PPO Reaction Scale-up

O óxido de polifenileno com a marca comercial PPO® é uma das resinas principais produzidas na SABIC IP e o ingrediente principal do plástico de engenharia com a marca registada, Noryl®. A equipa de tecnologia de processo de PPO® desenvolve uma série de novos produtos em reactores de pequena escala, tanto em Selkirk como em Bergen op Zoom. Para se efectuar uma transição rápida da escala laboratorial para a fábrica, é necessário um conhecimento completo do reactor. O objectivo deste projecto consiste em esboçar linhas gerais para o scale-up de novos produtos de PPO1, do laboratório para a escala industrial, baseado no estudo de um tipo de PPO, PPO 803. Este estudo pode ser dividido em duas fases. Numa primeira fase, as receitas e os perfis da reacção são comparados, de onde se retiram as primeiras conclusões. Posteriormente, com base nestas conclusões, é realizado um planeamento experimental. O estudo inicial sugeriu que a receita, a temperatura inicial do reactor e a velocidade do agitador poderiam influenciar o tempo da reacção bem como a queda da velocidade intrínseca do polímero (IV drop). As reacções experimentais mostraram que a receita é o principal factor que influencia, tanto o tempo de reacção, como a queda de viscosidade intrínseca. O tempo de reacção será tanto maior quanto menor a agitação devido à má dispersão do oxigénio na mistura. O uso de temperaturas iniciais elevadas conduz a uma queda maior da viscosidade intrínseca devido à desactivação do catalisador. O método experimental utilizado no laboratório de Bergen op Zoom é um bom exemplo, simulador, do procedimento utilizado na fábrica.

X Radiation dose implications in screening patients with ferromagnetic IOFBs prior to MRI: a literary review

Patients scheduled for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan sometimes require screening for ferromagnetic Intra Orbital Foreign Bodies (IOFBs). To assess this, they are required to fill out a screening protocol questionnaire before their scan. If it is established that a patient is at high risk, radiographic imaging is necessary. This review examines literature to evaluate which imaging modality should be used to screen for IOFBs, considering that the eye is highly sensitive to ionising radiation and any dose should be minimised. Method: Several websites and books were searched for information, these were as follows: PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar. The terms searched related to IOFB, Ionising radiation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safety, Image Quality, Effective Dose, Orbits and X-ray. Thirty five articles were found, several were rejected due to age or irrelevance; twenty eight were eventually accepted. Results: There are several imaging techniques that can be used. Some articles investigated the use of ultrasound for investigation of ferromagnetic IOFBs of the eye and others discussed using Computed Tomography (CT) and X-ray. Some gaps in the literature were identified, mainly that there are no articles which discuss the lowest effective dose while having adequate image quality for orbital imaging. Conclusion: X-ray is the best method to identify IOFBs. The only problem is that there is no research which highlights exposure factors that maintain sufficient image quality for viewing IOFBs and keep the effective dose to the eye As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).

A balance between image quality and effective dose in orbital X-ray screening for ferromagnetic IOFBs: a pilot study

Purpose: To investigate whether standard X-ray acquisition factors for orbital radiographs are suitable for the detection of ferromagnetic intra-ocular foreign bodies in patients undergoing MRI. Method: 35 observers, at varied levels of education in radiography, attending a European Dose Optimisation EURASMUS Summer School were asked to score 24 images of varying acquisition factors against a clinical standard (reference image) using two alternative forced choice. The observers were provided with 12 questions and a 5 point Likert scale. Statistical tests were used to validate the scale, and scale reliability was also measured. The images which scored equal to, or better than, the reference image (36) were ranked alongside their corresponding effective dose (E), the image with the lowest dose equal to or better than the reference is considered the new optimum acquisition factors. Results: Four images emerged as equal to, or better than, the reference in terms of image quality. The images were then ranked in order of E. Only one image that scored the same as the reference had a lower dose. The reference image had a mean E of 3.31μSv, the image that scored the same had an E of 1.8μSv. Conclusion: Against the current clinical standard exposure factors of 70kVp, 20mAs and the use of an anti- scatter grid, one image proved to have a lower E whilst maintaining the same level of image quality and lesion visibility. It is suggested that the new exposure factors should be 60kVp, 20mAs and still include the use of an anti-scatter grid.

Aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos do escorpionismo na região de Santarém, Estado do Pará, Brasil

Este trabalho é um estudo prospectivo e descritivo dos aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos de 72 envenenamentos por escorpiões admitidos no Hospital Municipal de Santarém, Estado do Pará, Brasil, entre fevereiro de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001. Trouxeram o animal 8,3% das vítimas, os quais foram identificados como T. cambridgei. O sexo masculino foi acometido em 83,3%. A idade das vítimas e o tempo para o socorro médico foram respectivamente de 33,6±18,3 anos e 4,6±3,2 horas em média. Os membros superiores foram acometidos em 51,5% dos casos. As manifestações locais estiveram presentes em 91,7% e as sistêmicas em 98,6% dos envenenamentos. Entre os sintomas locais encontramos: parestesia em 79,2%, dor em 52,8%, e edema em 26,4% dos casos. Nas manifestações sistêmicas predominou as queixas neurológicas em 97,2% das vítimas, sendo o sintoma de sensação de "choque elétrico" pelo corpo (88,9%) o mais freqüente. No exame neurológico os sinais mais encontrados foram: mioclonias (93,0%), dismetria (86,1%), disartria (80,6%) e ataxia de marcha (70,8%). Classificou-se como moderados 76,4% dos envenenamentos, sem nenhum caso grave. Deixaram de realizar a soroterapia 32,7% dos casos moderados, por ausência de soro específico no momento do atendimento. O escorpionismo da região de Santarém mostra um comportamento clínico regional diferente daqueles descritos no Brasil e de outros locais da Amazônia e, apresenta uma clínica predominantemente neurológica, ainda não descrita na literatura brasileira.

Hole cleaning performance monitoring during the drilling of directional wells

During drilling operation, cuttings are produced downhole and must be removed to avoid issues which can lead to Non Productive Time (NPT). Most of stuck pipe and then Bottom-Hole Assembly (BHA) lost events are hole cleaned related. There are many parameters which help determine hole cleaning conditions, but a proper selection of the key parameters will facilitate monitoring hole cleaning conditions and interventions. The aim of Hole Cleaning Monitoring is to keep track of borehole conditions including hole cleaning efficiency and wellbore stability issues during drilling operations. Adequate hole cleaning is the one of the main concerns in the underbalanced drilling operations especially for directional and horizontal wells. This dissertation addresses some hole cleaning fundamentals which will act as the basis for recommendation practice during drilling operations. Understand how parameters such as Flowrate, Rotation per Minute (RPM), Rate of Penetration (ROP) and Mud Weight are useful to improve the hole cleaning performance and how Equivalent Circulate Density (ECD), Torque & Drag (T&D) and Cuttings Volumes coming from downhole help to indicate how clean and stable the well is. For case study, hole cleaning performance or cuttings volume removal monitoring, will be based on real-time measurements of the cuttings volume removal from downhole at certain time, taking into account Flowrate, RPM, ROP and Drilling fluid or Mud properties, and then will be plotted and compared to the volume being drilled expected. ECD monitoring will dictate hole stability conditions and T&D and Cuttings Volume coming from downhole monitoring will dictate how clean the well is. T&D Modeling Software provide theoretical calculated T&D trends which will be plotted and compared to the real-time measurements. It will use the measured hookloads to perform a back-calculation of friction factors along the wellbore.

On occurrence, habitat specificity and natural history of adult tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) near Manaus, Central Amazonia, and key to the larvae of tiger beetle genera

Over a seven year period from 1991 to 1997, 22 species of tiger beetles, representing nine genera, were recorded near Manaus, Brazil. In the Whitewaterfloodplains along the Rio Solimões-Amazonas (Ilha de Marchantaria), three diurnal species inhabit inundation forests and six species (two diurnal, four nocturnal) live in open areas. Data on their natural history and adaptation to living conditions in floodplains are presented. Fifteen species were located on non-flooded uplands (Reserva Florestal A. Ducke). Five diurnal species inhabit the forest floor, two species are canopy dwellers, and eight species (seven diurnal, one nocturnal) live in open areas on whitesand or laterite. Only one species, Pentacomia lacordairei, was found in both floodplain and upland forests. A key to the larvae of tiger beetle genera located near Manaus is presented.

The species of Notiobia Perty (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalini) from Brazil

The new species Notiobia glabrata, N. maxima and N. pseudolimbipennis are described. A key to the 11 Notiobia (s.str.) species known from Brazil, data about the distribution of each species and taxonomical remarks are provided. Notiobia parilis Bates, 1878 is a junior synonym of N. nebrioides Perty, 1830, and Notiobia umbrata Bates, 1882 is a junior synonym of N. jlavicinctus Erichson, 1847. The Brazilian Notiobia species belong to at least three different species groups, each distributed from Brazil over the North-Western part of South America, Central America to Mexico.

Emotional aspects of childhood career development: importance and future agenda

Childhood is a central period for career and social-emotional development. However, the literature covering childhood career development and the role of emotions in careers is scarce. In this article, we advocate for the consideration of emotions in childhood career development. Emotional aspects of children’s career exploration, key-figures and interests, as well as of childhood antecedents of lifelong career processes are presented. Relations between childhood emotion, behavior, functioning and learning are also presented. Conclusions center on a call for focused study of the role of emotion in childhood career development and how such an agenda will advance the literature.

Parallel improved Schnorr-Euchner enumeration SE++ for the CVP and SVP

The Closest Vector Problem (CVP) and the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) are prime problems in lattice-based cryptanalysis, since they underpin the security of many lattice-based cryptosystems. Despite the importance of these problems, there are only a few CVP-solvers publicly available, and their scalability was never studied. This paper presents a scalable implementation of an enumeration-based CVP-solver for multi-cores, which can be easily adapted to solve the SVP. In particular, it achieves super-linear speedups in some instances on up to 8 cores and almost linear speedups on 16 cores when solving the CVP on a 50-dimensional lattice. Our results show that enumeration-based CVP-solvers can be parallelized as effectively as enumeration-based solvers for the SVP, based on a comparison with a state of the art SVP-solver. In addition, we show that we can optimize the SVP variant of our solver in such a way that it becomes 35%-60% faster than the fastest enumeration-based SVP-solver to date.

External and internal dynamics in the EU's counter-terrorism policy: a political and legal analysis

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais

Nova genera plantarum...

pt.1-2 1781-82

Nova genera plantarum...

pt.3, 5 1783-84

CONOCIMIENTO SOBRE EL VIRUS PAPILOMA HUMANO (VPH): SU IMPLICANCIA EN LA PREVENCIÓN DEL CÁNCER ORAL.

El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es una de las de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) más frecuentes [1]. Varios genotipos de VPH pueden generar verrugas genitales, y otros están fuertemente asociados a displasia cervical, cáncer de cuello uterino, de vulva, ano, pene y de orofaringe. La alta prevalencia de la infección por este virus en caso de lesiones bucal premalignas indica que la infección podría ser un evento temprano en el proceso de transformación maligna de las c. Epitelial de la cavidad bucal. La asociación epidemiológica del VPH con Carcinoma de Células escamosa, así como la evidencia biológica dado por la transformación de las células epitelial por oncogenes del virus sugiere que los VPH específicos son importantes para el proceso de malignización, sin que este determine el tamaño ni el estado del tumor. Objetivos 1) Analizar el grado de conocimiento de la población incluida en una encuesta, respecto de las vías de transmisión del VPH, los métodos de prevención, los factores de riesgo y su asociación con las verrugas genitales y el cáncer de cuello de útero, ano, pene y de orofaringe. 2) Determinar la prevalencia y genotipos del VPH en lesiones preneoplásicas y neoplásicas de las vías aerodigestivas superiores de pacientes adultos que acuden a la Fac de Odontología y evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados (sexuales, hhábito de fumar, etc) 3) Determinar la prevalencia y genotipos del VPH en mucosa sana y que presenten lesiones de pacientes pediátricos que acuden a la Facultad de Odontología de la U.N.C.; Servicio del Hospital de Niños de la Pcia de Córdoba y evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados (sexuales, otras ITS por ej: C.trachomatis, M.genital) MATERIALES Y METODOS: Objetivo 1: Se entregará un cuestionario de 28 ítems, con carácter anónimo no vinculante, a estudiantes (mayores de 18 años de edad) universitarios de primer año de las carreras de Medicina, Odontología, FAMAF, Psicopedagogía del Inst Sup Dr. D.Cabred, de la catedra Bacteriologia y Virologia de la F.C.M., pacientes que asisten a los servicios de: Infectología y Ginecología del H.N.C., Ginecología e Infectología del Hospital Italiano, Urología del Hospital San Roque, Ginecología del H.M.N., Lab de Andrología y Reproducción y Lab de Chlamydias y HPV del Instituto de Virología y a empleados y afiliados que asisten a APROSS. Objetivo 2/3: Las muestras con PAP, serán receptadas en 500µl de PBS, luego se extraerá ADN, utilizando un equipo comercial (Bioneer). Se amplificará por PCR, un segmento (450 pb), correspondientes a la región L1 del genoma viral, utilizando los llamados “primer” degenerados MY09 y MY11. La amplificación del gen de la beta-globina se utilizará para comprobar la presencia de un templado; a partir de los productos VPH positivos se realizará digestión enzimática (BamHI, HaeIII, HinfI, PstI, RsaI, DdeI y Sau3A1) lo que permitirá la identificación del genotipo a por RFLP en gel de agarosa al 2%. Se utilizará para el análisis estadístico el programa Epi Info versión 3.5.1 2008 (http://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo/). Se alinearán las secuencias de ADN empleando el programa Clustal X (23). Las secuencias serán utilizadas para genotipificación por métodos filogenético [o utilizando la herramienta de genotipificación viral del NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genotyping/formpage.cgi)] El análisis filogenético se realizará empleando el Programa MEGA 3 (11) empleando la metodología de Neighbor Joining y se evaluarán por Bootstrap. Resultados esperados:La encuesta brindará datos que se podrán aprovechar para los programas de prevención de la infección con VPH. Se podrá determinar cuáles son los genotipos circulantes en nuestra población y cuáles son los factores de riesgo asociados. Se podrá establecer cuáles son los genotipos asociados a las lesiones preneoplásicas y neoplásicas de la mucosa oral, y determinar la probabilidad de que la vacunación contra los VPH 6, 11, 16 y 18 pueda prevenir la aparición de estas lesiones.

Erkennung und Vermeidung von unkooperativem Verhalten in Peer-to-Peer-Datenstrukturen

Peer-to-Peer, reputation, trust