Strategies for economic development in the Commonwealth Caribbean: a comparative study of the foreign economic policy strategies adopted by the Manley government in Jamaica and the Williams government in Trinidad and Tobago

This thesis compares the foreign economic poUcy dimension of the development strategies adopted by the governments of two Commonwealth caribbean countries: The Hardey government In Jamaica, and the· Williams government in Trlnidad and T ooago, The foreign economic policIes adopted by these governments appeared, on the surface~ to be markedly dissimilar. The Jamakan strategv on the one hand, emphasised self-reliance and national autonomy; and featured the espousal of radical oonaHgnment together with attempts to re-deftne the terms of the Islands externaa economIc relaUoos. The Trinidadian strategy 00 the other hand, featured Uberal externaUy-oriented growth poUctes, and close relatjoos with Western governments and financial institutions. Th1s study attempts to identify the explanatory factors that account for the apparent dlssimUarUy 1n the foreign economic policies of these two govemnents. The study is based on a comparison of how the structural bases of an underdeveloped ecooomYg and the foreign penetration and vulnerabUUy to external pressures asSOCiated wUh dependence, shape and influence foreign economic poUcy strategy. The framework views fore1gn ecooom1c strategy as an adaptive response on the part of the decision makers of a state to the coostralnts and opportunities provided by a particular situation. The · situat i 00' in this case being the events, conditions, structures and processes, associated wUh dependente and underdevelopment. The results indicate that the similarities and dissimHarities in the foreign economic policies of the governments of Jamaica and Trinidad were a reflecUon of the simHarities and dissimilarities in their respective situations. The conclusion derived suggests that If the foreign pol1cy field as an arena of choice, Is indeed one of opportunities and constraints for each and every state, then poHcy makers of smaU, weak, hlghW penetrated and vulnerable states enter thlS arena with constraints outweighing opportunities. This places effective limits 00 their decisional latitude and the range of policy options avaUable. Policy makers thus have to decide critical issues with few estabUshed precedents, in the face of domestic social and political cleavages, as wen as serious foreign pressures. This is a reflection not only of the trappings of dependence, but also of the Umned capabilities arising from the sman size of the state, and the Impact of the resource-gap In an underdeveloped economy. The Trinidadian strategy 1s UlustraUve of a development strategy made viable through a combination of a fortuitous circumstance, a confluence of the interests of influential groups» and accurate perception on the part of poUcy makers. These factors enabled policy makers to minimise some of the constraints of dependence. The faUure of Manlets strategy on the other hand, 15 iHustraUve of the problems involved tn the adoption of poUcles that work against the interest of internal and external political and economic forces. It is also tUustraUve of the consequences of the faUure 00 the part of policy makers to clarify goals, and to reconcile the values of rapid economic growth with increased self-reliance and national autonomy. These values tend to be mutuany Incompatible given the existing patterns of relations in the jnternational economy.

The generation effect and word learning: a test of the effect of the language experience approach versus the text approach in the acquisition of new reading vocabulary

A class of twenty-two grade one children was tested to determine their reading levels using the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Achievement Test. Based on these results and teacher input the students were paired according to reading ability. The students ages ranged from six years four months to seven years four months at the commencement of the study. Eleven children were assigned to the language experience group and their partners became the text group. Each member of the language experience group generated a list of eight to be learned words. The treatment consisted of exposing the student to a given word three times per session for ten sessions, over a period of five days. The dependent variables consisted of word identification speed, word identification accuracy, and word recognition accuracy. Each member of the text group followed the same procedure using his/her partner's list of words. Upon completion of this training, the entire process was repeated with members of the text group from the first part becoming members of the language experience group and vice versa. The results suggest that generally speaking language experience words are identified faster than text words but that there is no difference in the rate at which these words are learned. Language experience words may be identified faster because the auditory-semantic information is more readily available in them than in text words. The rate of learning in both types of words, however, may be dictated by the orthography of the to be learned word.

Writing and science connections : integrated instruction and assessment

Learning to write is a daunting task for many young children. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a combined approach to writing instruction and assessment on the writing performance of students in two grade 3 classes. Five forms and traits of writing were purposefully connected during writing lessons while exhibiting links to the four strands of the grade 3 Ontario science curriculum. Students then had opportunities to engage in the writing process and to self-assess their compositions using either student-developed (experimental group/teacher-researcher's class) or teachercreated (control group/teacher-participant's class) rubrics. Paired samples t-tests revealed that both the experimental and control groups exhibited statistically significant growth from pretest to posttest on all five integrated writing units. Independent samples t-tests showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group on the persuasive + sentence fluency and procedure + word choice writing tasks. Pearson product-moment correlation r tests revealed significant correlations between the experimental group and the teacher-researcher on the recount + ideas and report + organization tasks, while students in the control group showed significant correlations with the teacher-researcher on the narrative + voice and procedure + word choice tasks. Significant correlations between the control group and the teacher-participant were evident on the persuasive + sentence fluency and procedure + word choice tasks. Qualitative analyses revealed five themes that highlighted how students' self-assessments and reflections can be used to guide teachers in their instructional decision making. These findings suggest that educators should adopt an integrated writing program in their classrooms, while working with students to create and utilize purposeful writing assessment tools.

Development of a New Assessment System to Evaluate Students' English Communicative Capacities in China

The purpose of this study was to develop a new English assessment system to evaluate Chinese students' English communicative capacities. Since there is more interaction with people from English-speaking countries, Chinese people attach more importance to English oral skills, and a lot of Western English teaching methods were introduced into China to improve students' English communicative capacities. However, traditional paper-written examinations, like the English test of higher education entry examination, cannot evaluate it effectively. This study explored the perceptions of two Chinese English-language teachers and two Chinese students about English assessment system. A qualitative research method using telephone interviews was conducted in this study. The findings showed that the most possible ways to assess Chinese students' English communicative capacities were paper-written examination and person-machine conversations, although measures should be taken to improve these two models. On the other hand, the model of person-person conversation was the ideal assessment tool but was hard to achieve at the current stage.

Critical pronouncing dictionary and expositor of the english language; in which the meaning of every word is explained, and the sound of every syllable distinctly shown...

UANL

LMS software study and a practical application in language and literature didactics. 'Aplicación práctica en Didáctica de la lengua y la literatura del software LMS'.

Resumen en español

A contrastive analysis of non-native interlanguage english intonation systems and their implication in the organisation of information from a functional perspectiva : a study based on a computerized corpus of spanish learners of english

El contexto teórico y empírico de esta investigación sobre entonación, se enmarca dentro de la filosofía lingüística de la teoría sistémico-funcional. El modelo metodológico empleado se basa en la Lingüística de Corpus. La descripción de la adquisición y aprendizaje de la lengua extranjera está justificada dentro del marco teórico de la teoría de interlengua y la adquisición de segundas lenguas y lenguas extranjeras.. El presente estudio del corpus comparativo y longitudinal de aprendices y hablantes nativos de lengua inglesa, tiene como objetivo principal investigar los modelos de entonación producidos por ambos grupos de hablantes. Se pretende demostrar que la diferencia a nivel entonativo entre estos dos grupos no sólo tiene como resultado que los no nativos tengan acento extranjero; sino que puede afectar al mensaje transmitido, en cuanto a la estructura y organización de la información dentro del discurso oral en las metafunciones textual e interpersonal.. Se asume la existencia de un sistema entonativo de interlengua, de esta forma este análisis tiene como objeto no sólo reflejar los errores sino también los posibles sistemas aproximativos de los aprendices mencionados..

English and English literature : complete study and revision guide.

Guía actualizada de acuerdo con las modificaciones del contenido curricular. Contiene todo lo que los estudiantes necesitan saber para lograr superar el General Certificate of Secundary Education (GCSE) de inglés y literatura inglesa. Ha sido escrito por un examinador para ayudar en el aprendizaje de los alumnos y orientar su revisión. Su contenido se puede utilizar como obra de referencia, para apoyar el estudio a lo largo del curso, o como para una revisión para la preparación de los exámenes. El estudio de textos de teatro, novelas y cuentos se centra en antes y después de mil novecientos catorce. Ofrece comentarios en el margen de algunas páginas para llamar la atención del estudiante sobre puntos importantes que de otro modo podría perder. Al final de cada sección hay ejemplos de preguntas GCSE y preguntas de examen práctico. Las respuestas a las preguntas de examen, simulacros de exámenes e índice de documentos se encuentran al final de la publicación.

Edexcel GCSE english and english language : core. Student book.

Esta formado de dos especificaciones distintas: Inglés y Lengua inglesa, con calificaciones separadas en los exámenes del General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE) Edexcel. Se divide en cinco unidades, cada una de ellas integrada por varias lecciones y con sus propios objetivos de aprendizaje. Su contenido ayuda a desarrollar las habilidades de lectura y escritura. Incluye actividades de evaluación y distintas evaluaciones de control.

Edexcel GCSE english and english language : core. Teacher guide.

Este recurso para los profesores incorpora las novedades introducidas en las especificaciones a partir de septiembre de 2010 en el General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE) Edexcel. Su contenido se divide en dos grandes secciones: lecciones visuales y evaluaciones de control. Las lecciones se apoyan en el libro del alumno y muestran cómo la utilización conjunta de los recursos impresos y digitales para dar las lecciones mejoran las calificaciones de los estudiantes. En cuanto a la segunda parte, proporciona asesoramiento específico sobre las evaluaciones de control de las nuevas especificaciones.

Edexcel GCSE english and english language : access. Student book.

Esta formado de dos especificaciones distintas: Inglés y Lengua inglesa, con calificaciones separadas en los exámenes del General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE) Edexcel. Se divide en cinco unidades, cada una de ellas integrada por varias lecciones y con sus propios objetivos de aprendizaje. Su contenido ayuda a desarrollar las habilidades de lectura y escritura. Incluye actividades de evaluación y distintas evaluaciones de control.

AQA GCSE English language and literature. Foundation.

Recurso aprobado por AQA, ha sido escrito para apoyar a los estudiantes en la preparación del General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) inglés lengua y literatura inglesas. Todas las unidades son totalmente compatibles con recursos digitales. Estructurado en diecisiete unidades: las siete primeras ayudarán con los exámenes, las unidades restantes con evaluaciones controladas. Incluye secciones de gramática, ortografía y puntuación.

AQA GCSE English language and literature. Higuer.

Recurso aprobado por AQA, ha sido escrito para apoyar a los estudiantes en la preparación del General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) inglés lengua y literatura inglesas. Todas las unidades son totalmente compatibles con recursos digitales. Estructurado en diecisiete unidades: las siete primeras ayudarán con los exámenes, las unidades restantes con evaluaciones controladas. Incluye secciones de gramática, ortografía y puntuación.

AQA GCSE English language and literature. Teacher's resource book. Higher and foundation.

Recurso para el profesor con directrices detalladas y consejos prácticos para los estudiantes que preparan el General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) AQA de lengua y literatura inglesas. Estructurado en diecisiete unidades, las siete primeras preparan los exámenes y las restantes incluyen unidades con evaluaciones controladas.

Practice tests for IGCSE English as a second language : reading and writing book 1.

El libro contiene 4 test prácticos completos con formato de examen para los ejercicios 1 y 2 de la prueba Cambridge IGCSE (International General Certificate of Secondary Education) de inglés como segundo idioma. Los test permiten desarrollar las técnicas de examen de los alumnos familiarizándose con el formato de los ejercicios de lectura y redacción, y con el tipo de temas y textos que pueden encontrar en el examen oficial. El nivel de la prueba es intermedio e intermedio-alto.