La problemática de la violencia escolar en los 7mos años de Básica de: la Escuela Fiscal “Ángel Isaac Chiriboga” y del “Pensionado “San Vicente” de la ciudad de Quito. Año lectivo 2012-2013

Esta investigación científica tiene como objetivo analizar y comparar las estrategias pedagógicas, y el tipo de comunicación desarrollados en los 7mos Años de las escuelas: “Ángel Isaac Chiriboga” y Pensionado “San Vicente” de Quito. 2012- 2013; en el primer quinquemestre; a través de, la aplicación de guías de observación de clase para conocer el tipo de estrategias pedagógicas desarrolladas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y el uso de encuestas a los/as alumnos/as para identificar la clase de interacción que existe entre alumno-maestro y alumno-alumno. De esta manera, reconocer los factores que contribuyen a generar la violencia escolar y brindar recomendaciones alternativas, que propicien la disminución de la violencia escolar. De hecho, este trabajo consta de la Introducción que contiene: planteamiento del problema, pregunta central de la investigación, propósito de la investigación, justificación, objetivos: general, específicos, antecedentes legales, alcances, limitaciones y metodología que guía el trabajo y tipo de fuentes. El Capítulo I aborda el Marco Contextual (descripción física y organización: funcional y estructural de la escuela). El Capítulo II describe al Marco Conceptual de: conceptualización básica de violencia, agresión, características y Teorías del Aprendizaje: Conductistas (Watson- Pavlo, Skinner), Cognoscitivas (Piaget, Vigotzky), y por Modelación (Bandura) y de la Inteligencia Emocional, (Goleman) El Capítulo III contiene el Marco Empírico que consiste en el análisis e interpretación de la información. Finalmente, constarán las conclusiones, recomendaciones, bibliografía y anexos.

The identity of Mygale brunnipes CL Koch 1842 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with a redescription of the species and the description of a new genus

We describe Kochiana new genus to accommodate a small Brazilian theraphosine species described originally as Mygale brunnipes by Koch (1842), resulting in Kochiana brunnipes new combination. Recently, specimens were rediscovered in northeastern Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. A preliminary cladistic analysis using equal weights parsimony and implied weights, was carried out to examine its phylogenetic placement. Kochiana new genus was monophyletic in all trees regardless of weighting scheme or concavity used. There is preliminary evidence for Kochiana new genus monophyly and weak evidence for its placement as sister group of Plesiopelma. Kochiana new genus can be characterized by the presence of a hornshaped spermatheca in females and males with a palpal bulb having prolateral accessory keels and a well developed medial crest on the embolus apex.

Occurrence and characterization of injuries caused by Mycotretus apicalis Lacordaire, 1842 (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) on cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju

When carrying out experiments on the production of the edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju in the Laboratory of Edible Mushrooms, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, in the second half of 2007, the presence of beetles later identified as belonging to the species Mycotretus apicalis was verified. This is the first recorded instance of this insect in cultures of P. sajor-caju in Brazil. The larvae and adults of this insect feed on the fruiting bodies of commercial harvests, resulting in reduction in mushroom quality. To provide evaluation of the injuries caused by these insects, substrates colonized by P. sajor-caju were infested with 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 insects per block of substrate being the qualitative and quantitative losses then noted. Despite the lack of an observed decrease in biological efficiency, the injuries caused by these insects affected the commercial quality of the mushrooms, which may result in economic losses. The results showed that infestations of 32 insects per 0.8 kg of substrate led to a depreciation in the prices of mushrooms meant to be sold.

Description of two new species of Avicularia Lamarck 1818 and redescription of Avicularia diversipes (C. L. Koch 1842) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae)-three possibly threatened Brazilian species

Avicularia diversipes (C. L. Koch 1842) known previously only from its original description is redescribed along with Avicularia sooretama sp. nov. and Avicularia gamba sp. nov. The three species are endemic to Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. With other Avicularia species, they share a procurved anterior eye row, slender embolus and medially folded spermathecae, whereas they have unusual characters, such as a very long and spiraled embolus (A. diversipes) and spermathecae with multilobular apex (A. sooretama sp. nov.). Furthermore, the three species lack a tibial apophysis in males and share a distinctive color pattern ontogeny that is not known in any other Avicularia species. The conservation status of the three species is discussed, especially with respect to endemism, illegal trafficking and habitat destruction. The creation of protected areas in southern State of Bahia, Brazil, is recommended, as well as the inclusion of these species in IUCN and CITES lists. Appendices with figures and species information are presented to facilitate correct specimen identification by custom officers, in order to limit illegal traffic.