Doppler Orbit Determination of Deep Space Probes by the Bernese GNSS Software: First Results of the Combined Orbit Determination from DSN and Inter-Satellite Ka-Band Data from the Grail Mission

Navigation of deep space probes is most commonly operated using the spacecraft Doppler tracking technique. Orbital parameters are determined from a series of repeated measurements of the frequency shift of a microwave carrier over a given integration time. Currently, both ESA and NASA operate antennas at several sites around the world to ensure the tracking of deep space probes. Just a small number of software packages are nowadays used to process Doppler observations. The Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) has recently started the development of Doppler data processing capabilities within the Bernese GNSS Software. This software has been extensively used for Precise Orbit Determination of Earth orbiting satellites using GPS data collected by on-board receivers and for subsequent determination of the Earth gravity field. In this paper, we present the currently achieved status of the Doppler data modeling and orbit determination capabilities in the Bernese GNSS Software using GRAIL data. In particular we will focus on the implemented orbit determination procedure used for the combined analysis of Doppler and intersatellite Ka-band data. We show that even at this earlier stage of the development we can achieve an accuracy of few mHz on two-way S-band Doppler observation and of 2 µm/s on KBRR data from the GRAIL primary mission phase.

Modelización de las deformaciones corticales en El Salvador (Centroamérica) mediante la integración de datos geodésicos (GPS), geológicos y sismológicos

La República de El Salvador está localizada al norte de Centroamérica, limita al norte con Honduras, al este con Honduras y Nicaragua en el Golfo de Fonseca, al oeste con Guatemala y al sur con el Océano Pacífico. Con una población de casi 6.3 millones de habitantes (2012) y una extensión territorial de algo más de 21.000 km2, es el país más pequeño de toda Centroamérica, con la densidad de población más alta (292 habitantes por km2) y una tasa de pobreza que supera el 34%. Actualmente el 63.2% de la población del país se concentra en las ciudades, y más de la cuarta parte de la población se asienta en el Área Metropolitana de El Salvador (AMSS), lo que supone un área de alrededor del 2.6% del territorio salvadoreño. Según el Banco Mundial, el país tiene un PIB per cápita de 3790 dólares (2012). Asimismo, desde hace ya varios años el elemento clave en la economía salvadoreña ha sido las remesas del exterior, las cuales en el 2006 representaron el 15% del PIB, manteniéndose por varios años consecutivos como la más importante fuente de ingresos externos con que cuenta el país (Comisión Económica para América Latina‐CEPAL, 2007). La inestabilidad económica, la desigual distribución de la riqueza, así como la brecha entre los ámbitos urbano y rural, son las principales causas que limitan las capacidades de desarrollo social del país. El Salvador es uno de los países ecológicamente más devastado de América Latina. Más del 95% de sus bosques tropicales de hojas caducas han sido destruidos y más del 70% de la tierra sufre una severa erosión. Según la FAO el país se encuentra en un franco proceso de desertificación. Como consecuencia de ello, casi todas las especies de animales salvajes se han extinguido o están al borde de la extinción, sin que hasta ahora haya indicios de revertir tal proceso. Por otra parte, en el AMSS el 13% de la población habita sobre terrenos en riesgo por derrumbes o demasiado próximos a fuentes de contaminación (Mansilla, 2009). Por su ubicación geográfica, dinámica natural y territorial, El Salvador ha estado sometido históricamente a diferentes amenazas de origen natural, como terremotos, tormentas tropicales, sequías, actividad volcánica, inundaciones y deslizamientos, los que, sumados a los procesos sociales de transformación (la deforestación, los cambios de uso del suelo y la modificación de los cauces naturales), propician condiciones de riesgo y plantean altas posibilidades de que ocurran desastres. Es evidente que la suma del deterioro económico, social y ambiental, combinado con la multiplicidad de amenazas a las que puede verse sometido el territorio, hacen al país sumamente vulnerable a la ocurrencia de desastres de distintas magnitudes e impactos. En la historia reciente de El Salvador se han producido numerosos eventos de gran magnitud, tales como los terremotos de enero y febrero de 2001. El 13 de enero de 2001 El Salvador sufrió un terremoto de magnitud Mw 7.7 relacionado con la zona de subducción de la placa del Coco bajo la placa Caribe, dejando alrededor de 900 muertos y numerosos daños materiales. A este terremoto le siguió un mes después, el 13 de febrero de 2001, otro de magnitud Mw 6.6 de origen continental que sumó más de 300 víctimas mortales y terminó de derribar gran cantidad de casas ya dañadas por el terremoto anterior. Ambos eventos dispararon enormes deslizamientos de tierra, que fueron los responsables de la mayoría de las muertes. Como se observó durante el terremoto de 2001, este tipo de sismicidad implica un alto riesgo para la sociedad salvadoreña debido a la gran concentración de población en zonas con fuertes pendientes y muy deforestadas susceptibles de sufrir deslizamientos, y debido también a la escasez de planes urbanísticos. La complicada evolución sociopolítica del país durante los últimos 50 años, con una larga guerra civil, ha influido que hayan sido escasas las investigaciones científicas relacionadas con la sismotectónica y el riesgo sísmico asociada a la geología local. La ocurrencia de los terremotos citados disparó un interés a nivel internacional en la adquisición e interpretación de nuevos datos de tectónica activa que con los años han dado lugar a diferentes trabajos. Fue precisamente a partir del interés en estos eventos del 2001 cuando comenzó la colaboración de la Dra. Benito y el Dr. Martínez‐Díaz (directores de esta tesis) en El Salvador (Benito et al. 2004), lo que dio lugar a distintos proyectos de cooperación e investigación que han tenido lugar hasta la actualidad, y que se han centrado en el desarrollo de estudios geológicos, sismológicos para mejorar el cálculo de la amenaza sísmica en El Salvador. Según Martínez‐Díaz et al. (2004) la responsable del terremoto de febrero de 2001 fue la que se denomina como Zona de Falla de El Salvador (ZFES), una zona de falla que atraviesa el país de este a oeste que no había sido descrita con anterioridad. Con el fin de estudiar y caracterizar el comportamiento de este sistema de fallas para su introducción en la evaluación de la amenaza sísmica de la zona se plantean diferentes estudios sismotectónicos y paleosísmicos, y, entre ellos, esta tesis que surge de la necesidad de estudiar el comportamiento cinemático actual de la ZFES, mediante la aplicación de técnicas geodésicas (GNSS) y su integración con datos geológicos y sismológicos. Con el objetivo de reconocer la ZFES y estudiar la viabilidad de la aplicación de estas técnicas en la zona de estudio, realicé mi primer viaje a El Salvador en septiembre de 2006. A raíz de este viaje, en 2007, comienza el proyecto ZFESNet (Staller et al., 2008) estableciendo las primeras estaciones y realizando la primera campaña de observación en la ZFES. Han sido 6 años de mediciones e intenso trabajo de lo que hoy se obtienen los primeros resultados. El interés que despiertan los terremotos y sus efectos, así como la vulnerabilidad que tiene El Salvador a estos eventos, ha sido para la autora un aliciente añadido a su trabajo, animándola a perseverar en el desarrollo de su tesis, a pesar de la multitud de imprevistos y problemas que han surgido durante su transcurso. La aportación de esta tesis al conocimiento actual de la ZFES se espera que sea un germen para futuras investigaciones y en particular para mejorar la evaluación de la amenaza sísmica de la zona. No obstante, se hace hincapié en que tan importante como el conocimiento de las fuentes sísmicas es su uso en la planificación urbanística del terreno y en la elaboración de normas sismoresistentes y su aplicación por parte de los responsables, lo cual ayudaría a paliar los efectos de fenómenos naturales como el terremoto, el cual no podemos evitar. El proyecto ZFESNet ha sido financiado fundamentalmente por tres proyectos de las convocatorias anuales de Ayudas para la realización de actividades con Latinoamérica de la UPM, de los que la autora de esta tesis ha sido la responsable, estos son: “Establecimiento de una Red de Control GPS en la Zona de Falla de El Salvador”, “Determinación de deformaciones y desplazamientos en la Zona de Falla de El Salvador” y “Determinación de deformaciones y desplazamientos en la Zona de Falla de El Salvador II”, y parcialmente por el proyecto de la Agencia Española de Cooperación y Desarrollo (AECID); “Desarrollo de estudios geológicos y sismológicos en El Salvador dirigidos a la mitigación del riesgo sísmico”, y el Proyecto Nacional I+D+i SISMOCAES: “Estudios geológicos y sísmicos en Centroamérica y lecciones hacia la evaluación del riesgo sísmico en el sur de España”.

Integrated architecture for vision-based indoor localization and mapping of a quadrotor micro-air vehicle

Atualmente os sistemas de pilotagem autónoma de quadricópteros estão a ser desenvolvidos de forma a efetuarem navegação em espaços exteriores, onde o sinal de GPS pode ser utilizado para definir waypoints de navegação, modos de position e altitude hold, returning home, entre outros. Contudo, o problema de navegação autónoma em espaços fechados sem que se utilize um sistema de posicionamento global dentro de uma sala, subsiste como um problema desafiante e sem solução fechada. Grande parte das soluções são baseadas em sensores dispendiosos, como o LIDAR ou como sistemas de posicionamento externos (p.ex. Vicon, Optitrack). Algumas destas soluções reservam a capacidade de processamento de dados dos sensores e dos algoritmos mais exigentes para sistemas de computação exteriores ao veículo, o que também retira a componente de autonomia total que se pretende num veículo com estas características. O objetivo desta tese pretende, assim, a preparação de um sistema aéreo não-tripulado de pequeno porte, nomeadamente um quadricóptero, que integre diferentes módulos que lhe permitam simultânea localização e mapeamento em espaços interiores onde o sinal GPS ´e negado, utilizando, para tal, uma câmara RGB-D, em conjunto com outros sensores internos e externos do quadricóptero, integrados num sistema que processa o posicionamento baseado em visão e com o qual se pretende que efectue, num futuro próximo, planeamento de movimento para navegação. O resultado deste trabalho foi uma arquitetura integrada para análise de módulos de localização, mapeamento e navegação, baseada em hardware aberto e barato e frameworks state-of-the-art disponíveis em código aberto. Foi também possível testar parcialmente alguns módulos de localização, sob certas condições de ensaio e certos parâmetros dos algoritmos. A capacidade de mapeamento da framework também foi testada e aprovada. A framework obtida encontra-se pronta para navegação, necessitando apenas de alguns ajustes e testes.

Piloto automático: Sistema de navegação autónoma

Desde o início do crescente interesse na área de robótica que a navegação autónoma se apresenta como um problema de complexa resolução que, por isso, desperta vasto interesse no meio científico. Além disso, as capacidades da navegação autónoma aliadas à robótica permitem o desenvolvimento de variadas aplicações. O objectivo da navegação autónoma é conferir, a um dispositivo motor, capacidade de decisão relativa à locomoção. Para o efeito, utilizam-se sensores, como os sensores IMU, o receptor GPS e os encoders, para fornecer os dados essenciais à navegação. A dificuldade encontra-se no correcto processamento destes sinais uma vez que são susceptíveis a fontes de ruído. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de navegação autónomo aplicado ao controlo de um robot. Para tal, desenvolveu-se uma aplicação que alberga todo o sistema de localização, navegação e controlo, acrescido de uma interface gráfica, que permite a visualização em mapa da movimentação autónoma do robot. Recorre-se ao Filtro de Kalman como método probabilístico de estimação de posição, em que os sinais dos vários sensores são conjugados e filtrados. Foram realizados vários testes de modo a avaliar a capacidade do robot atingir os pontos traçados e a sua autonomia no seguimento da trajectória pretendida.

A comparison of the physiological demands of rugby union match-play when determined by absolute (ABS) or individual (IND) velocity bands in Global Positioning System (GPS) analysis

Since turning professional in 1995 there have been considerable advances in the research on the demands of rugby union, largely using Global Positioning System (GPS) analysis over the last 10 years. A systematic review on the use of GPS, particularly the setting of absolute (ABS) and individual (IND) velocity bands in field based, intermittent, high-intensity (HI) team sports was undertaken. From 3669 records identified, 38 studies were included for qualitative analysis. Little agreement on the definition of movement intensities within team sports was found, only three papers, all on rugby union, had used IND bands, with only one comparing ABS and IND methods. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the demands within positions when comparing ABS and IND methods for GPS analysis and if these differences are significantly different between the forward and back positional groups. A total of 214 data files were recorded from 26 players in 17 matches of the 2015/2016 Scottish BT Premiership. ABS velocity zones 1-7 were set at 1) 0-6, 2) 6.1-11, 3) 11.1-15, 4) 15.1-18, 5) 18.1-21, 6) 21.1-15 and 7) 25.1-40km.h-1 while IND zones 1-7 were 1) <20, 2) 20-40, 3) 40-50, 4) 50-70, 5) 70-80, 6) 80-95 and 7) 95-100% of player’s individually determined maximum velocity (Vmax). A 40m sprint test measured Vmax using OptaPro S4 10 Hz (catapult, Australia) GPS units to derive IND bands. The same GPS units were worn during matches. GPS outputs analysed were % distance, % time, high intensity efforts (HIEs) over 18.1 km.h-1 / 70% max velocity and repeated high intensity efforts (RHIEs) which consists of three HIEs in 21secs. General linear model (GLM) analysis identified a significant difference in the measurement of % total distance covered, between the ABS and IND methods in all zones for forwards (p<0.05) and backs (p<0.05). This difference was also significant between forwards and backs in zones 1, shown as mean difference ± standard deviation (3.7±0.7%), 6 (1.2±0.4%) and 7 (1.0±0.0%) respectively (p<0.05). Percentage time estimations were significantly different between ABS and IND analysis within forwards in zones 1 (1.7±1.7%), 2 (-2.9±1.3%), 3 (1.9±0.8%), 4 (-1.4±0.8%) and 5 (0.2±0.4%), and within backs in zones 1 (-10±1.5%), 2 (-1.2±1.1%), 3 (1.8±0.9%) and 5 (0.6±0.5%) (p<0.05). The difference between groups was significant in zones 1, 2, 4 and 5 (p<0.05). The number of HIEs was significantly different between forwards and backs in zones 6 (6±2) and 7 (3±2). RHIEs were significantly different between ABS and IND for forwards (1±2, p<0.05) although not between groups. Until more research on the differences in ABS and IND methods is carried out, then neither can be deemed a criterion method. In conclusion, there are significant differences between the ABS and IND methods of GPS analysis of the physical demands of rugby union, which must be considered when used to inform training load and recovery to improve performance and reduce injuries.

Tecnologia GNSS de baixo custo na monitorização de ovinos em pastoreio

Extensive livestock production is supported by natural and biodiverse pastures, characterized by marked seasonal variation of biomass, plant species and growth stage. The use of the food resources and the occupation of grazing space can be very heterogeneous in such conditions due to ruminants grazing behaviour. Successful grazing and pasture management requires an understanding of the adjustment mechanisms behind the grazing behaviour that enables adaptation to grazing conditions. Use of GNSS technology allows a quick and effective grazing data collection which is, however expensive, limiting its application to research purposes. This paper reviews the principles for the application of GNSS technology and evaluates the use of inexpensive commercial GNSS receivers (commercial of the shelf - COTS: CatTrackTM”). Six receivers were used for six data collection period over two months of continuous grazing on a natural pasture. The measured static and dynamic accuracy of the receivers is 14m and 40m, respectively. The precision was 3m and the reliability 80%. The tested equipment allows the differentiation between animal activities (grazing, resting and transit). It also determines sheep locations, allowing the characterization of patterns, pathways and preferred areas. It is concluded that the COTS equipment has a high quality / price ratio, so it can become an important support decision tool essential to a more precise pasture management.

A materialização da democracia em Jatai : um estudo da relação do poder publico com a comunidade jataiense na configuração da ação da superintendencia de esporte e lazer do municipio

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Are torque values of preadjusted brackets precise?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to verify the torque precision of metallic brackets with MBT prescription using the canine brackets as the representative sample of six commercial brands. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty maxillary and 20 mandibular canine brackets of one of the following commercial brands were selected: 3M Unitek, Abzil, American Orthodontics, TP Orthodontics, Morelli and Ortho Organizers. The torque angle, established by reference points and lines, was measured by an operator using an optical microscope coupled to a computer. The values were compared to those established by the MBT prescription. RESULTS: The results showed that for the maxillary canine brackets, only the Morelli torque (-3.33º) presented statistically significant difference from the proposed values (-7º). For the mandibular canines, American Orthodontics (-6.34º) and Ortho Organizers (-6.25º) presented statistically significant differences from the standards (-6º). Comparing the brands, Morelli presented statistically significant differences in comparison with all the other brands for maxillary canine brackets. For the mandibular canine brackets, there was no statistically significant difference between the brands. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant variations in torque values of some of the brackets assessed, which would clinically compromise the buccolingual positioning of the tooth at the end of orthodontic treatment.

Precise determination of quantum critical points by the violation of the entropic area law

Finite-size scaling analysis turns out to be a powerful tool to calculate the phase diagram as well as the critical properties of two-dimensional classical statistical mechanics models and quantum Hamiltonians in one dimension. The most used method to locate quantum critical points is the so-called crossing method, where the estimates are obtained by comparing the mass gaps of two distinct lattice sizes. The success of this method is due to its simplicity and the ability to provide accurate results even considering relatively small lattice sizes. In this paper, we introduce an estimator that locates quantum critical points by exploring the known distinct behavior of the entanglement entropy in critical and noncritical systems. As a benchmark test, we use this new estimator to locate the critical point of the quantum Ising chain and the critical line of the spin-1 Blume-Capel quantum chain. The tricritical point of this last model is also obtained. Comparison with the standard crossing method is also presented. The method we propose is simple to implement in practice, particularly in density matrix renormalization group calculations, and provides us, like the crossing method, amazingly accurate results for quite small lattice sizes. Our applications show that the proposed method has several advantages, as compared with the standard crossing method, and we believe it will become popular in future numerical studies.

Appropriate surveying methods in the Philippines: Can modern GPS units help?

An investigation was undertaken to test the effectiveness of two procedures for recording boundaries and plot positions for scientific studies on farms on Leyte Island, the Philippines. The accuracy of a Garmin 76 Global Positioning System (GPS) unit and a compass and chain was checked under the same conditions. Tree canopies interfered with the ability of the satellite signal to reach the GPS and therefore the GPS survey was less accurate than the compass and chain survey. Where a high degree of accuracy is required, a compass and chain survey remains the most effective method of surveying land underneath tree canopies, providing operator error is minimised. For a large number of surveys and thus large amounts of data, a GPS is more appropriate than a compass and chain survey because data are easily up-loaded into a Geographic Information System (GIS). However, under dense canopies where satellite signals cannot reach the GPS, it may be necessary to revert to a compass survey or a combination of both methods.

GIS/GPS to document increased access to community-based treatment for tuberculosis in Africa

Application of geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) technology in the Hlabisa community-based tuberculosis treatment programme documents the increase in accessibility to treatment after the expansion of the service from health facilities to include community workers and volunteers.

Reverse transcription of a naturally occurring nonretroviral RNA produces a precise deletion in the majority of its cDNA products

A precise, reproducible deletion made during in vitro reverse transcription of RNA2 from the icosahedral positive-stranded Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (Tetraviridae) is described. The deletion, located between two hexamer repeats, is a 50-base sequence that includes one copy of the hexamer repeat. Only the Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase and its derivative Superscript I, carrying a deletion of the carboxy-terminal RNase H region, showed this response, indicating a template-switching mechanism different from one proposed that involves a RNase H-dependent strand transfer, Superscript II, however, which carries point mutations to reduce RNase H activity, does not cause a deletion. A possible mechanism involves the enzyme pausing at the 3' side of a stem-loop structure and the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand separating from the template and reannealing to the upstream hexamer repeat.