Algunas apreciaciones relacionadas con la Anchoveta peruana y su fecundidad (Engraulis ringens J.)

Analiza muestras y registra observaciones del ciclo de vida de la Anchoveta, su población y ubicación en la costa peruana. La muestra fue de 32 millas frente a Punta Samanco, donde se revisaron los ovarios y testículos en diferentes épocas del año identificando las temporadas adecuadas de pesca en los pescadores artesanales.

Journal des dames et des modes

1819/01/15 (N3,A23).

Journal des dames et des modes

1821/01/15 (N3,A25).

Bacterial and viral superantigens: roles in autoimmunity?

Superantigens are bacterial, viral, or retroviral proteins which can activate specifically a large proportion of T cells. In contrast with classical peptide antigen recognition, superantigens do not require processing to small peptides but act as complete or partially processed proteins. They can bind to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and stimulate T cells expressing particular T cell receptor V beta chains. The other polymorphic parts of the T cell receptor, which are crucial for classical antigen recognition, are not important for this interaction. When this strategy is used a large proportion of the host immune system can be activated shortly after infection. The activated cells have a wide variety of antigen specificities. The ability to stimulate polyclonal B (IgG) as well as T cell responses raises possibilities of a role for superantigens in the induction of autoimmune diseases. Superantigens have been a great tool in the hands of immunologists in unravelling some of the basic mechanisms of tolerance and immunity.

Ensis macha (Molina, 1782) en los principales bancos naturales de la Región Áncash, 2010

Se efectuó la evaluación de la navaja Ensis macha del 7 al 18 de setiembre 2010 en los principales bancos naturales del litoral de Áncash. La longitud valvar fluctuó entre 38 y 174 mm con estructura polimodal en todas las áreas evaluadas. En la mayor parte de los bancos evaluados la especie superó la talla mínima de extracción a excepción de Patillos (19,6%). En individuos mayores de 75 mm predominaron estadios madurantes y en recuperación. La especie se distribuyó formando parches, sus densidades medias estratificadas variaron entre 1,5 ind./m2 en Mar Brava y 17,4 ind./m2 en Patillos. La población y biomasa estimada fue 6,02 millones de individuos y 174 toneladas respectivamente. El 82,9% de la población correspondió a los bancos naturales de Playa Grande, Canaco y Patillos. En áreas costeras de Casma y Huarmey la temperatura superficial continuó con anomalías negativas, guardando relación con la presencia de procesos de afloramiento que influyeron en el oxígeno disuelto.

Evaluación técnica de la red de encierre activada por buzos o bolichito de fondo

La “red de encierre activada por buzos” o “bolichito de fondo” es un arte de pesca que por sus características técnicas y de operación es clasificado como no determinado y no reglamentado. Se realizó una evaluación técnica de este arte de pesca, que indica que su cobertura espacial está limitada a la capacidad de buceo, restringida a zonas muy someras, presenta baja respuesta de selectividad y alto poder de pesca al compararla con otras artes de pesca artesanales utilizadas en la misma área costera; tiene elevada extracción de juveniles y de fauna acompañante los que generalmente están en mayores porcentajes de estadios inmaduros (II) y maduración inicial (III). Se recomienda prohibir su uso.

La comunidad de fitoplancton en la costa peruana, primavera 2005

La biomasa planctónica fluctuó entre 0,30 mL/m3 (Chimbote) y 1,90 mL/m3 (Paita), promedio 0,30 mL/m3; el 86% del volumen fue menor a 0,5 mL/m3. El fitoplancton fue abundante (70%) predominando diatomeas sobre dinoflagelados. Géneros de mayor importancia fueron Bacteriastrum, Planktoniella, Ditylum, Chaetoceros, Thalassiosira, Hemiaulus, Asteromphalus, Pleurosigma, Coscinodiscus, Guinardia, Leptocylindrus, Roperia, Eucampia y Prorocentrum. Los indicadores biológicos mostraron distribución normal, P. obtusum se registró entre Paita y Chimbote, dentro de las 20 mn hasta las 40 mn en Callao y Pisco. Ceratium incisum (ASS) solo fue encontrado frente a San Juan, fuera de las 180 mn.

Fitoplancton del mar peruano, verano 2010

Los volúmenes de plancton presentaron un rango entre 0,008 y 5,251 mL.m-3 localizados frente a Punta La Negra y Salaverry, promedio 0,61 mL.m-3. El fitoplancton de red fue muy abundante y predominó en el 52% de las estaciones costeras conformado por especies de afloramiento. A 10 m de profundidad el fitoplancton registró una variación entre 69,32x103 cels.L-1 (San Juan) y 2.439,76x103 cels.L-1 (Chimbote), diversidad (H’) entre 0,05 bits.cel-1 (1 mn de Ilo) y 2,84 bits.cel-1 (7 mn de San Juan), y uniformidad entre 0,02 (Ilo) y 0,921 (San Juan). Las diatomeas Cerataulina pelagica y Chaetoceros spp. fueron las que aportaron las mayores densidades celulares en la zona costera. La distribución de los indicadores biológicos demostraron una relación con las condiciones ambientales, cuando Protoperidinium obtusum, indicador de Aguas Costeras Frías (ACF) se distribuyó desde Paita hasta Mollendo (30 mn), Ceratium breve, indicador de AES fue registrado de manera normal al norte de los 6°S asociado en algunas estaciones a Ceratium praelongum y C. incisum, indicadores de Aguas Subtropicales Superficiales (ASS).

Guía para la incubación y alevinaje de trucha arco iris Oncorhynchus mykiss

Considerando este potencial y asociándolo con el uso exitoso de la trucha arco iris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) en actividades acuícolas en las zonas altoandinas del Perú, el Imarpe, dentro del Presupuesto por Resultados 2013 y 2014, a través de la meta Asistencia Técnica en Zonas Altoandinas y Amazónicas - Región Ayacucho, ha ejecutado el proyecto “Implementación de módulos prefabricados para la incubación de ovas importadas y obtención de alevinos de trucha arco iris”. Se inició las actividades con una evaluación e identificación de las zonas, cuyas características topográficas y de abastecimiento de agua fueron ideales para la incubación de ovas embrionadas de trucha arco iris. En tal sentido, las zonas identificadas fueron los Distrito de Socos, Chungui y Huanta.

Journal des dames et des modes

1822/01/15 (N3,A26).

Targeting the PI3K p110alpha isoform inhibits medulloblastoma proliferation, chemoresistance, and migration.

PURPOSE: The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is frequently activated in human cancer and plays a crucial role in medulloblastoma biology. We were interested in gaining further insight into the potential of targeting PI3K/Akt signaling as a novel antiproliferative approach in medulloblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The expression pattern and functions of class I(A) PI3K isoforms were investigated in medulloblastoma tumour samples and cell lines. Effects on cell survival and downstream signaling were analyzed following down-regulation of p110alpha, p110beta, or p110delta by means of RNA interference or inhibition with isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors. RESULTS: Overexpression of the catalytic p110alpha isoform was detected in a panel of primary medulloblastoma samples and cell lines compared with normal brain tissue. Down-regulation of p110alpha expression by RNA interference impaired the growth of medulloblastoma cells, induced apoptosis, and led to decreased migratory capacity of the cells. This effect was selective, because RNA interference targeting of p110beta or p110delta did not result in a comparable impairment of DAOY cell survival. Isoform-specific p110alpha inhibitors also impaired medulloblastoma cell proliferation and sensitized the cells to chemotherapy. Medulloblastoma cells treated with p110alpha inhibitors further displayed reduced activation of Akt and the ribosomal protein S6 kinase in response to stimulation with hepatocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our data reveal a novel function of p110alpha in medulloblastoma growth and survival.

Maize response to nitrogen fertilization timing in two tillage systems in a soil with high organic matter content

No-tillage systems, associated to black oat as preceding cover crop, have been increasingly adopted. This has motivated anticipated maize nitrogen fertilization, transferring it from the side-dress system at the stage when plants have five to six expanded leaves to when the preceding cover crop is eliminated or to maize sowing. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil tillage system and timing of N fertilization on maize grain yield and agronomic efficiency of N applied to a soil with high organic matter content. A three-year field experiment was conducted in Lages, state of Santa Catarina, from 1999 onwards. Treatments were set up in a split plot arrangement. Two soil tillage systems were tested in the main plots: conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT). Six N management systems were assessed in the split-plots: S1 - control, without N application; S2 - all N (100 kg ha-1) applied at oat desiccation; S3 - all N applied at maize sowing; S4 - all N side-dressed when maize had five expanded leaves (V5 growth stage); S5 - 1/3 of N rate applied at maize sowing and 2/3 at V5; S6 - 2/3 of nitrogen rate applied at maize sowing and 1/3 at V5. Maize response to the time and form of splitting N was not affected by the soil tillage system. Grain yield ranged from 6.0 to 11.8 t ha-1. The anticipation of N application (S2 and S3) decreased grain yield in two of three years. In the rainiest early spring season (2000/2001) of the experiment, S4 promoted an yield advantage of 2.2 t ha-1 over S2 and S3. Application of total N rate before or at sowing decreased the number of kernels produced per ear in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 and the number of ears produced per area in 2001/2002, resulting in reduced grain yield. The agronomic efficiency of applied N (kg grain increase/kg of N applied) ranged from 13.9 to 38.8 and was always higher in the S4 than in the S2 and S3 N systems. Short-term N immobilization did not reduce grain yield when no N was applied before or at maize sowing in a soil with high organic matter content, regardless of the soil tillage system.

Cardiac raptor ablation impairs adaptive hypertrophy, alters metabolic gene expression, and causes heart failure in mice.

Background- Cardiac hypertrophy involves growth responses to a variety of stimuli triggered by increased workload. It is an independent risk factor for heart failure and sudden death. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a key role in cellular growth responses by integrating growth factor and energy status signals. It is found in 2 structurally and functionally distinct multiprotein complexes called mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2. The role of each of these branches of mTOR signaling in the adult heart is currently unknown. Methods and Results- We generated mice with deficient myocardial mTORC1 activity by targeted ablation of raptor, which encodes an essential component of mTORC1, during adulthood. At 3 weeks after the deletion, atrial and brain natriuretic peptides and β-myosin heavy chain were strongly induced, multiple genes involved in the regulation of energy metabolism were altered, but cardiac function was normal. Function deteriorated rapidly afterward, resulting in dilated cardiomyopathy and high mortality within 6 weeks. Aortic banding-induced pathological overload resulted in severe dilated cardiomyopathy already at 1 week without a prior phase of adaptive hypertrophy. The mechanism involved a lack of adaptive cardiomyocyte growth via blunted protein synthesis capacity, as supported by reduced phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase 1 and 4E-binding protein 1. In addition, reduced mitochondrial content, a shift in metabolic substrate use, and increased apoptosis and autophagy were observed. Conclusions- Our results demonstrate an essential function for mTORC1 in the heart under physiological and pathological conditions and are relevant for the understanding of disease states in which the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling axis is affected such as diabetes mellitus and heart failure or after cancer therapy.

A-Kinase Anchoring Protein Lbc Coordinates a p38 Activating Signaling Complex Controlling Compensatory Cardiac Hypertrophy.

In response to stress, the heart undergoes a remodeling process associated with cardiac hypertrophy that eventually leads to heart failure. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) have been shown to coordinate numerous prohypertrophic signaling pathways in cultured cardiomyocytes. However, it remains to be established whether AKAP-based signaling complexes control cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in vivo. In the current study, we show that AKAP-Lbc assembles a signaling complex composed of the kinases PKN, MLTK, MKK3, and p38α that mediates the activation of p38 in cardiomyocytes in response to stress signals. To address the role of this complex in cardiac remodeling, we generated transgenic mice displaying cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of a molecular inhibitor of the interaction between AKAP-Lbc and the p38-activating module. Our results indicate that disruption of the AKAP-Lbc/p38 signaling complex inhibits compensatory cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in response to aortic banding-induced pressure overload and promotes early cardiac dysfunction associated with increased myocardial apoptosis, stress gene activation, and ventricular dilation. Attenuation of hypertrophy results from a reduced protein synthesis capacity, as indicated by decreased phosphorylation of 4E-binding protein 1 and ribosomal protein S6. These results indicate that AKAP-Lbc enhances p38-mediated hypertrophic signaling in the heart in response to abrupt increases in the afterload.

Effect of olive oil on early and late events of colon carcinogenesis in rats: modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and local prostaglandin E2 synthesis.

BACKGROUND Animal model studies have shown that the colon tumour promoting effect of dietary fat depends not only on the amount but on its fatty acid composition. With respect to this, the effect of n9 fatty acids, present in olive oil, on colon carcinogenesis has been scarcely investigated. AIMS To assess the effect of an n9 fat diet on precancer events, carcinoma development, and changes in mucosal fatty acid composition and prostaglandin (PG)E2 formation in male Sprague-Dawley rats with azoxymethane induced colon cancer. METHODS Rats were divided into three groups to receive isocaloric diets (5% of the energy as fat) rich in n9, n3, or n6 fat, and were administered azoxymethane subcutaneously once a week for 11 weeks at a dose rate of 7.4 mg/kg body weight. Vehicle treated groups received an equal volume of normal saline. Groups of animals were colectomised at weeks 12 and 19 after the first dose of azoxymethane or saline. Mucosal fatty acids were assessed at 12 and 19 weeks. Aberrant crypt foci and the in vivo intracolonic release of PGE2 were assessed at week 12, and tumour formation at week 19. RESULTS Rats on the n6 diet were found to have colonic aberrant crypt foci and adenocarcinomas more often than those consuming either the n9 or n3 diet. There were no differences between the rats on the n9 and n3 diets. On the other hand, administration of both n9 and n3 diets was associated with a decrease in mucosal arachidonate concentrations as compared with the n6 diet. Carcinogen treatment induced an appreciable increase in PGE2 formation in rats fed the n6 diet, but not in those fed the n3 and n9 diets. CONCLUSIONS Dietary olive oil prevented the development of aberrant crypt foci and colon carcinomas in rats, suggesting that olive oil may have chemopreventive activity against colon carcinogenesis. These effects may be partly due to modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and local PGE2synthesis.