Enjeux d'une didactique plurilingue : entre représentations et pratiques courantes

Résumé:S'inscrivant dans le projet Construction intégrée des savoirs linguistiques et disciplinaires dans l'enseignement bilingue au secondaire et au tertiaire, dirigé par L. Gajo, notre étude met en relation des données concernant les représentations des acteurs de l'enseignement bilingue avec des exemples d'interactions effectives. Plusieurs décalages sont ainsi mis à jour, les pratiques s'avérant souvent largement plus complexes que les représentations qui leur sont sous-jacentes. Dans ce cadre, nous accordons une attention particulière aux spécificités disciplinaires, et interrogeons la traditionnelle représentation associant les mathématiques à une "langue en soi". Enfin, l'examen de séquences-types illustrera la richesse du travail effectivement réalisé en classe bilingue - tant dans les sciences humaines que dans les sciences exactes - et nous conclurons sur quelques propositions didactiques découlant directement de nos observations.Abstract:In der vorliegenden Studie (durchgeführt im Rahmen des von L. Gajo geleiteten Projekts Construction intégrée des savoirs linguistiques et disciplinaires dans l'enseignement bilingue au secondaire et au tertiaire) werden Vorstellungen der betroffenen Akteure über bilingualen Sachfachunterricht in Bezug zu Beispielen von real beobachteten Interaktionen gesetzt. Dabei können eine Reihe von Diskrepanzen aufgedeckt werden, da sich die Praxis häufig als wesentlich komplexer als die ihr zugrunde liegenden Vorstellungen erweist. Des Weiteren wird den fachspezifischen Eigenheiten besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt und die Vorstellung hinterfragt, die die Mathematik als eine "Sprache an sich" ansieht. Die Analyse einiger Mustersequenzen veranschaulicht die vielseitige Realität der Arbeit in bilingualen Klassen - sowohl in den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften als auch in den Naturwissenschaften. Letztlich werden einige fachdidaktischen Empfehlungen abgegeben, die sich aus unseren Beobachtungen ableiten lassen.

Nouvelles techniques de stimulation cérébrale: perspectives thérapeutiques en psychiatrie [Novel brain stimulation techniques: therapeutic perspectives in psychiatry]

Recent advances have allowed the development of new physical techniques in neurology and psychiatry, such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). These techniques are already recognized as therapeutic approaches in several late stage refractory neurological disorders (Parkinson's disease, tremor, epilepsy), and currently investigated in psychiatric conditions, refractory to medical treatment (obsessive-compulsive disorder, resistant major depression). In Paralell, these new techniques offer a new window to understand the neurobiology of human behavior.

Acquisitions thérapeutiques en médecine ambulatoire en 2012 [2012 literature findings in ambulatory internal medicine].

In 2012 several articles reported interesting findings for the ambulatory practice in internal general medicine. A negative rapid test for influenza does not rule out that diagnosis. A test assessing the walking speed in the elderly can help determining who would benefit from antihypertensive therapy. Antibiotic treatment has no benefit for acute uncomplicated rhinosinusitis and diverticulitis. Probiotics can reduce the risk of post-antibiotic diarrhea. Daily coffee intake could reduce mortality. Oral supplementation of calcium can be harmful to the cardiovascular system. Subclinical hyperthyroidism should be treated to prevent cardiovascular complications. Aspirin can prevent recurrences in case of a primary thromboembolic event. Local injection of corticosteroids under ultrasonographic guidance for plantar fasciitis can be a safe treatment. Ibuprofen can prevent acute mountain sickness.

La néphropathie ischémique par athérosclérose aortorénale : acquisitions thérapeutiques [Atherosclerotic renal artery disease management update]

In the case of atherosclerotic renal artery disease, the best conclusive results lie principally not in the degree of the stenosis but rather in the degree the renal parenchymal disease beyond the stenosis itself. These determining factors involve the controlling of the patients blood pressure, the improvement in the renal function and the beneficial results to the cardiovascular system. Besides the indispensable medical treatment, a revascularisation by angioplasty may be indicated. This procedure with or without vascular stent often allows satisfactory angiographic results. A treatment by surgical revascularisation is only recommended in the case of extensive atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta, complex lesions of the latter or an abdominal aortic aneurism. Although the frequency of restenosis of angioplasty with stent remains extremely low, the risk of cholesterol emboli due to the diffuse atherosclerotic lesions of the abdominal aorta, must be considered at the time of each aortic catheterization. The therapeutic approach of atherosclerotic renal artery disease must be dictated by the whole cardiovascular risk factors and by the threat of target organs. The control of the blood pressure and the maintenance of the renal function must be integrated in the decisional algorithm as well as the possible risks in carrying out an eventual revascularisation procedure. Finally, the renal angioplasty should in numerous situations be integrated in the overall assumption of responsibility of the atherosclerotic vascular diseases, and should be part of the medical treatment. Several questions still do exist; at what moment an atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis should and e considered critical, and which procedure should be considered for which patient? The purpose of this review is to propose a decisional tool for individualized treatments in the light of results from randomized and controlled studies.

Nouvelles armes thérapeutiques contre le mélanome de stade IV [New therapeutic weapons in stage IV melanoma].

The treatment of stage IV melanoma has been revolutionized over the last years with the development of immunotherapies that, for the first time, have shown a significant benefit in overall survival, as well as with extremely effective targeted therapies, that also led to improved survival. These results are the fruits of an important translational research effort that allowed a rational approach with a very fast clinical development. The treatment of metastatic melanoma is, therefore, an illustration of the new paradigms of modern molecular research in oncology. In this review, we will present the various agents that have made the proof of their clinical benefit, as well as the scientific discoveries that allowed their development. Some of the remaining questions will be touched upon with the ongoing clinical trials. Inclusion of patients in these studies remains the top priority to improve on the clinical care.

Transsexualisme: enjeux et spécificités liés à la prise en charge d'une demande de réassignation sexuelle [Gender identity disorder: challenges and specificity in the treatment of requests for sexual reassignment].

Gender identity disorder is defined as a permanent desire to relieve one's own sexual features to acquire the sexual features and line to life of the opposite sex. The diagnosis is based on the psychiatric evaluation and treatment on an interdisciplinary approach by endocrinologists, surgeons and psychiatrists, and can be conceptualized into distinct phases: diagnostic evaluation, real life experience, hormonal treatment and surgery. Multiples challenges have to be faced, especially by the psychiatrist who follows the patient during the whole process.