Characterization of heat-treated porous carbons using argon adsorption

The microstructural variation of Norit RI Extra activated carbon, progressively heated at 1373 K, was explored in terms of pore size and pore wall thickness distributions, for various periods of heating time, determined by argon adsorption at 87 K, both using an infinite as well as and finite wall thickness model. The latter approach has recently been developed in our laboratory and has been applied to several virgin carbons. The current results show significant variations in small pore size regions (< 7 angstrom) in association with strong growth of thick walls having at least three carbon sheets, as a result of heat treatment. In particular, shrinkage of the smallest pores due to strong interaction between their opposite walls as well as smoothening of carbon wall surfaces due to an increase in graphitization degree under thermal treatment have been found. Further, the results of pore wall thickness distribution are well corroborated by X-ray diffraction. The results of pore size and pore wall thickness distributions are also shown to be consistent with transmission electron microscopy analyses. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of adsorption deformation on thermodynamic characteristics of a fluid in slit pores at sub-critical conditions

Solvation. pressure due to adsorption of fluids in porous materials is the cause of elastic deformation of an adsorbent, which is accessible to direct experimental measurements. Such a deformation contributes to the Helmholtz free energy of the whole adsorbent-adsorbate system due to accumulation of compression or tension energy by the solid. It means that in the general case the solid has to be considered as not solely a source of the external potential field for the fluid confined in the pore volume, but also as thermodynamically nonmert component of the solid-fluid system. We present analysis of nitrogen adsorption isotherms and heat of adsorption in slit graphitic pores accounting for the adsorption deformation by means of nonlocal density functional theory. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kinetic study of the thermal degradation of high density polyethylene

The thermal degradation of high density polyethylene has been modelled by the random breakage of polymer bonds, using a set of population balance equations. A model was proposed in which the population balances were lumped into representative sizes so that the experimentally determined molecular weight distribution of the original polymer could be used as the initial condition. This model was then compared to two different cases of the unlumped population balance which assumed unimolecular initial distributions of 100 and 500 monomer units, respectively. The model that utilised the experimentally determined molecular weight distribution was found to best describe the experimental data. The model fits suggested a second mechanism in addition to random breakage at slow reaction rates. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On the equilibrium and dynamic behavior of alcohol vapors in activated carbon

As alcohol molecules such as methanol and ethanol have both polar and non-polar groups, their adsorption behavior is governed by the contributions of dispersion interaction (alkyl group) and hydrogen bonding (OH group). In this paper, the adsorption behavior of alcohol molecules and its effect on transport processes are elucidated. From the total permeability (B-T) of alcohol molecules in activated carbon, an adsorption mechanism is proposed, describing well the experimental data, by taking combination effects of clustering, entering micropores, layering and pore filling processes. Unlike the case of non-polar compounds, it was found that at low pressures there are two rises in the BT of alcohol molecules in activated carbon. The first rise is due to the major contribution of surface diffusion to the transport (which is the case of non-polar molecules) and the second one may be associated with cluster formation at the edge of micropores and entering micropores when the clusters are sufficiently large enough to induce a dispersive energy. In addition the clusters formed may enhance surface diffusion at low pressures and hinder gas phase diffusion and flow in meso/macropores. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All fights reserved.

Scattering and tangential momentum accommodation at a 2D adsorbate-solid interface

We calculate tangential momentum coefficients for the exchange of momentum between molecules in transport and the internal surface of a membrane pore, modelled as a simple atomic structure. We introduce a local specular reflection (LSR) hypothesis, which states that impinging molecules undergo mirror-like reflection in a plane tangent to a surface atom at the point of impact. As a consequence, the components of the velocity, parallel to the direction of flow will (in general) change on impact. The overall effect is a loss of tangential momentum, since more is lost in the upstream direction than is gained in the downstream direction. The loss of tangential momentum is greater when the size ratio of fluid to solid atom is small, allowing more steeply inclined impact planes to become accessible to the fluid phase molecules. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estudo de caso: a Universidade Católica de Brasília. Práticas de ensino nas disciplinas de formação humana nas universidades confessionais

A presente tese faz um estudo de caso das disciplinas de formação humana da Universidade Católica de Brasília, buscando captar as percepções de estudantes das disciplinas de Ciência da Religião e Antropologia da Religião, bem como dos seus professores. Apoiado em seis teóricos educacionais e em pesquisas semelhantes já realizadas, tenta-se traçar a pedagogia e a metodologia para essas disciplinas. Analisando os documentos da instituição pesquisada, chega-se à idéia de que o processo ensino-aprendizagem precisa ser marcado pela liberdade e pelo diálogo. Com os alunos, foram realizadas duas pesquisas: uma no início do semestre e outra no fim, para que se pudessem perceber as mudanças que ocorreram nesse período. Por fim, todos os professores das duas disciplinas foram entrevistados sobre a forma de lecionar, de preparar as aulas, de aplicar as avaliações etc., para que pudessem, também, servir de confronto com a pesquisa dos alunos. A conclusão aplica os dados encontrados às universidades confessionais que também têm em projeto pedagógico disciplinas iguais ou semelhantes àquelas da Universidade Católica de Brasília.(AU)

A POLÍTICA DE FORMAÇÃO DO PROFESSOR DE QUÍMICA

Considerando as inúmeras fragilidades em relação à minha própria formação de professora de Química, considerando também as disposições legais e as orientações curriculares das políticas educacionais atuais que incorporam aportes teóricos fundamentais para que a aprendizagem se concretize e considerando ainda que as transformações nos procedimentos pedagógicos não acompanham o desenvolvimento das ciências da educação, este estudo teve com foco de investigação os seguintes problemas: a) os professores de Química que atuam no Ensino Médio estão devidamente formados para enfrentar as exigências colocadas pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacional para o Ensino Médio (PCNEM) e a realidade vivida na escola pública? b) O que o professor faz para que o aluno aprenda Química? c) A política de formação do professor de Química dá conta de formar o químico educador? Para obter os dados para responder a estas questões, recorri a uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho etnográfico, aplicando questionários a um grupo de 12 professores de Química que atuam no Ensino Médio da rede pública estadual da Grande São Paulo. As questões do questionário foram agrupadas em três categorias: aprendizagem de conceitos, aprendizagem de procedimentos e aprendizagem de valores. No anos de 2001, essas categorias foram utilizadas por García Barros e Martinez Losada em pesquisa com professores da educação básica na Espanha, com ênfase nas duas primeiras, para averiguar que tipo de atividades se realiza habitualmente no ensino de Química e para conhecer a importância que os professores respondentes atribuem aos procedimentos que utilizam no processo de ensino. Os dados coletados, analisados à luz de contribuições dos estudiosos que compõem o corpo teórico deste estudo e das propostas contidas nos PCNEM, evidenciam que o saber fazer do professor, como o definem Carvalho e Perez (2002), é fruto de uma formação inicial precária e da quase inexistência de processos de formação continuada na escola.(AU)

PROFESSORES DE INGLÊS: TRAJETÓRIA FORMATIVA E PROFISSIONAL

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir sobre as trajetórias formativas e profissionais de professores de inglês do ensino superior, aprofundando as reflexões acerca das dificuldades ou facilidades entre a formação e o início da prática docente. Além da realização da análise de conteúdo dos dados das entrevistas, a pesquisa teórica também se fez importante no intuito de buscar um pouco da história do ensino da língua inglesa no Brasil, bem como um estudo sobre os métodos e abordagens do ensino de inglês, a fim de que se pudesse analisar se a formação desses profissionais incluiu ou não o conhecimento dos mesmos e até que ponto foi ou não importante não só para sua formação como também para sua atuação em sala de aula. A partir de minha própria experiência co mo professora particular de inglês, com dificuldades de atuação, principalmente devido a uma má formação, busquei algumas respostas com estes docentes mais experientes que pudessem contribuir de algum modo para que os futuros professores de inglês sejam mais bem formados e preparados para superarem as dificuldades inicias da carreira bem como para que consigam reduzi-las, podendo assim exercer sua profissão com mais segurança e competência, já que também vão formar e preparar outros professores.(AU)

A RELAÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA NA TUTORIA A DISTÂNCIA: UM ESTUDO A PARTIR DO CURSO DE PEDAGOGIA

O presente estudo de natureza qualitativa tem por objetivo explicitar as implicações da relação pedagógica com a construção do conhecimento na tutoria à distância com foco nas relações entre professores tutores e alunos da EAD da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo. Analisa a complexidade que envolve o trabalho educativo em ambiente virtual de aprendizagem e a relação estabelecida entre esses sujeitos na prática pedagógica. A partir dos pressupostos metodológicos e das abordagens multirreferencial, dialógica e transpessoal observadas sob a perspectiva da modalidade a distância na construção dos referenciais teóricos. Realizada na UMESP e no polo regional de apoio presencial Mauá-SP, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de observações, questionários exploratórios e entrevistas de aprofundamento, contou com a participação de quatro professoras tutoras do curso de Pedagogia a distância e dez alunas desse mesmo curso, além da leitura crítica de documentos, considerando a legislação educacional e diretrizes curriculares vigentes. Procurou responder aos seguintes questionamentos: O que é a relação pedagógica? Qual a importância da relação pedagógica quando a concepção educativa assumida trabalha na perspectiva de educar na/para a inteireza? Quais as possibilidades, as dificuldades e limites desta proposta de relação pedagógica na EAD considerando as relações entre professores tutores e alunos? Buscando identificar os conflitos e desafios vividos e experimentados nessa relação, foram problematizados alguns intervenientes no processo de ensino e aprendizagem para a construção do conhecimento na modalidade, desvelando características do discurso e das práticas repletas de sentido e significados. A pesquisa permitiu concluir que, apesar da distância, o aluno não está isolado, ele tem a possibilidade de participar ativamente junto a tutoria na construção de seu conhecimento e de sua formação, essa interação, no entanto, é influenciada pela relação pedagógica entre esses sujeitos e por demais fatores que podem afetar o desenvolvimento do trabalho na educação a distância. Para educar na inteireza, é necessário reconhecer a complexidade presente em todo ato educativo e o caráter da pluralidade, do multiculturalismo e da diversidade presente no contexto da realidade brasileira, bem como a emergência de autoconhecimento e formação continuada para professores na área.(AU)

The Knowledge in Automotive Field Representation with Modern Technologies

Modern technologies have changed the way of presenting information in archives. This makes it possible to introduce new services, which was unimaginable a few years ago. Digitalization, security and virtual presentation of objects in the sphere of motoring by application of technologies, based on knowledge about how to create digital resources is the theme of this project. The aim of AutoKnow project is to carry out a research and create a multi- media digital archive AutoKnow and Experimental Virtual Motor Laboratory (EVML) with Motor Library (ML) from digital multi-media patterns from a selected group of objects in the sphere of automobile technology, presented by NMU. This makes it possible to widely apply multi-media collections in automobile engineering, teaching, research work in that sphere and serve the interests of a large number of auto-amateurs as well in Bulgaria. The research and development of АutoKnow is in the following mutually related fields: - Creation and annotation of collections of objects in the sphere of automobiles; - Creation, analysis and security of a digital archive AutoKnow; - Design and creation of Digital Motor Library; - Socially-oriented applications in education, scientific studies and Experimental Virtual Motor Laboratory; - Informational System for teaching and testing of knowledge in the sphere of automobiles MindCheck.

Hausdorff Approximation of Functions Different from Zero at One Point - Implementation in Programming Environment Mathematica

ACM Computing Classification System (1998): G.1.2.

Ensinar e aprender História na relação dialética entre interpretação e consciência histórica crítica

Teaching and learning History in dialectical relationship between interpretation and critical historical awareness has investigated the triggering of a theoretical-practical training process developed with a history teacher, her mediation in the teaching and learning of the discipline process, related to the appropriation of history text interpretation and the development of critical historical consciousness by public school 8 th-grade students of elementary level. It aims to analyze the relationship between mediation of teaching activity and ownership by the student on this level, the interpretation of history texts and development of this consciousness. It has been opted for collaborative research, as training and strategy, and was employed as procedures for the formation of knowledge: Meeting, Cycles of Reflexive Studies, Planning (with teachers), Observation performed in real life and portfolio (involving students). The teacher appropriated of contributions of the theory by P. Ya . Galperin and critical historical consciousness and developed a teaching process using a methodology grounded in theoretical constructs this author. The students appropriated the interpretation of history texts and demonstrated to be in a process of developing a critical historical consciousness. Performance of the students occurred more consistently in the interpretations implemented in groups, with teacher guidance and support of the activity map. Training processes, performed in and about teaching and student activities, revealed an improvement in teacher's professional development and the knowledge and expertise of the students. It has contributed to this, the critical reflection experienced in the investigative process. Given these findings, as needs of new thinking, research recommends the development of teaching and learning processes in other years of elementary school, involving the interpretation of history texts and the development of critical historical consciousness of students.

A simulação como método de ensino de habilidades no curso de medicina: relato de uma experiência com punção lombar

The teaching of the lumbar puncture (LP) technique with simulator is not well systematized in the curricula of medical schools. Studies show that training in the simulator provides learning technical skills, acquisition and retention of knowledge, improve self-confidence of the learner and enables the transfer to clinical practice. We intend this study to introduce simulated training in LP in medical course at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte evaluating the experience taking into account quantitative aspects (performance on standardized tests) and qualitative (perception of the students regarding the method and the teaching process learning). The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase practical training in PL was introduced in the 3rd year of medical school. Seventy-seven students were trained in small groups, guided by a checklist developed in the model Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill (OSATS), at this moment they knew they were not under performance evaluation. They were also asked whether they had prior chances to make an LP in patients. At the end of the first phase the students evaluated training in the following areas: teaching technique, simulator realism, time available per group, number of participants per group and relevance to medical practice. In the second phase, two years later, 18 students trained in first stage performed a new LP on the mannequin simulator, and its performance was evaluated through the same checklist of training in order to verify the technical retention. In addition, they answered a multiple choice test about practical aspects of the LP technique. Each participant received individual feedback on their performance at the end of their participation in the study. In the first phase of the study we found that only 4% of students had performed a lumbar puncture in patients until the 3rd year. The training of LP technique with simulator mannequin was considered relevant and the teaching methods was thoroughly evaluated. In the second phase, all participants were successful in implementing the lumbar puncture on the mannequin simulator, compliance with the most steps in a reasonable time, suggesting that would be able to perform the procedure in a patient.

Aprendizagem significativa: uma proposta de ensino e aprendizagem da geometria euclidiana espacial no ensino médio

This dissertation is a research based on the Meaningful Learning Theory, with students from the second year of High School, in the city named Capinzal do Norte, state of Maranhão. The pedagogic approach of this research focuses on what to do and how to do so students can better grasp knowledge inherent to the Euclidean Special Geometry in a more meaningful and changing way, also that information may be kept longer in their brain, so it can last longer in the present and future. The methodological strategy adopted was the research-action, followed by the constant observance of a researcher on the matter with the purpose to ensure consistent results, which come from the use of a variety of data collector instruments, such as: Concept Maps, manipulatives, educational softwares and application of evaluative tests, besides the observations made throughout the process of investigation and the diagnosis itself. It is all due to the fact that we rely on the premise that knowledge is assimilated in particular and idiosyncratic ways, which means each and every student learns in different ways and in different periods of time. That is why it is so important to develop diversified methodologies to the same subject. This research adds to the other ones related to the theoretical frameworks of the Meaningful Learning Theory, of Concept Maps, of the use of technology on the educational process and of manipulatives, which purpose is to connect their common dots. This pedagogical intervention also focuses on the construction of the educational orientations with applicability directly on class, directed specially by the Mathematics teacher of the basic education, who might use them during your teaching practice. Such guidelines established here as an educational product aim to follow the Theory's assumptions that serves as basis to this research, thus becoming an educational element with a relevant significance. The results, with which we are faced, proved overwhelming to the proposed objectives in terms of learning, which were evident in the construction of Conceptual Maps, as well as in the use of Concrete Materials, in addition to serving as a motivational element to participating students of research. The results obtained are indeed reliable in terms of learning, considered the expected goals, and made us certain that the way we have approached the subject is consistent with a holistic education and that at the same time values the tiniest details, which are fundamental to all the learning-teaching process.

Einige Erwägungen zur juristischen Untersuchung in Mexiko

Die neuen Paradigmen der Rechtswissenschaft nötigen uns beim Erwerb juristischen Wissens dazu, uns in eine kreativere und problemorientiertere Dynamik des Lehrens-Lernens einzugliedern. Die neuen Generationen der Rechtsgelehrten sollten darum bemüht sein, die verschiedenen theoretisch-methodologischen Strömungen des Rechts, z.B. des juristischen Realismus, den juristischen Strukturalismus sowie die angewandte juristische Soziologie zu studieren und zu analysieren. Andererseits sollten sie nicht dogmatisch und ausschliesslich den juristischen Positivismus des 19. Jahrhunderts vertreten. Die juristischen Fakultäten und Schulen der Republik Mexiko zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie die traditionelle juristische Lehre bewahren. Darin liegt der Grund, dass es nur wenige Juristen gibt, die sich der juristischen Forschung und der wissenschaftlichen Praxis widmen.