Auxin-Treated Pea Stems

Treatment of pea (Pisum sativum L.) hypocotyl segments with indole-3-butyric acid, which promotes segment elongation, increased the solubilization of both xyloglucan and cello-oligosaccharides in the apoplast of auxin-treated pea stems. The cello-oligosaccharides were isolated from the apoplastic solution with a charcoal/Celite column and were identified as cellobiose, cellotriose, and cellotetraose after subsequent thin-layer chromatography and paper electrophoresis. Cello-oligosaccharides in the apoplastic fraction were monitored using cellobiose dehydrogenase. Both xyloglucan and cello-oligosaccharides appeared to be formed concurrently within 30 min after treatment with the auxin, and the cello-oligosaccharides increased with stem elongation even after 2 h. The total activity of cellulase did not increase for up to 4 h.

Dynamic Precision Phenotyping Reveals Mechanism of Crop Tolerance to Root Herbivory

The western corn rootworm (WCR) is a major pest of maize that is well adapted to most crop management strategies. Breeding for tolerance is a promising alternative to combat WCR, but is currently constrained by a lack of physiological understanding and phenotyping tools. We developed dynamic precision phenotyping approaches using carbon-11 with positron emission tomography, root autoradiography and radiometabolite flux analysis to understand maize tolerance to WCR. Our results reveal that WCR attack induces specific patterns of lateral root growth which are associated with a shift in auxin biosynthesis from indole-3-pyruvic acid to indole-3-acetonitrile. WCR attack also increases transport of newly synthesized amino acids to the roots, including the accumulation of glutamine. Finally, the regrowth zones of WCR attacked roots show an increase in glutamine turnover which strongly correlates with the induction of indole-3-acetonitrile-dependent auxin biosynthesis. In summary, our findings identify local changes in the auxin flux network as a promising marker for induced WCR tolerance.

Seed and vegetative propagation methods for the rare Florida native species Chionanthus pygmaeus (pygmy fringetree)

Chionanthus pygmaeus Small (pygmy fringetree) (Oleaceae) is an endemic and rare Florida species, which has an attractive, small habit giving it great potential for use in managed landscapes. Members of the genus Chionanthus are difficult to propagate via cuttings and possess complex seed dormancies that are not well understood. Conservation of pygmy fringetree and its potential for commercial propagation for use in managed landscapes is contingent on a better understanding of its complex seed dormancy and enhancement of its propagation. I conducted two experiments to assess sexual and asexual propagation methods for pygmy fringetree. The first experiment was conducted to determine what factors are involved in overcoming seed dormancy. Various scarification treatments, which mimicked conditions seeds are exposed to in the wild, were investigated to determine their effects on germination of 20-year-old seeds originally collected from the species’ native range. Treatments included endocarp removal, sulfuric acid, boiling-water, and smoke-water treatments. Prior to treatment initiation, seed viability was estimated to be 12%. Treated seeds went through two cold- and two warm-stratification periods of 4°C and 25°C, respectively, in a dark growth chamber. After 180 days, none of the treatments induced early germination. Seeds were then tested for viability, which was 11%. Seed dormancy of the species is apparently complex, allowing some of the seeds to retain some degree of viability, but without dormancy requirements satisfied. The second experiment was conducted to assess if pygmy fringetree could be successfully propagated via hardwood or root cuttings if the appropriate combination of environmental conditions and hormones were applied. Hardwood and root cuttings were treated with either 1000 ppm IBA talc, 8000 ppm IBA talc, or inert talc. All cuttings were placed on a mist bench in a greenhouse for 9 weeks. Hardwood cuttings were supplemented with bottom heat at 24 °C. No treatments were successful in inducing adventitious root formation. I conclude that pygmy fringetree seeds possess complex dormancy that was not able to be overcome by the treatments utilized. However, this result is confounded by the age of the seeds used in the experiment. I also conclude that vegetative propagation of pygmy fringetree is highly dependent on the time of year cuttings are harvested. Further research of both seed and asexual propagation methods need to be explored before pygmy fringetree can be propagated on a commercial scale.

The 2:1 cycloadducts from [3+2] 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxide and vinylacetic acid. Synthesis and liquid crystal behaviour

Four liquid crystals (LC) 3,7a-bis(4-alkyloxyphenyl)-7,7a-dihydro-6H-isoxazolo[2,3-d][1,2,4]oxadiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (7a-d) were synthesised and the mesomorphic behaviour reported. The LCs were characterised as 2: 1 bisadducts, which were obtained from a double [3+2] 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. In the first step, the cycloaddition of 4-alkyloxyphenylnitrile oxide (4a-d) and vinylacetic acid (5) gave the initial unobserved 1:1 cycloadducts 2-[3-(4-alkyloxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl]acetic acid (6a-d). In the second step, the addition of a second equivalent of 4 to 6 yielded the 2: 1 bisadducts 7a-d without any traces of 6. All compounds 7a-d were unstable during the transition from the mesophase to the isotropic state upon first heating as evidenced by the large peaks in the differential scanning calorimetry traces. Due to the chemical instability of the compounds upon heating, the transition temperature related to the smectic C to smectic A transitions was acquired by means of an image processing method. X-Ray diffraction experiments were also used to analyse the liquid-crystalline phases. A theoretical calculation was performed using density functional theory (DFT) methods at the PBE1PBE/6-311+G(2d,p) level (with solvent effect) in order to get information about the energetic profile of the 2: 1 cycloaddition. DFT studies revealed that the cycloaddition process is controlled by the HOMO(dipolarophile) - LUMO(1,3-dipole), and that the double [3+2] 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction is quite possible.

S-Alkylated/aralkylated 2-(1H-indol-3-yl-methyl)-1,3,4- oxadiazole-5-thiol derivatives. 1. Synthesis and characterization

Purpose: To synthesize and characterize S-alkylated/aralkylated 2-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,3,4- oxadiazole-5-thiol derivatives. Methods: 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1) was reacted with absolute ethanol and catalytic amount of sulfuric acid to form ethyl 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetate (2) which was transformed to 2-(1H-indol-3- yl)acetohydrazide (3) by refluxing with hydrazine hydrate in methanol. Ring closure reaction of 3 with carbon disulfide and ethanolic potassium hydroxide yielded 2-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-5- thiol (4) which was finally treated with alkyl/aralkyl halides (5a-u) in DMF and NaH to yield Salkylated/ aralkylated 2-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-5-thiols (6a-u). Structural elucidation was done by IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS techniques Results: 2-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-5-thiol (4) was synthesized as the parent molecule and was characterized by IR and the spectrum showed peaks resonating at (cm-1) 2925 (Ar-H), 2250 (S-H ), 1593 (C=N ) and 1527 (Ar C=C ); 1H-NMR spectrum showed signals at δ 11.00 (s, 1H, NH-1ʹ), 7.49 ( br.d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, H-4\'), 7.37 (br.d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, H-7\'), 7.34 (br.s, 1H, H-2\'), 7.09 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, H-5\'), 7.00 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, H-6\') and 4.20 (s, 2H, CH2-10ʹ). EI-MS presented different fragments peaks at m/z 233 (C11H9N3OS)˙+ [M+2]+, 231 (C11H9N3OS)˙+ [M]+, 158 (C10H8NO)+, 156 (C10H8N2)˙+, 130 (C9H8N)+. The derivatives (6a-6u) were prepared and characterized accordingly. Conclusion: S-alkylated/aralkylated 2-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-5-thiols (6a-u) were successfully synthesized.

Effect of pH and oxalic acid on the reduction of Fe(3+) by a biomimetic chelator and on Fe(3+) desorption/adsorption onto wood: Implications for brown-rot decay

Fenton reaction is thought to play an important role in wood degradation by brown-rot fungi. In this context, the effect of oxalic acid and pH on iron reduction by a biomimetic fungal chelator and on the adsorption/desorption of iron to/from wood was investigated. The results presented in this work indicate that at pH 2.0 and 4.5 and in the presence of oxalic acid, the phenolate chelator 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) is capable of reducing ferric iron only when the iron is complexed with oxalate to form Fe mono-oxalate (Fe(C(2)O(4))(+)). Within the pH range tested in this work, this complex formation occurs when the oxalate:Fe(3+) molar ratio is less than 20 (pH 2.0) or less than 10 (pH 4.5). When aqueous ferric iron was passed through a column packed with milled red spruce (Picea rubens) wood equilibrated at pH 2.0 and 4.5. it was observed that ferric iron binds to wood at pH 4.5 but not at pH 2.0, and the bound iron could then be released by application of oxalic acid at pH 4.5. The release of bound iron was dependent on the amount of oxalic acid applied in the column. When the amount of oxalate was at least 20-fold greater than the amount of iron bound to the wood, all bound iron was released. When Fe-oxalate complexes were applied to the milled wood column equilibrated in the pH range of 2-4.5, iron from Fe-oxalate complexes was bound to the wood only when the pH was 3.6 or higher and the oxalate:Fe(3+) molar ratio was less than 10. When 2,3-DHBA was evaluated for its ability to release iron bound to the milled wood, it was found that 2,3-DHBA possessed a greater affinity for ferric iron than the wood as 2,3-DHBA was capable of releasing the ferric iron bound to the wood in the pH range 3.6-5.5. These results further the understanding of the mechanisms employed by brown-rot fungi in wood biodegradation processes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Validity of (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A as a radioligand for the 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor' in rat atrium

1 We have recently suggested the existence in the heart of a 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor' based on the cardiostimulant effects of non-conventional partial agonists, compounds that cause cardiostimulant effects at greater concentrations than those required to block beta(1)- and Bz-adrenoceptors. We sought to obtain further evidence by establishing and validating a radioligand binding assay for this receptor with (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A ((-)-4-(3-tertiarybutylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy) benzimidazol-2-one) in rat atrium. We investigated (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A for this purpose for two reasons, because it is a nonconventional partial agonist and also because it is a hydrophilic radioligand. 2 Increasing concentrations of(-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A, in the absence or presence of 20 mu M (-)-CGP 12177A to define non-specific binding, resulted in a biphasic saturation isotherm. Low concentrations bound to beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptors (pK(D) 9.4+/-0.1, B-max 26.9+/-3.1 fmol mg(-1) protein) and higher concentrations bound to the 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor' (pK(D) 7.5+/-0.1, B-max 47.7+/-4.9 fmol mg(-1) protein). In other experiments designed to exclude beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptors, (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A (1-200 nM) binding in the presence of 500 nM (-)-propranolol was also saturable (pK(D) 7.6+/-0.1, B-max 50.8+/-7.4 fmol mg(-1) protein). 3 The non-conventional partial agonists (-)-CGP 12177A (pK(i) 7.3+/-0.2), (+/-)-cyanopindolol (pK(i) 7.6+/-0.2), (-)-pindolol (pK(i) 6.6+/-0.1) and (+)-carazolol (pk(i), 7.2+/-0.2) and the antagonist (-)-bupranolol (pK(i) 6.6+/-0.2), all competed for (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A binding in the presence of 500 nM (-)-propranolol at the 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor', with affinities closely similar to potencies and affinities determined in organ bath studies. 4 The catecholamines competed with (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A at the 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor' in a stereoselective manner, (-)-noradrenaline (pK(iH) 6.3 +/- 0.3, pK(i), 3.5 +/- 0.1), (-)-adrenaline (pK(iH) 6.5 +/- 0.2, pK(iL) 2.9 +/- 0.1), (-)-isoprenaline (pK(iH) 6.2 +/- 0.5, pK(iL) 3.3 +/- 0.1), (+)-isoprenaline (pK(i) < 1.7), (-)-R0363 ((-)-(1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamino)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenoxy)-2-propranol)oxalate, pK(i) 5.5 +/- 0.1). 5 The inclusion of guanosine 5-triphosphate (GTP 0.1 mM) had no effect on binding of (-)-CGP 12177A or (-)-isoprenaline to the 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor'. In competition binding studies, (-)-CGP 12177A competed with (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A for one receptor state in the absence (pK(i) 7.3 +/- 0.2) or presence of GTP (pK(i) 7.3 +/- 0.2). (-)-Isoprenaline competed with (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A for two states in the absence (pK(iH) 6.6 +/- 0.3, pK(iL) 3.5 +/- 0.1; % H 25 +/- 7) or presence of GTP (pK(iH) 6.2 +/- 0.5, pK(iL) 3.4 +/- 0.1; % H 37 +/- 6). In contrast, at beta(1)-adrenoceptors, GTP stabilized the low affinity state of the receptor for (-)-isoprenaline. 6 The specificity of binding to the 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor' was tested with compounds active at other receptors. High concentrations of the beta(4)-adrenoceptor agonists, BRL 37344 ((RR + SS)[4-[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy -ethyl]amino]propyl]phenoxy]acetic acid, 6 mu M), SR 58611A (ethyl((7S)-7-[(2R)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethylamino]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtyl-2-yloxy) acetate hydrochloride, 6 mu M), ZD 2079 ((+/-)-1-phenyl-2-(2-4-carboxymethylphenoxy)-ethylamino)ethan-1-ol, 60 mu M), CL 316243 (disodium (R,R)-5-[2-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl-amino]propyl]- 1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-dicarboxylate, 60 mu M) and antagonist SR 59230A (3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino]-2S-2-propanol oxalate, 6 mu M) caused less than 22% inhibition of (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A binding in the presence of 500 nM (-)-propranolol. Histamine (1 mM), atropine (1 mu M), phentolamine (10 mu M), 5-HT(100 mu M) and the 5-HT4 receptor antagonist SE 207710 ((1-butyl-4-piperidinyl)-methyl 8-amino-7-iodo-1 ,4-benzodioxan-5-carboxylate, 10 nM) caused less than 26% inhibition of binding. 7 Non-conventional partial agonists, the antagonist (-)-bupranolol and catecholamines all competed for (-)-[H-3]-CGP 12177A binding in the absence of (-)-propranolol at beta(1)-adrenoceptors, with affinities (pK(i)) ranging from 1.6-3.6 log orders greater than at the 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor'. 8 We have established and validated a radioligand binding assay in rat atrium for the 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor' which is distinct from beta(1)-, beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptors. The stereoselective interaction with the catecholamines provides further support for the classification of the receptor as 'putative beta(4)-adrenoceptor'.

Molecular cocrystals of carboxylic acids. XXVII - An investigation into the use of triphenylphosphine oxide cocrystals for non-linear optics: the crystal structure of the adduct of triphenylphosphine oxide with N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylic acid

Four adducts of triphenylphosphine oxide with aromatic carboxylic acids have been synthesized and tested for second-order non-linear optical properties. These were with N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (I), indole-2-carboxylic acid (2), 3-dimethylaminobenzoic acid (3), and thiophen-2-carboxylic acid (4). Compound (1) produced clear, colourless crystals (space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) With a 9.892(1), b 14.033(1), c 15.305(1) Angstrom, Z 4) which allowed the structure to be determined by X-ray diffraction.

Electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol on Sn((1-x))Ir((x))O(2) electrodes in acid medium

The electrochemical oxidation of ethanol at Sn((1-x))Ir (x) O(2) electrodes (with x = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.3) was studied in 0.1 mol L(-1) HClO(4) solution. Electrolysis experiments were carried out and the reaction products were analyzed by Liquid Chromatography. It was found that the amounts of the reaction products depended on the composition of the electrode. In situ infrared reflectance spectroscopy measurements were performed to identify the adsorbed intermediates and to postulate a reaction mechanism for ethanol electrooxidation on these electrode materials. As evidence, acetaldehyde and acetic acid were formed through a successive reaction process. Carbon dioxide was also identified as the end product, showing that the cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond occurred. These results indicate that the synthesized catalysts are able to lead to the total combustion of organic compounds. Analysis of the water bending band at different potentials illustrated its role at the electrode interface.

Influence of Lactic Acid on Endogenous and Viral RNA-Induced Immune Mediator Production by Vaginal Epithelial Cells

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on immune mediator release from vaginal epithelial cells. METHODS: The human vaginal epithelial cell line, VK2/E6E7, was cultured in the presence or absence of physiological concentrations of lactic acid, and in the presence or absence of the viral Toll-like receptor 3 agonist, poly (inosinic acid: cytidylic acid). Supernatants were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. RESULTS: Vaginal epithelial cells spontaneously released IL-1 beta (25.9 pg/mL), IL-8 (1.0 ng/mL), TGF-beta (175 pg/mL), and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (33.8 ng/mL). Only TGF-beta production was marginally enhanced (49%) by addition of lactic acid alone. Poly (inosinic acid: cytidylic acid) by itself stimulated the release of IL-6 (305 pg/mL) and enhanced IL-8 production (2.8 ng/mL). The combination of poly (inosinic acid: cytidylic acid) and lactic acid markedly increased IL-8 production (5.0 ng/mL) and induced the release of IL-1 beta (96.2 pg/mL). The poly (inosinic acid: cytidylic acid)-mediated lactic acid effect on IL-1 beta and IL-8 release was abrogated when the lactic acid was neutralized or if acetic acid was substituted for lactic acid. CONCLUSION: Lactic acid enhances the release of selective mediators from vaginal epithelial cells and stimulates antiviral immune responses. (Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:840-6) DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31822da9e9

Synthesis and characterization of novel 4H-pyran-4-ylidene indole-based heterocyclic systems for several optical applications

The development of organic materials displaying high two-photon absorption (TPA) has attracted much attention in recent years due to a variety of potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics, such as three-dimensional optical data storage, fluorescence imaging, two-photon microscopy, optical limiting, microfabrication, photodynamic therapy, upconverted lasing, etc. The most frequently employed structural motifs for TPA materials are donor–pi bridge–acceptor (D–pi–A) dipoles, donor–pi bridge–donor (D–pi–D) and acceptor–pi bridge-acceptor (A–pi–A) quadrupoles, octupoles, etc. In this work we present the synthesis and photophysical characterization of quadrupolar heterocyclic systems with potential applications in materials and biological sciences as TPA chromophores. Indole is a versatile building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic systems for several optoelectronic applications (chemosensors, nonlinear optical, OLEDs) due to its photophysical properties and donor electron ability and 4H-pyran-4-ylidene fragment is frequently used for the synthesis of red light-emitting materials. On the other hand, 2-(2,6-dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)malononitrile (1) and 1,3-diethyl-dihydro-5-(2,6-dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)-2-thiobarbituric (2) units are usually used as strong acceptor moieties for the preparation of π-conjugated systems of the push-pull type. These building blocks were prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of the corresponding ketone precursor with malononitrile or 1,3-diethyl-dihydro-2-thiobarbituric acid. The new quadrupolar 4H-pyran-4-ylidene fluorophores (3) derived from indole were prepared through condensation of 5-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde with the acceptor precursors 1 and 2, in the presence of a catalytical amount of piperidine. The new compounds were characterized by the usual spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis., FT-IR and multinuclear NMR - 1H, 13C).