Contribution of APOBEC3G/F Activity to the Development of Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant HIV-1 variants.

Plasma drug-resistant minority HIV-1 variants (DRMV) increase the risk of virological failure to first-line NNRTI antiretroviral therapy (ART). The origin of DRMVs in ART-naive patients, however, remains unclear. In a large pan-European case-control study investigating the clinical relevance of pre-existing DRMVs using 454 pyrosequencing, the six most prevalent plasma DRMVs detected corresponded to G-to-A nucleotide mutations (V90I, V106I, V108I, E138K, M184I and M230I). Here, we evaluated if such DRMVs could have emerged from APOBEC3G/F activity. Out of 236 ART-naïve evaluated subjects, APOBEC3G/F hypermutation signatures were detected in plasma viruses of 14 (5.9%) individuals. Samples with minority E138K, M184I, and M230I mutations, but not those with V90I, V106I, or V108I were significantly associated with APOBEC3G/F activity (Fisher's p<0.005), defined as presence of >0.5% of sample sequences with an APOBEC3G/F signature. Mutations E138K, M184I and M230I co-occurred in the same sequence as APOBEC3G/F signatures in 3/9 (33%), 5/11 (45%) and 4/8 (50%) of samples, respectively; such linkage was not found for V90I, V106I or V108I. In-frame STOP codons were observed in 1.5% of all clonal sequences; 14.8% of them co-occurred with APOBEC3G/F signatures. APOBEC3G/F-associated E138K, M184I and M230I appeared within clonal sequences containing in-frame STOP codons in 2/3 (66%), 5/5 (100%) and 4/4 (100%) of the samples. In a reanalysis of the parent case-control study, presence of APOBEC3G/F signatures was not associated with virological failure. In conclusion, the contribution of APOBEC3G/F editing to the development of DRMVs is very limited and does not affect the efficacy of NNRTI ART.

Von der Bezeugung zur narrativen Vergegenwärtigung. Fokalisierung im Reisebuch des Syrers Ḥanna Dyāb (1764)

Travelogues involve different truth claims, depending on whether their authors attempt on the one hand to convey received knowledge about entities and places, or on the other hand, present accounts of the traveler character’s own experiences. This study focuses on a travelogue from 1764 written by the Arabian Nights’ Syrian storyteller, Ḥanna Dyāb. Having written his travelogue more than 50 years after his trip to Paris, he evidently conceived of his narrative as a means to re-enact his experiences as a young traveler. To describe his particular self-staging in this autodiegetic narration “before fiction” (Paige 2011), I argue that an understanding of focalization as a graded visual mediation between the character’s inner life and the reader is needed. This approach helps one grasp how, with reference to Dyāb’s travelogue, truth is not something the traveler witnesses, but rather something the reader is invited to realize. I conclude that, with this shift from witnessing to visualization (Vergegenwärtigung), Dyāb’s travelogue fulfills a core function of literature.

Ex libris Anna Freifrau von Münchhausen [Illustration]

Ephraim Mose Lilien

Anna Kaulla [Illustration] : eine Verwandte von Heinrich Heine

J. Stieler

Anna Freud: Kinderanalyse [Rezension]

Nadia Stein

Anna Tichos Palästinalandschaften

Aurelie Gottlieb

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 228 - Bittschreiben von Anna Carolina Tietz um Unterstützungsleistung nach dem Tod ihres Mannes

u.a.: entfernte Verwandtschaft mit Schopenhauer; Friedhof in Danzig; Johanna Schopenhauer;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 229 - Dankesschreiben von Anna Caolina Tietz anlässlich der Zusendung einer finanziellen Unterstützung

u.a.: Weitere Bitte um Zusendung von Holz wegen des anstehenden Winters;

Ms.Ff.F.Stoltze 3. 113 - Brief von Anna Heer an Friedrich Stoltze

Friedrich Stoltze II: Nachlaß, Grab

Wunderseltzame, und fast unerhörte Kindertracht : von Anna Maria Mußin, einer Bäurin in Unter-Bayern ...

Zwei riesenwüchsige Kleinkinder als Volksbelustigung

Erzehlung, was in dem, von Anna Köferlin zu Nurmberg, lang zusammen getragenem Kinder-Hauß, dergleichen nie gesehen noch gemacht, anzutreffen, vnd wie ettlich Hundert Stuck, alle zum gemeinen Nutz auch dienstlich, darinn zu sehen

Anna Köferlin fertigte Puppenhäuser