Abordagem matemática de roll waves em escoamentos hiperconcentrados com superfície livre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Simulação numérica do comportamento da madeira de Eucalytus citrodora ao cisalhamento através do ensaio de tração Off-Axis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência de estruturas geológicas bidimensionais no campo geoeletromagnético na presença do eletrojato equatorial

A Terra atua como um grande magneto esférico, cujo campo assemelha-se àquele gerado por um dipolo magnético. Este campo apresenta mudanças de intensidade que variam com a localização e a hora local. A parte principal do campo geomagnético se origina no interior da Terra através de processos eletromagnéticos. Extensivos estudos mostraram ainda que existem contribuições de origem externa ao planeta, principalmente de origem solar. Dentre estas fontes há anomalias do campo magnético que surgem a partir de um aumento diurno da corrente elétrica em uma estreita faixa da ionosfera, de direção leste-oeste, centrada no equador magnético e denominada Eletrojato Equatorial (EEJ). Ocasionalmente estas correntes podem apresentar reversões de fluxo, sendo denominadas Contra-Eletrojato (CEJ). Vários autores têm estudado os efeitos do EEJ e CEJ sobre as observações geoeletromagnéticas. Eles estão interessados no efeito combinado do EEJ e estruturas geológicas condutivas 1-D e 2-D. Nestes trabalhos a estrutura 2-D sempre se apresentava paralela ao eletrojato, o que é uma hipótese bastante restritiva ao se modelar ambientes geológicos mais realistas, em que corpos bidimensionais podem ter qualquer strike em relação ao EEJ. Neste trabalho apresentamos a solução deste problema sem esta restrição. Assim, mostramos os campos geoeletromagnéticos devidos a estruturas bidimensionais que possuam strike oblíquo em relação ao EEJ, através de perfis dos campos elétrico e magnéticos calculados na superfície e formando direção arbitrária à heterogeneidade condutiva 2-D. Com esta resposta avaliamos ainda qual a influência que estruturas bidimensionais exercem sobre a resposta magnetotelúrica, sob influência do Eletrojato Equatorial. Durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, utilizamos o método de elementos finitos, tendo por fonte eletromagnética o EEJ e o CEJ, que por sua vez foram representados por uma combinação de distribuições gaussianas de densidade de corrente. Estas fontes foram decompostas nas direções paralela e perpendicular à estrutura 2-D, resultando nos modos de propagação TE₁ e TE₂ e TM acoplados, respectivamente. Resolvemos o modo acoplado aplicando uma Transformada de Fourier nas equações de Maxwell e uma Transformada Inversa de Fourier na solução encontrada. De acordo com os experimentos numéricos realizados em um modelo interpretativo da Anomalia Condutiva da Bacia do Parnaíba, formado por uma enorme estrutura de 3000 ohm-m dentro de um corpo externo condutivo (1 ohm-m), concluímos que a presença do CEJ causa uma inversão na anomalia, se compararmos com o resultado do EEJ. Concluímos também que para as frequências mais altas as componentes do campo elétrico apresentam menor influência da parte interna do corpo 2-D do que da parte externa. Já para frequências mais baixas este comportamento se observa com as componentes do campo magnético. Com relação à frequência, vimos os efeitos do “skin-depth”, principalmente nas respostas magnéticas. Além disso, quando a estrutura 2-D está paralela ao eletrojato, o campo elétrico é insensível à estrutura interna do modelo para todos os valores de frequência utilizados. Com respeito ao ângulo θ_h entre a heterogeneidade e a fonte, vimos que o modo TM se manifesta naturalmente quando θ_h é diferente de 0°. Neste caso, o modo TE é composto por uma parte devido à componente da fonte paralela à heterogeneidade e a outra devido à componente da fonte perpendicular, que é acoplada ao modo TM. Assim, os campos calculados têm relação direta com o valor de θ_h. Analisando a influência do ângulo entre a direção do perfil dos campos e o strike da heterogeneidade verificamos que, à medida que θ_h se aproxima de 90°, os campos primários tornam-se variáveis para valores de θ_p diferentes de 90°. Estas variações causam uma assimetria na anomalia e dão uma idéia da inclinação da direção do perfil em relação aos corpos. Finalmente, concluímos que uma das influências que a distância entre o centro do EEJ e o centro da estrutura 2-D, causa sobre as componentes dos campos está relacionado às correntes reversas do EEJ e CEJ, pois a 500 km do centro da fonte estas correntes têm máxima intensidade. No entanto, com o aumento da distância, as anomalias diminuem de intensidade. Nas sondagens MT, nós também usamos o EEJ e o CEJ como fonte primária e comparamos nossos resultados com a resposta da onda plana. Deste modo observamos que as componentes do campo geoeletromagnético, usadas para calcular a impedância, têm influência do fator de acoplamento entre os modos TE₂ e TM. Além disso, esta influência se torna maior em meios resistivos e nas frequências mais baixas. No entanto, o fator de acoplamento não afeta os dados magnetotelúricos em frequências maiores de 10^-2 Hz. Para frequências da ordem de 10^-4 Hz os dados MT apresentam duas fontes de perturbação: a primeira e mais evidente é devido à presença fonte 2-D (EEJ e CEJ), que viola a hipótese da onda plana no método MT; e a segunda é causada pelo acoplamento entre os modos TE₂ e TM, pois quando a estrutura bidimensional está obliqua à fonte 2-D temos correntes elétricas adicionais ao longo da heterogeneidade. Concluimos assim, que o strike de uma grande estrutura condutiva bidimensional relativamente à direção do EEJ ou CEJ tem de fato influência sobre o campo geomagnético. Por outro lado, para estudos magnetotelúricos rasos (frequências maiores de 10^-3 Hz) o efeito do ângulo entre a estrutura geológica 2-D e a direção do EEJ não é tão importante. Contudo, em estudos de litosfera frequências menores de 10^-3 Hz) o acoplamento entre os modos TE₂ e TM não pode ser ignorado.

Método dos elementos de contorno na resolução do problema de segunda ordem em placas delgadas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

U-Pb SHRIMP and 40Ar/39Ar constraints on the timing of mineralization in the Paleoproterozoic Caxias orogenic gold deposit, São Luís cratonic fragment, Brazil

Caxias é um depósito de ouro orogênico do fragmento cratônico São Luís, que é correlacionável aos terrenos Riacianos do Cráton Oeste-Africano. O depósito se formou após o metamorfismo regional (estimado em 2100 ± 15 Ma) e está hospedado em zona de cisalhamento que secciona xistos do Grupo Aurizona (2240 ± 5 Ma) e o Microtonalito Caxias. O microtonalito foi aqui datado em 2009 ± 11 Ma, e representa um estágio magmático tardio na evolução do fragmento cratônico São Luís. Cristais de zircão com idades de 2139 ± 10 Ma foram herdados da fonte magmática ou são produto de contaminação durante a intrusão. A composição dos isótopos de chumbo sugere que granitoides de arco de ilhas de ca. 2160 Ma são a fonte provável para o Pb incorporado na pirita relacionada com o minério. Sericita hidrotermal mostra idade ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar de 1990 ± 30 Ma, que, combinada com a idade de posicionamento do microtonalito hospedeiro, limita o evento mineralizador ao intervalo 2020-1960 Ma.

Lattice effects in the quasi-two-dimensional valence-bond-solid Mott insulator EtMe3P[Pd(dmit)(2)](2)

The organic charge-transfer salt EtMe3P[Pd(dmit)(2)](2) is a quasi-two-dimensional Mott insulator with localized spins S = 1/2 residing on a distorted triangular lattice. Here we report measurements of the uniaxial thermal expansion coefficients alpha(i) along the in-plane i = a and c axis as well as along the out-of-plane b axis for temperatures 1.4 K <= T <= 200 K. Particular attention is paid to the lattice effects around the phase transition at T-VBS = 25 K into a low-temperature valence-bond-solid phase and the paramagnetic regime above where effects of short-range antiferromagnetic correlations can be expected. The salient results of our study include (i) the observation of strongly anisotropic lattice distortions accompanying the formation of the valence-bond-solid phase, and (ii) a distinct anomaly in the thermal expansion coefficients in the paramagnetic regime around 40 K. Our results demonstrate that upon cooling through T-VBS the in-plane c axis, along which the valence bonds form, contracts while the second in-plane a axis elongates by the same relative amount. Surprisingly, the dominant effect is observed for the out-of-plane b axis which shrinks significantly upon cooling through T-VBS. The pronounced anomaly in alpha(i) around 40 K is attributed to short-range magnetic correlations. It is argued that the position of this maximum, relative to that in the magnetic susceptibility around 70 K, speaks in favor of a more anisotropic triangular-lattice scenario for this compound than previously thought.

The influence of self-weight of elastic 2D structures in topology optimization via numerical technique Smooth Evolutionary Structural Optimization (SESO)

This paper deals with topology optimization in plane elastic-linear problems considering the influence of the self weight in efforts in structural elements. For this purpose it is used a numerical technique called SESO (Smooth ESO), which is based on the procedure for progressive decrease of the inefficient stiffness element contribution at lower stresses until he has no more influence. The SESO is applied with the finite element method and is utilized a triangular finite element and high order. This paper extends the technique SESO for application its self weight where the program, in computing the volume and specific weight, automatically generates a concentrated equivalent force to each node of the element. The evaluation is finalized with the definition of a model of strut-and-tie resulting in regions of stress concentration. Examples are presented with optimum topology structures obtaining optimal settings. (C) 2012 CIMNE (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya). Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Verification of applicability of the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil in the manufacture of glued laminated bamboo

The current concern with the environment promotes the development of new technologies for production with use of alternative materials, from renewable resources, and changes in production processes, having as main objective the reduction of environmental impact. One of the alternatives for cleaner production is the use of castor oil derivatives instead of non-renewable sources, such as adhesives based on PVA (polyvinyl acetate), applied in the manufacturing process of glued laminated bamboo. Based on the versatility of the bamboo laminate and the castor oil, and from the perspective of sustainability, this study aims to contribute to the application of new materials and processes, used in the manufacturing industry, by proposing the use of the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil for glued laminated bamboo manufacturing, which can later be used in the manufacture of several products. To verify the applicability of the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil in the glued laminated bamboo manufacture, mechanical tests of traction and shearing of the glue sheet were performed in specimens of the said material, and the results were compared with the Cascorez 2590 and Waterbond adhesives. The results showed that the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil, in the traction test, has superior performance than the Waterbond adhesive and slightly below than the Cascorez 2590 adhesive, but in the shear test, the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil presented a slightly inferior performance than the other two adhesives used in the comparison.

DXA, bioelectrical impedance, ultrasonography and biometry for the estimation of fat and lean mass in cats during weight loss

Background: Few equations have been developed in veterinary medicine compared to human medicine to predict body composition. The present study was done to evaluate the influence of weight loss on biometry (BIO), bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and ultrasonography (US) in cats, proposing equations to estimate fat (FM) and lean (LM) body mass, as compared to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the referenced method. For this were used 16 gonadectomized obese cats (8 males and 8 females) in a weight loss program. DXA, BIO, BIA and US were performed in the obese state (T0; obese animals), after 10% of weight loss (T1) and after 20% of weight loss (T2). Stepwise regression was used to analyze the relationship between the dependent variables (FM, LM) determined by DXA and the independent variables obtained by BIO, BIA and US. The better models chosen were evaluated by a simple regression analysis and means predicted vs. determined by DXA were compared to verify the accuracy of the equations. Results: The independent variables determined by BIO, BIA and US that best correlated (p < 0.005) with the dependent variables (FM and LM) were BW (body weight), TC (thoracic circumference), PC (pelvic circumference), R (resistance) and SFLT (subcutaneous fat layer thickness). Using Mallows'Cp statistics, p value and r(2), 19 equations were selected (12 for FM, 7 for LM); however, only 7 equations accurately predicted FM and one LM of cats. Conclusions: The equations with two variables are better to use because they are effective and will be an alternative method to estimate body composition in the clinical routine. For estimated lean mass the equations using body weight associated with biometrics measures can be proposed. For estimated fat mass the equations using body weight associated with bioimpedance analysis can be proposed.

Anisotropic Brownian motion in ordered phases of DNA fragments

Using Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching, we investigate the Brownian motion of DNA rod-like fragments in two distinct anisotropic phases with a local nematic symmetry. The height of the measurement volume ensures the averaging of the anisotropy of the in-plane diffusive motion parallel or perpendicular to the local nematic director in aligned domains. Still, as shown in using a model specifically designed to handle such a situation and predicting a non-Gaussian shape for the bleached spot as fluorescence recovery proceeds, the two distinct diffusion coefficients of the DNA particles can be retrieved from data analysis. In the first system investigated (a ternary DNA-lipid lamellar complex), the magnitude and anisotropy of the diffusion coefficient of the DNA fragments confined by the lipid bilayers are obtained for the first time. In the second, binary DNA-solvent system, the magnitude of the diffusion coefficient is found to decrease markedly as DNA concentration is increased from isotropic to cholesteric phase. In addition, the diffusion coefficient anisotropy measured within cholesteric domains in the phase coexistence region increases with concentration, and eventually reaches a high value in the cholesteric phase.

Kinematic interaction factors of deep foundations with inclined piles.

[EN]The beneficial or detrimental role of battered piles on the dynamic response of piled foundations has not been yet fully elucidated. In order to shed more light on this aspect, kinematic interaction factors of deep foundations with inclined piles, are provided for single battered piles, as well as for 2X2 and 3X3 groups of piles subjected to vertically incident plane shear S waves.

Metodi avanzati di indagine di ammassi rocciosi a blocchi in matrice (bimrock).

The research focuses on the implementation and validation of advanced direct and indirect methods of investigation for the structural and mechanical characterisation of bimrocks. In particular, a non conventional in situ shear test has been develop in order to evaluate the strength parameters of bimrocks by properly taking into account the influence of blocks. Also, a geostatistical approach has been introduced for the investigation of block morphological and spatial properties from digital images, by means of a variographic analysis of the block Indicator Variable.

Point defects in carbon nanostructures studied by in-situ electron microscopy

In the present work, the formation and migration of point defects induced by electron irradiation in carbon nanostructures, including carbon onions, nanotubes and graphene layers, were investigated by in-situ TEM. The mobility of carbon atoms normal to the layers in graphitic nanoparticles, the mobility of carbon interstitials inside SWCNTs, and the migration of foreign atoms in graphene layers or in layers of carbon nanotubes were studied. The diffusion of carbon atoms in carbon onions was investigated by annealing carbon onions and observing the relaxation of the compressed clusters in the temperature range of 1200 – 2000oC. An activation energy of 5.0±0.3 eV was obtained. This rather high activation energy for atom exchange between the layers not only prevents the exchange of carbon atoms between the layers at lower temperature but also explains the high morphological and mechanical stability of graphite nanostructures. The migration of carbon atoms in SWCNTs was investigated quantitatively by cutting SWCNT bundles repeatedly with a focused electron beam at different temperatures. A migration barrier of about 0.25 eV was obtained for the diffusion of carbon atoms inside SWCNTs. This is an experimental confirmation of the high mobility of interstitial atoms inside carbon nanotubes, which corroborates previously developed theoretical models of interstitial diffusivity. Individual Au and Pt atoms in one- or two-layered graphene planes and MWCNTs were monitored in real time at high temperatures by high-resolution TEM. The direct observation of the behavior of Au and Pt atoms in graphenic structures in a temperature range of 600 – 700°C allows us to determine the sites occupied by the metal atoms in the graphene layer and the diffusivities of the metal atoms. It was found that metal atoms were located in single or multiple carbon vacancies, not in off-plane positions, and diffused by site exchange with carbon atoms. Metal atoms showed a tendency to form clusters those were stable for a few seconds. An activation energy of around 2.5 eV was obtained for the in-plane migration of both Au and Pt atoms in graphene (two-dimensional diffusion). The rather high activation energy indicates covalent bonding between metal and carbon atoms. Metal atoms were also observed to diffuse along the open edge of graphene layers (one-dimensional diffusion) with a slightly lower activation energy of about 2.3 eV. It is also found that the diffusion of metal atoms in curved graphenic layers of MWCNTs is slightly faster than in planar graphene.

Static analysis of functionally graded cylindrical and conical shells or panels using the generalized unconstrained third order theory coupled with the stress recovery

A 2D Unconstrained Third Order Shear Deformation Theory (UTSDT) is presented for the evaluation of tangential and normal stresses in moderately thick functionally graded conical and cylindrical shells subjected to mechanical loadings. Several types of graded materials are investigated. The functionally graded material consists of ceramic and metallic constituents. A four parameter power law function is used. The UTSDT allows the presence of a finite transverse shear stress at the top and bottom surfaces of the graded shell. In addition, the initial curvature effect included in the formulation leads to the generalization of the present theory (GUTSDT). The Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method is used to discretize the derivatives in the governing equations, the external boundary conditions and the compatibility conditions. Transverse and normal stresses are also calculated by integrating the three dimensional equations of equilibrium in the thickness direction. In this way, the six components of the stress tensor at a point of the conical or cylindrical shell or panel can be given. The initial curvature effect and the role of the power law functions are shown for a wide range of functionally conical and cylindrical shells under various loading and boundary conditions. Finally, numerical examples of the available literature are worked out.

Effective Length K-Factors For Flexural Buckling Strengths Of Web Members In Open Web Steel Joists

Open web steel joists are designed in the United States following the governing specification published by the Steel Joist Institute. For compression members in joists, this specification employs an effective length factor, or K-factor, in confirming their adequacy. In most cases, these K-factors have been conservatively assumed equal to 1.0 for compression web members, regardless of the fact that intuition and limited experimental work indicate that smaller values could be justified. Given that smaller K-factors could result in more economical designs without a loss in safety, the research presented in this thesis aims to suggest procedures for obtaining more rational values. Three different methods for computing in-plane and out-of-plane K-factors are investigated, including (1) a hand calculation method based on the use of alignment charts, (2) computational critical load (eigenvalue) analyses using uniformly distributed loads, and (3) computational analyses using a compressive strain approach. The latter method is novel and allows for computing the individual buckling load of a specific member within a system, such as a joist. Four different joist configurations are investigated, including an 18K3, 28K10, and two variations of a 32LH06. Based on these methods and the very limited number of joists studied, it appears promising that in-plane and out-of-plane K-factors of 0.75 and 0.85, respectively, could be used in computing the flexural buckling strength of web members in routine steel joist design. Recommendations for future work, which include systematically investigating a wider range of joist configurations and connection restraint, are provided.