Produção e caracterização do complexo xilanolítico de Penicillium janczewskii

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito da temperatura sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Comportamento da temperatura da massa de resíduos aterrados em um aterro sanitário

In this paper we investigate the temperature variation of the mass of waste along the depth in a household waste landfill of Rio Claro - SP, São Paulo, having a climate characterized as Tropical Altitude. In this research, there were two holes in two distinct points of the landfill, with different depths and characteristics in order to fix several thermal sensors - RTDs - to record the temperature at predetermined depths. Overall, the results show the influence of temperature at depths of up to 3.0 meters (from the surface) and that it varies in a manner to stabilize at depths above 5.0 meters. The highest temperature obtained was approximately 37.5 ° C for a time of waste disposal of 7 to 10 years. The results showed the presence of organic matter (substrate) which resulted in elevated temperature resulting from biological activity

Utilização de metaheurísticas combinada a diferentes métodos de aglutinação para a otimização de um processo de torneamento com múltiplas respostas

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

The manipulation of progesterone profiles during progesterone + estradiol timed ai protocols in dairy cattle: effects on fertility

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Heat stress induced alteration in bovine oocytes: functional and cellular aspects

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Alterações celulares induzidas pelo estresse térmico em embriões bovinos

Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cellular biomarkers to elucidate global warming effects on Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri

Global warming is a reality and its effects have been widely studied. However, the consequences for marine invertebrates remain poorly understood. Thus, the present study proposed to evaluate the effect of elevated temperature on the innate immune system of Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Sea urchins were collected nearby Brazilian Antarctic Station "Comandante Ferraz" and exposed to 0 (control), 2 and 4A degrees C for periods of 48 h, 2, 7 and 14 days. After the experimental periods, coelomic fluid was collected in order to perform the following analyses: coelomocytes differential counting, phagocytic response, adhesion and spreading coelomocytes assay, intranuclear iron crystalloid and ultra structural analysis of coelomocytes. The red sphere cell was considered a biomarker for heat stress, as they increased in acute stress. Besides that, a significant increase in phagocytic indexes was observed at 2A degrees C coinciding with a significant increase of intranuclear iron crystalloid at the same temperature and same time period. Furthermore, significant alterations in cell adhesion and spreading were observed in elevated temperatures. The ultra structural analysis of coelomocytes showed no significant difference across treatments. This was the first time that innate immune response alterations were observed in response to elevated temperature in a Polar echinoid.

Human Abuses of Coral Reefs- Adaptive Responses and Regime Transitions

During the last few decades, coral reefs have become a disappearing feature of tropical marine environments, and those reefs that do remain are severely threatened. It is understood that humans have greately altered the environment under which these ecosystems previously have thrived and evoloved. Overharvesting of fish stocks, global warming and pollution are some of the most prominent threats, acting on coral reefs at several spatial and temporal scales. Presently, it is common that coral reefs have been degraded into alternative ecosystem regimes, such as macroalgae-dominated or sea urchin-barren. Although these ecosystems could potentially return to coral dominance in a long-term perspective, when considdering current conditions, it seems likely that they will persist in their degraded states. Thus, recovery of coral reefs cannot be taken for granted on a human timescale. Multiple stressors and disturbances, which are increasingly characteristic of coral reef environments today, are believed to act synergistically and produce ecological surprises. However, current knowledge of effects of compounded disturbances and stress is limited. Based on five papers, this thesis investigates the sublethal response of multiple stressors on coral physiology, as well as the effects of compounded stress and disturbance on coral reef structure and function. Adaptive responses to stress and disturbance in relation to prior experience are highlighted. The thesis further explores how inherent characteristics (traits) of corals and macroalgae may influence regime expression when faced with altered disturbance regimes, in particular overfishing, eutrophication, elevated temperature, and enhanced substrate availability. Finally, possibilities of affecting the resilience of macroalgae-dominaed reefs and shifting the community composition towards a coral-dominated regime are explored.

Synthesis and characterization of Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) for proton exchange membranes in fuel cells

Vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) was polymerized at 80 ºC by free radical polymerization to give polymers (PVPA) of different molecular weight depending on the initiator concentration. The highest molecular weight, Mw, achieved was 6.2 x 104 g/mol as determined by static light scattering. High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to gain microstructure information about the polymer chain. Information based on tetrad probabilities was utilized to deduce an almost atactic configuration. In addition, 13C-NMR gave evidence for the presence of head-head and tail-tail links. Refined analysis of the 1H NMR spectra allowed for the quantitative determination of the fraction of these links (23.5 percent of all links). Experimental evidence suggested that the polymerization proceeded via cyclopolymerization of the vinylphosphonic acid anhydride as an intermediate. Titration curves indicated that high molecular weight poly(vinylphosphonic acid) PVPA behaved as a monoprotic acid. Proton conductors with phosphonic acid moieties as protogenic groups are promising due to their high charge carrier concentration, thermal stability, and oxidation resistivity. Blends and copolymers of PVPA have already been reported, but PVPA has not been characterized sufficiently with respect to its polymer properties. Therefore, we also studied the proton conductivity behaviour of a well-characterized PVPA. PVPA is a conductor; however, the conductivity depends strongly on the water content of the material. The phosphonic acid functionality in the resulting polymer, PVPA, undergoes condensation leading to the formation of phosphonic anhydride groups at elevated temperature. Anhydride formation was found to be temperature dependent by solid state NMR. Anhydride formation affects the proton conductivity to a large extent because not only the number of charge carriers but also the mobility of the charge carriers seems to change.

Anhydrous proton conducting polymer electrolytes based on polymeric ionic liquids

Imidazolium types of ionic liquids were immobilized by tethering it to acrylate backbone. These imidazolium salt containing acrylate monomers were polymerize at 70oC by free radical polymerization to give polymers poly(AcIm-n) with n being the side chain lenght. The chemical structure of the polymer electrolytes obtained by the described synthetic routes was investigated by NMR-spectroscopy. The polymers were doped with various amounts of H3PO4 and LiN(SO2CF3)2, to obtain poly(AcIm-n) x H3PO4 and poly(AcIm-2-Li) x LiN(SO2CF3)2. The TG curves show that the polymer electrolytes are thermally stable up to about 200◦C. DSC results indicates the softening effect of the length of the spacers (n) as well as phosphoric acid. The proton conductivity of the samples increase with x and reaches to 10-2 Scm-1 at 120oC for both poly(AcIm-2)2H3PO4 and poly(AcIm-6)2H3PO4. It was observed that the lithium ion conductivity of the poly(AcIm-2-Li) x LiN(SO2CF3)2 increases with blends (x) up to certain composition and then leveled off independently from blend content. The conductivity reaches to about 10-5 S cm-1 at 30oC and 10-3 at 100oC for poly(AcIm-2-Li) x LiN(SO2CF3)2 where x is 10. The phosphate and phosphoric acid functionality in the resulting polymers, poly(AcIm-n) x H3PO4, undergoes condensation leading to the formation of cross-linked materials at elevated temperature which may improve the mechanical properties to be used as membrane materials in fuel cells. High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to obtain information about hydrogen bonding in solids. The low Tg enhances molecular mobility and this leads to better resolved resonances in both the backbone region and side chain region. The mobile and immobile protons can be distinguished by comparing 1H MAS and 1H-DQF NMR spectra. The interaction of the protons which may contribute to the conductivity is observed from the 2D double quantum correlation (DQC) spectra.

Effects of Global Warming on Berry Composition of cv. Sangiovese: Biochemical and Molecular Aspects and Agronomical Adaptation Approaches

Wine grape must deal with serious problems due to the unfavorable climatic conditions resulted from global warming. High temperatures result in oxidative damages to grape vines. The excessive elevated temperatures are critical for grapevine productivity and survival and contribute to degradation of grape and wine quality and yield. Elevated temperature can negatively affect anthocyanin accumulation in red grape. Particularly, cv. Sangiovese was identified to be very sensitive to such condition. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that flavonoid biosynthetic genes were slightly repressed by high temperature. Also, the heat stress repressed the expression of the transcription factor “VvMYBA1” that activates the expression of UFGT. Moreover, high temperatures had repressing effects on the activity of the flavonoids biosynthetic enzymes “PAL” and “UFGT”.Anthocyanin accumulation in berry skin is due to the balance between its synthesis and oxidation. In grape cv. Sangiovese, the gene transcription and activity of peroxidases enzyme was elevated by heat stress as a defensive mechanism of ROS-scavenging. Among many isoforms of peroxidases genes, one gene (POD 1) was induced in Sangiovese under thermal stress condition. This gene was isolated and evaluated via the technique of genes transformation from grape to Petunia. Reduction in anthocyanins concentration and higher enzymatic activity of peroxidase was observed in POD 1 transformed Petunia after heat shock compared to untrasformed control. Moreover, in wine producing regions, it is inevitable for the grape growers to adopt some adaptive strategies to alleviate grape damages to abiotic stresses. Therefore, in this thesis, the technique of post veraison trimming was done to improve the coupling of phenolic and sugar ripening in Vitis vinifera L. cultivar Sangiovese. Trimming after veraison showed to be executable to slow down the rate of sugar accumulation in grape (to decrease the alcohol potential in wines) without evolution of the main berry flavonoids compounds.

Optimising thin-film solar cells by computer simulations

CIGS-Dünnschichtsolarzellen verbinden hohe Effizienz mit niedrigen Kosten und sind damit eine aussichtsreiche Photovoltaik-Technologie. Das Verständnis des Absorbermaterials CIGS ist allerdings noch lückenhaft und benötigt weitere Forschung. In dieser Dissertation werden Computersimulationen vorgestellt, die erheblich zum besseren Verständnis von CIGS beitragen. Es wurden die beiden Systeme Cu(In,Ga)Se2 und (Cu,In,Vac)Se betrachtet. Die Gesamtenergie der Systeme wurde in Clusterentwicklungen ausgedrückt, die auf der Basis von ab initio Dichtefunktionalrechnungen erstellt wurden. Damit war es möglich Monte Carlo (MC)-Simulationen durchzuführen. Kanonische MC-Simulationen von Cu(In,Ga)Se2 zeigen das temperaturabhängige Verhalten der In-Ga-Verteilung. In der Nähe der Raumtemperatur findet ein Übergang von einer geordneten zu einer ungeordneten Phase statt. Unterhalb separiert das System in CuInSe2 und CuGaSe2. Oberhalb existiert eine gemischte Phase mit inhomogen verteilten In- und Ga-Clustern. Mit steigender Temperatur verkleinern sich die Cluster und die Homogenität nimmt zu. Bei allen Temperaturen, bis hin zur Produktionstemperatur der Solarzellen (¼ 870 K), ist In-reiches CIGS homogener als Ga-reiches CIGS. Das (Cu,In,Vac)Se-System wurde mit kanonischen und großkanonischen MC-Simulationen untersucht. Hier findet sich für das CuIn5Se8-Teilsystem ein Übergang von einer geordneten zu einer ungeordneten Phase bei T0 = 279 K. Großkanonische Simulationen mit vorgegebenen Werten für die chemischen Potentiale von Cu und In wurden verwendet, um die Konzentrations- Landschaft und damit die sich ergebenden Stöchiometrien zu bestimmen. Stabilitätsbereiche wurden für stöchiometrisches CuInSe2 und für die Defektphasen CuIn5Se8 und CuIn3Se5 bei einer Temperatur von 174 K identifiziert. Die Bereiche für die Defektphasen sind bei T = 696 K verschwunden. Die Konzentrations-Landschaft reproduziert auch die leicht Cu-armen Stöchiometrien, die bei Solarzellen mit guten Effizienzen experimentell beobachtet werden. Die Simulationsergebnisse können verwendet werden, um den industriellen CIGS-Produktionspr

Charakterisierung und funktionelle Analyse verschiedener Isoformen von Clusterin (Apolipoprotein J)

Clusterin (CLU), auch bekannt unter dem Namen Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), wird von Zellen als hetreodimeres Glykoprotein exprimiert und in den extrazellulären Raum sezerniert. Es wird daher auch als sezerniertes CLU (sCLU) bezeichnet. Neben sCLU sind auch nicht-sezernierte Isoformen von CLU bekannt, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit erforscht wurden. Ziel dabei war es, die Expression, die Biogenese, sowie die Funktion dieser Proteine zu ergründen. Nicht-sezernierte CLU-Formen werden ausschließlich von Zellen exprimiert, die zuvor einer Stresssituation ausgesetzt wurden. Dies konnte insbesondere durch Kultur verschiedener Zelllinien bei erhöhter Temperatur oder durch Behandlung mit dem Proteasominhibitor MG 132 demonstriert werden, worauf neben sCLU auch 50 kDa bzw. 45 kDa große, nicht-sezernierte CLU-Proteine in geringen Mengen exprimiert wurden. Bezüglich der Biogenese dieser Proteine wurden mehrere Hypothesen bzw. Mechanismen diskutiert und in dieser Arbeit untersucht: alternative Translationsstartpunkte auf verschiedenen mRNAs, alternatives Splicing einzelner mRNAs sowie Retrotranslokation oder Mistranslokation von sCLU-Vorläuferproteinen. Um die Hypothesen eruieren zu können, musste zuerst eine Expressionsanalyse der bekannten CLU-mRNAs durchgeführt werden. Über 5’-RACE, semi-quantitative und quantitative PCRs wurde die Expression von vier CLU-mRNAs sowie deren Induktion auf Zellstress hin festgestellt. Variante 1 (BP211675) ist die dominante CLU-mRNA und macht über 99,5 % an CLU-mRNA in unbehandelten sowie in gestressten Zellen aus. Des Weiteren sind geringste Mengen der mRNA-Varianten 2 und 3 (NR_038335.1 und NR_045494.1) detektiert worden, deren Sequenzen sich lediglich in ihrem alternativen Exon 1 von Variante 1 unterscheiden. Schließlich konnte die Expression von Variante 1 [Δex2] festgestellt werden, welcher durch alternatives Splicing, i.e. Exon-skipping, das Exon 2 mit der ER-Signalsequenz-codierenden Region (SSCR) fehlt. HEK 293-Zellen, die transient mit je einer der rekombinanten CLU-mRNAs in Form rekombinanter cDNA transfiziert wurden, exprimierten neben großen Mengen sCLU auch geringe Mengen an den nicht-sezernierten CLU-Isoformen. Die anschließend durchgeführten in vitro Mutagenesen belegen, dass alle Isoformen ausgehend von distinkten Translationsstartpunkten aus synthetisiert werden. CLU1-449 (50 kDa) wird als prä-Proprotein von sCLU ausgehend von einem Startcodon auf Exon 2 unmittelbar vor der SSCR translatiert. Unter Zellstress-Bedingungen kann es zu einer Mistranslokation während der co-translationalen Translokation kommen, sodass Teile von CLU1-449 im Cytosol akkumulieren. CLU21-449 (50 kDa) wird ausgehend von einem CUG-Startcodon downstream der SSCR über interne Translationsinitiation gebildet. Analoges gilt für CLU34-449 (45 kDa), welches von einem AUG-Startcodon auf Exon 3 translatiert wird. CLU34-449 ist außerdem die einzige CLU-Form die von Variante 1 [Δex2] codiert wird. Somit konnten drei der in der Literatur postulierten Mechanismen zur Ent-stehung nicht-sezernierter CLU-Isoformen in gestressten Zellen verifiziert werden. Die Mistranslokation von sCLU-Vorläuferproteinen, welche entscheidend zum Auftreten der nicht-sezernierten CLU-Formen beiträgt, die Alternative Translationsinitiation an distinkten Startcodons sowie das alternative Splicing von CLU-mRNA-Variante 1. Weiterführende Experimente bestätigten, dass alle nicht-sezernierten CLU-Isoformen im Cytosol der Zellen lokalisiert sind und keine Glykosylierungen tragen. Somit konnte ein weiterer, in der Literatur kontrovers diskutierter Punkt bezüglich dieser Proteine geklärt werden. Abschließend wurde die physiologische Funktion der einzelnen CLU-Isoformen analysiert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass ausschließlich sCLU eine Chaperonaktivität zukommt, die es ermöglicht, durch Hitze denaturierte Zielproteine in Lösung zu halten. Diese Funktion konnte nicht für die cytosolischen Iso¬formen bestätigt werden. Weiterhin konnte keine Auswirkung einzelner CLU-Formen auf die intrinsische Apoptose oder auf den NF κB-vermittelten Signaltransduktionsweg festgestellt werden, obgleich entsprechende Einflüsse von anderen Arbeitsgruppen postuliert wurden. Die hier gemachten Beobachtungen werfen daher die Frage auf, ob den nicht-sezernierten, cytosolischen CLU-Isoformen überhaupt eine physiologische Funktion zukommt und stellen aktuelle Hypothesen bezüglich der Rolle von CLU bei pathophysiologischen Prozessen infrage.

Gene expression responses to acute and chronic heat stress in the common reef-building coral Pocillopora verrucosa

Global climate change is impacting coral reefs worldwide, with approximately 19% of reefs being permanently degraded, 15% showing symptoms of imminent collapse, and 20% at risk of becoming critically affected in the next few decades. This alarming level of reef degradation is mainly due to an increase in frequency and intensity of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Recent evidence has called into question whether corals have the capacity to acclimatize or adapt to climate changes and some groups of corals showed inherent physiological tolerance to environmental stressors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate mRNA expression patterns underlying differences in thermal tolerance in specimen of the common reef-building coral Pocillopora verrucosa collected at different locations in Bangka Island waters (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Part of the experimental work was carried out at the CoralEye Reef Research Outpost (Bangka Island). This includes sampling of corals at selected sites and at different depths (3 and 12 m) as well as their experimental exposure to an increased water temperature under controlled conditions for 3 and 7 days. Levels of mRNAs encoding ATP synthase (ATPs) NADH dehydrogenase (NDH) and a 70kDa Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. Transcriptional profiles evaluated under field conditions suggested an adaptation to peculiar local environmental conditions in corals collected at different sites and at the low depth. Nevertheless, high–depth collected corals showed a less pronounced site-to-site separation suggesting more homogenous environmental conditions. Exposure to an elevated temperature under controlled conditions pointed out that corals adapted to the high depth are more sensitive to the effects of thermal stress, so that reacted to thermal challenge by significantly over-expressing the selected gene products. Being continuously exposed to fluctuating environmental conditions, low-depth adapted corals are more resilient to the stress stimulus, and indeed showed unaffected or down-regulated mRNA expression profiles. Overall these results highlight that transcriptional profiles of selected genes involved in cellular stress response are modulated by natural seasonal temperature changes in P. verrucosa. Moreover, specimens living in more variable habitats (low-depth) exhibit higher basal HSP70 mRNA levels, possibly enhancing physiological tolerance to environmental stressors.