General analysis of the governmental perceptions and policies in Latin America and the Caribbean

El estudio proporciona un análisis de las percepciones de los gobiernos sobre la situación demográfica y de las políticas gubernamentales implementadas por los países de América Latina y el Caribe en el campo de la población. El énfasis se sitúa en el crecimiento demográfico, a nivel de la mortalidad y acceso a servicios anticonceptivos. Previo la descripción de la situación regional , el análisis releva la evolución de las percepciones y políticas entre 1980 y 1991, incluyendo una discusión detenida tanto de las variables objeto de políticas como de la demografía de los países de la región.

Cytogenetic damage related to low levels of methyl mercury contamination in the Brazilian Amazon

The mercury rejected in the water system, from mining operations and lixiviation of soils after deforestation, is considered to be the main contributors to the contamination of the ecosystem in the Amazon Basin. The objectives of the present study were to examine cytogenetic functions in peripheral lymphocytes within a population living on the banks of the Tapajós River with respect to methylmercury (MeHg) contamination, using hair mercury as a biological indicator of exposure. Our investigation shows a clear relation between methylmercury contamination and cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes at levels well below 50 micrograms/gram, the level at which initial clinical signs and symptoms of mercury poisoning occur. The first apparent biological effect with increasing MeHg hair level was the impairment of lymphocyte proliferation measured as mitotic index (MI). The relation between mercury concentration in hair and MI suggests that this parameter, an indicator of changes in lymphocytes and their ability to respond to culture conditions, may be an early marker of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in humans and should be taken into account in the preliminary evaluation of the risks to populations exposed in vivo. This is the first report showing clear cytotoxic effects of long-term exposure to MeHg. Although the results strongly suggest that, under the conditions examined here, MeHg is both a spindle poison and a clastogen, the biological significance of these observations are as yet unknown. A long-term follow-up of these subjects should be undertaken.

O cardeal leme e a construção da ordem política católica (1930-1942)

Pós-graduação em História - FCHS

The genomes of two key bumblebee species with primitive eusocial organization

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

What Business Reference Librarians Need to Know about Intellectual Property: Presentations sponsored by the Patent and Trademark Depository Library Association (PTDLA) at the American Library Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, June 25, 2006

Presentations sponsored by the Patent and Trademark Depository Library Association (PTDLA) at the American Library Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, June 25, 2006 Speaker #1: Nan Myers Associate Professor; Government Documents, Patents and Trademarks Librarian Wichita State University, Wichita, KS Title: Intellectual Property Roundup: Copyright, Trademarks, Trade Secrets, and Patents Abstract: This presentation provides a capsule overview of the distinctive coverage of the four types of intellectual property – What they are, why they are important, how to get them, what they cost, how long they last. Emphasis will be on what questions patrons ask most, along with the answers! Includes coverage of the mission of Patent & Trademark Depository Libraries (PTDLs) and other sources of business information outside of libraries, such as Small Business Development Centers. Speaker #2: Jan Comfort Government Information Reference Librarian Clemson University, Clemson, SC Title: Patents as a Source of Competitive Intelligence Information Abstract: Large corporations often have R&D departments, or large numbers of staff whose jobs are to monitor the activities of their competitors. This presentation will review strategies that small business owners can employ to do their own competitive intelligence analysis. The focus will be on features of the patent database that is available free of charge on the USPTO website, as well as commercial databases available at many public and academic libraries across the country. Speaker #3: Virginia Baldwin Professor; Engineering Librarian University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE Title: Mining Online Patent Data for Business Information Abstract: The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) website and websites of international databases contains information about granted patents and patent applications and the technologies they represent. Statistical information about patents, their technologies, geographical information, and patenting entities are compiled and available as reports on the USPTO website. Other valuable information from these websites can be obtained using data mining techniques. This presentation will provide the keys to opening these resources and obtaining valuable data. Speaker #4: Donna Hopkins Engineering Librarian Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY Title: Searching the USPTO Trademark Database for Wordmarks and Logos Abstract: This presentation provides an overview of wordmark searching in www.uspto.gov, followed by a review of the techniques of searching for non-word US trademarks using codes from the Design Search Code Manual. These codes are used in an electronic search, either on the uspto website or on CASSIS DVDs. The search is sometimes supplemented by consulting the Official Gazette. A specific example of using a section of the codes for searching is included. Similar searches on the Madrid Express database of WIPO, using the Vienna Classification, will also be briefly described.

The CUPID (Cultural and Psychosocial Influences on Disability) Study: Methods of Data Collection and Characteristics of Study Sample

Background: The CUPID (Cultural and Psychosocial Influences on Disability) study was established to explore the hypothesis that common musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and associated disability are importantly influenced by culturally determined health beliefs and expectations. This paper describes the methods of data collection and various characteristics of the study sample. Methods/Principal Findings: A standardised questionnaire covering musculoskeletal symptoms, disability and potential risk factors, was used to collect information from 47 samples of nurses, office workers, and other (mostly manual) workers in 18 countries from six continents. In addition, local investigators provided data on economic aspects of employment for each occupational group. Participation exceeded 80% in 33 of the 47 occupational groups, and after pre-specified exclusions, analysis was based on 12,426 subjects (92 to 1018 per occupational group). As expected, there was high usage of computer keyboards by office workers, while nurses had the highest prevalence of heavy manual lifting in all but one country. There was substantial heterogeneity between occupational groups in economic and psychosocial aspects of work; three-to fivefold variation in awareness of someone outside work with musculoskeletal pain; and more than ten-fold variation in the prevalence of adverse health beliefs about back and arm pain, and in awareness of terms such as "repetitive strain injury" (RSI). Conclusions/Significance: The large differences in psychosocial risk factors (including knowledge and beliefs about MSDs) between occupational groups should allow the study hypothesis to be addressed effectively.

IgG Autoantibody Response against Keratinocyte Cadherins in Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem)

It is well established that autoantibodies against desmoglein 3 and desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) are relevant in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus, including its endemic form fogo selvagem (FS). Isolated reports have shown that in certain patients with these diseases, autoantibodies against other desmosomal cadherins and E-cadherin may also be present. The goal of this investigation was to determine whether FS patients and normal individuals living in endemic areas possess autoantibodies against other desmosomal cadherins and E-cadherin. By testing a large number of FS and endemic control sera by ELISA, we found a consistent and specific autoantibody response against Dsg1 and other keratinocyte cadherins in these individuals, which is quite different from healthy individuals from the United States (US controls). Overall, the highest correlations among the autoantibody responses tested were in the endemic controls, followed by FS patients, and lowest in the US controls. These findings suggest that multiple, perhaps cross-reactive, keratinocyte cadherins are recognized by FS patients and endemic controls.

No evidence of selenosis from a selenium-rich diet in the Brazilian Amazon

Selenium (Se) is an essential element and a well-known anti-oxidant. In the Lower Tapajos River region of the Brazilian Amazon, biomarkers of Se range from normal to very high. The local traditional diet includes important Se sources such as Brazil nuts, chicken, game meat and certain fish species. Some studies have reported alterations in keratin structure, gastrointestinal problems and paresthesia in populations with high Se intake. The objective of the present study was to evaluate cutaneous and garlic odor of the breath signs and sentinel symptoms of Se toxicity (selenosis) in relation to Se status in communities along the Tapajos River. Participants (N = 448), aged 15-87 years, were recruited from 12 communities. Se concentrations were measured in blood (B-Se) and plasma (P-Se) by ICP-MS. A nurse performed an examination of the hair, nails, skin and breath for signs of Se toxicity. Interview-administered questionnaires were used to collect information on socio-demographics, medical history and possible symptoms of Se toxicity. In this population, the median levels of B-Se and P-Se were 228.4 mu g/L (range 103.3-1500.2 mu g/L) and 134.8 mu g/L (range 53.6-913.2 mu g/L) respectively. Although B-Se and P-Se surpassed concentrations considered toxic (B-Se: 1000 mu g/L (U.S. EPA, 2002)), no dermal or breath signs or symptoms of Se toxicity were associated with the biomarkers of Se status. In the present study population, where Se intake is mostly from traditional diet, there is no evidence of selenosis. These findings support the need to re-assess Se toxicity considering factors such as the chemical form of Se exposure, route of exposure (inhaled versus ingested), co-exposures to toxic elements such as mercury. Considering the current food transition towards a western diet in the Amazon, further studies should address the possible association between high Se status and cardiometabolic health in this study population. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Directions for advancing the study of work transitions in the 21st century

Objectives: The purpose of this article is to share the details, outcomes and deliverables from an international workshop on work transitions in London, Ontario, Canada. Participants: Researchers, graduate students, and community group members met to identity ways to advance the knowledge base of strategies to enhance work participation for those in the most disadvantaged groups within society. Methods: A participatory approach was used in this workshop with presentations by researchers and graduate students. This approach included dialogue and discussion with community members. In addition, small group dialogue and debate, world cafe discussions, written summaries of group discussion and reflection boards were used to bring new ideas to the discussion and to build upon what we know. Findings: Two research imperatives and six research recommendations were identified to advance global dialogue on work transitions and to advance the knowledge base. Occupational justice can be used to support future research directions in the study of work transitions. Conclusions: Moving forward requires a commitment of community of researchers, clinicians and stakeholders to address work disparities and implement solutions to promote participation in work.

Polyphyly of the hawk genera Leucopternis and Buteogallus (Aves, Accipitridae): multiple habitat shifts during the Neotropical buteonine diversification

Abstract Background The family Accipitridae (hawks, eagles and Old World vultures) represents a large radiation of predatory birds with an almost global distribution, although most species of this family occur in the Neotropics. Despite great morphological and ecological diversity, the evolutionary relationships in the family have been poorly explored at all taxonomic levels. Using sequences from four mitochondrial genes (12S, ATP8, ATP6, and ND6), we reconstructed the phylogeny of the Neotropical forest hawk genus Leucopternis and most of the allied genera of Neotropical buteonines. Our goals were to infer the evolutionary relationships among species of Leucopternis, estimate their relationships to other buteonine genera, evaluate the phylogenetic significance of the white and black plumage patterns common to most Leucopternis species, and assess general patterns of diversification of the group with respect to species' affiliations with Neotropical regions and habitats. Results Our molecular phylogeny for the genus Leucopternis and its allies disagrees sharply with traditional taxonomic arrangements for the group, and we present new hypotheses of relationships for a number of species. The mtDNA phylogenetic trees derived from analysis of the combined data posit a polyphyletic relationship among species of Leucopternis, Buteogallus and Buteo. Three highly supported clades containing Leucopternis species were recovered in our phylogenetic reconstructions. The first clade consisted of the sister pairs L. lacernulatus and Buteogallus meridionalis, and Buteogallus urubitinga and Harpyhaliaetus coronatus, in addition to L. schistaceus and L. plumbeus. The second clade included the sister pair Leucopternis albicollis and L. occidentalis as well as L. polionotus. The third lineage comprised the sister pair L. melanops and L. kuhli, in addition to L. semiplumbeus and Buteo buteo. According to our results, the white and black plumage patterns have evolved at least twice in the group. Furthermore, species found to the east and west of the Andes (cis-Andean and trans-Andean, respectively) are not reciprocally monophyletic, nor are forest and non-forest species. Conclusion The polyphyly of Leucopternis, Buteogallus and Buteo establishes a lack of concordance of current Accipitridae taxonomy with the mtDNA phylogeny for the group, and points to the need for further phylogenetic analysis at all taxonomic levels in the family as also suggested by other recent analyses. Habitat shifts, as well as cis- and trans-Andean disjunctions, took place more than once during buteonine diversification in the Neotropical region. Overemphasis of the black and white plumage patterns has led to questionable conclusions regarding the relationships of Leucopternis species, and suggests more generally that plumage characters should be used with considerable caution in the taxonomic evaluation of the Accipitridae.

Food choices and practices during pregnancy of immigrant and Aboriginal women in Canada: a study protocol

Abstract Background Facilitating the provision of appropriate health care for immigrant and Aboriginal populations in Canada is critical for maximizing health potential and well-being. Numerous reports describe heightened risks of poor maternal and birth outcomes for immigrant and Aboriginal women. Many of these outcomes may relate to food consumption/practices and thus may be obviated through provision of resources which suit the women's ethnocultural preferences. This project aims to understand ethnocultural food and health practices of Aboriginal and immigrant women, and how these intersect with respect to the legacy of Aboriginal colonialism and to the social contexts of cultural adaptation and adjustment of immigrants. The findings will inform the development of visual tools for health promotion by practitioners. Methods/Design This four-phase study employs a case study design allowing for multiple means of data collection and different units of analysis. Phase 1 consists of a scoping review of the literature. Phases 2 and 3 incorporate pictorial representations of food choices (photovoice in Phase 2) with semi-structured photo-elicited interviews (in Phase 3). The findings from Phases 1-3 and consultations with key stakeholders will generate key understandings for Phase 4, the production of culturally appropriate visual tools. For the scoping review, an emerging methodological framework will be utilized in addition to systematic review guidelines. A research librarian will assist with the search strategy and retrieval of literature. For Phases 2 and 3, recruitment of 20-24 women will be facilitated by team member affiliations at perinatal clinics in one of the city's most diverse neighbourhoods. The interviews will reveal culturally normative practices surrounding maternal food choices and consumption, including how women negotiate these practices within their own worldview and experiences. A structured and comprehensive integrated knowledge translation plan has been formulated. Discussion The findings of this study will provide practitioners with an understanding of the cultural differences that affect women's dietary choices during maternity. We expect that the developed resources will be of immediate use within the women's units and will enhance counseling efforts. Wide dissemination of outputs may have a greater long term impact in the primary and secondary prevention of these high risk conditions.

Trends in aortic aneurysm- and dissection-related mortality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, 1985–2009: multiple-cause-of-death analysis

Background: Aortic aneurysm and dissection are important causes of death in older people. Ruptured aneurysms show catastrophic fatality rates reaching near 80%. Few population-based mortality studies have been published in the world and none in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to use multiple-cause-of-death methodology in the analysis of mortality trends related to aortic aneurysm and dissection in the state of Sao Paulo, between 1985 and 2009. Methods: We analyzed mortality data from the Sao Paulo State Data Analysis System, selecting all death certificates on which aortic aneurysm and dissection were listed as a cause-of-death. The variables sex, age, season of the year, and underlying, associated or total mentions of causes of death were studied using standardized mortality rates, proportions and historical trends. Statistical analyses were performed by chi-square goodness-of-fit and H Kruskal-Wallis tests, and variance analysis. The joinpoint regression model was used to evaluate changes in age-standardized rates trends. A p value less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. Results: Over a 25-year period, there were 42,615 deaths related to aortic aneurysm and dissection, of which 36,088 (84.7%) were identified as underlying cause and 6,527 (15.3%) as an associated cause-of-death. Dissection and ruptured aneurysms were considered as an underlying cause of death in 93% of the deaths. For the entire period, a significant increased trend of age-standardized death rates was observed in men and women, while certain non-significant decreases occurred from 1996/2004 until 2009. Abdominal aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections prevailed among men and aortic dissections and aortic aneurysms of unspecified site among women. In 1985 and 2009 death rates ratios of men to women were respectively 2.86 and 2.19, corresponding to a difference decrease between rates of 23.4%. For aortic dissection, ruptured and non-ruptured aneurysms, the overall mean ages at death were, respectively, 63.2, 68.4 and 71.6 years; while, as the underlying cause, the main associated causes of death were as follows: hemorrhages (in 43.8%/40.5%/13.9%); hypertensive diseases (in 49.2%/22.43%/24.5%) and atherosclerosis (in 14.8%/25.5%/15.3%); and, as associated causes, their principal overall underlying causes of death were diseases of the circulatory (55.7%), and respiratory (13.8%) systems and neoplasms (7.8%). A significant seasonal variation, with highest frequency in winter, occurred in deaths identified as underlying cause for aortic dissection, ruptured and non-ruptured aneurysms. Conclusions: This study introduces the methodology of multiple-causes-of-death to enhance epidemiologic knowledge of aortic aneurysm and dissection in São Paulo, Brazil. The results presented confer light to the importance of mortality statistics and the need for epidemiologic studies to understand unique trends in our own population.

QuMinS: fast and scalable querying, mining and summarizing multi-modal databases

Given a large image set, in which very few images have labels, how to guess labels for the remaining majority? How to spot images that need brand new labels different from the predefined ones? How to summarize these data to route the user’s attention to what really matters? Here we answer all these questions. Specifically, we propose QuMinS, a fast, scalable solution to two problems: (i) Low-labor labeling (LLL) – given an image set, very few images have labels, find the most appropriate labels for the rest; and (ii) Mining and attention routing – in the same setting, find clusters, the top-'N IND.O' outlier images, and the 'N IND.R' images that best represent the data. Experiments on satellite images spanning up to 2.25 GB show that, contrasting to the state-of-the-art labeling techniques, QuMinS scales linearly on the data size, being up to 40 times faster than top competitors (GCap), still achieving better or equal accuracy, it spots images that potentially require unpredicted labels, and it works even with tiny initial label sets, i.e., nearly five examples. We also report a case study of our method’s practical usage to show that QuMinS is a viable tool for automatic coffee crop detection from remote sensing images.

Memoria e rappresentazione della violenza storica nella letteratura del secondo Novecento

Partendo dal problema del rapporto fra la ricostruzione di un evento storico e lo statuto del testo che lo ricostruisce, la tesi si concentra nella lettura di opere riguardanti la Seconda guerra mondiale. Sono in questo senso cruciali due opere autobiografiche trattate nella prima parte del lavoro, Rue Labat Rue Ordener di Sarah Kofman (1993) e Kindheitsmuster di Christa Wolf (1976). In questi due testi la dottoranda prova a recuperare da una parte la rimemorazione letteraria di due esperienze infantili della guerra insieme opposte e complementari dal punto di vista del posizionamento della testimonianza. Il testo della Wolf ibrida la narrazione finzionale e la memoria dell’evento storico vissuto nel ricordo di una bambina tedesca, il testo della Kofman recupera in una maniera quasi psicanalitica la memoria di una bambina ebrea vittima inconsapevole e quesi incosciente della Shoah. Di fronte a due topoi apparentemente già piu volte ripercorsi nella letteratura critica del trauma postconflitto, la tesi in questione cerca di individuare il costituirsi quasi inevitabile di un soggetto identitario che osserva, vive e successivamente recupera e racconta il trauma. Se alcune posizioni della moderna storiografia e della contemporanea riflessione sulla scrittura storiografica, sottolineano la forza e l’importanza dell’elemento narrativo all’interno della ricostruzione storica e dell’analisi dei documenti, questa tesi sembra indicare una via possibile di studio per la letteratura comparata. Una via, cioè, che non si soffermi sui fattori e sui criteri veridizionali del testo, criteri e fattori che devono restare oggetto di studio per gli storici , ma che piuttosto indaghi sul nesso ineludibile e fondativo che la scrittura stessa svela e pone in essere: il trauma, l’irrompere dell’evento storico nell’individuo diventa elemento costitutivo della propria identità, elemento al quale è difficile dare una posizione stabile ma che allo stesso tempo non si può evitare di raccontare, di mettere in discorso. Nella narrazione letteraria di eventi storici esiste dunque un surplus di senso che sta tutto nella costituzione di una posizione dalla quale raccontare, di un punto di vista. Il punto di vista (come ci ricorda De Certeau ne Les lieux des autres in quel saggio dedicato ai cannibali di Montaigne,che viene poi ripreso senza essere mai citato da Ginzburg ne Il filo e le tracce) non è mai dato a priori nel discorso, è il risultato di un conflitto e di una lotta. Il testo che rende conto e recupera la memoria di un passato storico, in particolare di un passato storico conflittuale, di una guerra, di una violenza, per quanto presenti un punto di vista preciso e posizionato, per quanto possa apparire un frutto di determinate strategie testuali e di determinati obiettivi pragmatici, è pur sempre una narrazione il cui soggetto porta in sé, identitariamente, le ferite e i traumi dell’evento storico. Nei casi di Wolf e Kofman abbiamo quindi un rispecchiamento reciproco che fra il tentativo di una ricostruzione della memoria infantile e il recupero dell’elemento intersoggettivo e storico si apre alla scrittura e alla narrazione. La posizione del soggetto che ha vissuto l’irrompere del dramma storico nel discorso lo costituisce e lo delega a essere colui che parla e colui che vede. In un qualche modo la Storia per quanto possa essere creatrice di eventi e per quanto possa trasformare l’esistenza del soggetto non è essa stessa percepibile finché non si posiziona attraverso il soggetto trasformato e modificato all’interno del discorso. In questa continua ricerca di un equilibrio possibile fra realtà e discorso si pone il problema dell’essere soggetto in mezzo ad altri soggetti. E questo in un duplice aspetto: nell’aspetto della rappresentazione dell’altro, cioè nel problema di come la memoria riorganizzi e ricrei i soggetti in gioco nell’evento storico; e poi nella rappresentazione di se stesso per gli altri, nella rappresentazione cioe del punto di vista. Se nel romanzo autobiografico di Kofman tutta la storia veniva a ricondursi alla narrazione privata del soggetto che, come in una seduta psicanalitica recupera e insieme si libera del proprio conflitto interiore, della propria memoria offesa; se nel romanzo di Wolf si cercava un equilibrio fra una soggettivita infantile ormai distante in terza persona e una soggettività rammemorante che prendeva posizione nel romanzo nella seconda persona; la cerniera sia epistemologica sia narratologica fra la prima e la seconda parte della tesi pare essere Elsa Morante e il suo romanzo La Storia. L’opera della Morante sembra infatti farsi pieno carico della responsabilità di non poter piu ridurre la narrazione del trauma alla semplice presa in carico del soggetto autobiografico. Il soggetto che, per dirla ancora con De Certeau, può esprimere il proprio punto di vista perche in qualche modo si è salvato dalla temperie della storia, non si pone nel discorso come punto di inizio e di fine di qualsiasi percezione del trauma, ma si incarna in uno o più personaggi che in un qualche modo rappresentino l’irrapresentabile e l’irrapresentato. La storia diventa quindi elemento non costitutivo di un'identità capace di ri-raccontarsi o almeno non solo, diventa fattore costitutivo di un’identità capace di raccontare l’altro, anzi gli altri, tutti coloro che il conflitto, la violenza ha in un qualche modo cancellato. Così accade all’infanzia tradita e offesa del piccolo Useppe, che viene soffocato non solo nella sua possibilita di svilupparsi, di essere punto di vista del discorso, ma anche nella possibilita di essere osservatore vivo dell’evento; cosi accade a Ida, donna e madre, che la Storia lentamente e inesorabilmente spersonalizza riducendola a essere soggetto passivo e vittima degli eventi. Ecco quindi che la strada aperta dalla Morante permette alla memoria di proiettarsi in una narrazione comune e di condividere e suddividere la posizione centrale del soggetto in una costellazione differente di soggetti. A questo punto si apre, attraverso le tecniche della storia orale e la loro narrativizzazione, una strategia di recupero della memoria evidenziata nell’ultima parte della tesi. La strada intrapresa da autori come i Wu Ming e come Andrea Levy ne è un esempio. Sganciati per evidenti ragioni biografiche e anagrafiche (sono tutti nati ben dopo la fine del secondo conflitto mondiale) da qualsiasi tentazione autobiografica, i primi intraprendono una vera e propria ridistribuzione dei punti di vista sulla storia. In romanzi come Manituana si viene a perdere, almeno a un primo e forse piu superficiale livello, qualsiasi imposizione fissa del punto di vista. Una molteplicità di soggetti si prende carico di raccontare la storia da differenti posizioni, ma la apparente molteplicità degli sguardi non si riduce a una frammentazione dell’etica del racconto quanto piuttosto alla volontà di fare emergere tra gli altri anche il punto di vista dello sconfitto e dell’inerme. Al passato oscuro della violenza storica si contrappone in un qualche modo la messa in discorso del soggetto che cerca attraverso la costituzione non solo di un soggetto ma di una pluralitàdi voci , di ritrovare un’ armonia, di riassimilare la propria memoria condividendola nel testo letterario.