Bayesian retrieval of complete posterior PDFs of oceanic rain rate from microwave observations

A new Bayesian algorithm for retrieving surface rain rate from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) over the ocean is presented, along with validations against estimates from the TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR). The Bayesian approach offers a rigorous basis for optimally combining multichannel observations with prior knowledge. While other rain-rate algorithms have been published that are based at least partly on Bayesian reasoning, this is believed to be the first self-contained algorithm that fully exploits Bayes’s theorem to yield not just a single rain rate, but rather a continuous posterior probability distribution of rain rate. To advance the understanding of theoretical benefits of the Bayesian approach, sensitivity analyses have been conducted based on two synthetic datasets for which the “true” conditional and prior distribution are known. Results demonstrate that even when the prior and conditional likelihoods are specified perfectly, biased retrievals may occur at high rain rates. This bias is not the result of a defect of the Bayesian formalism, but rather represents the expected outcome when the physical constraint imposed by the radiometric observations is weak owing to saturation effects. It is also suggested that both the choice of the estimators and the prior information are crucial to the retrieval. In addition, the performance of the Bayesian algorithm herein is found to be comparable to that of other benchmark algorithms in real-world applications, while having the additional advantage of providing a complete continuous posterior probability distribution of surface rain rate.

Causal evidence for frontal involvement in memory target maintenance by posterior brain areas during distracter interference of visual working memory

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is recruited during visual working memory (WM) when relevant information must be maintained in the presence of distracting information. The mechanism by which DLPFC might ensure successful maintenance of the contents of WM is, however, unclear; it might enhance neural maintenance of memory targets or suppress processing of distracters. To adjudicate between these possibilities, we applied time-locked transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during functional MRI, an approach that permits causal assessment of a stimulated brain region's influence on connected brain regions, and evaluated how this influence may change under different task conditions. Participants performed a visual WM task requiring retention of visual stimuli (faces or houses) across a delay during which visual distracters could be present or absent. When distracters were present, they were always from the opposite stimulus category, so that targets and distracters were represented in distinct posterior cortical areas. We then measured whether DLPFC-TMS, administered in the delay at the time point when distracters could appear, would modulate posterior regions representing memory targets or distracters. We found that DLPFC-TMS influenced posterior areas only when distracters were present and, critically, that this influence consisted of increased activity in regions representing the current memory targets. DLPFC-TMS did not affect regions representing current distracters. These results provide a new line of causal evidence for a top-down DLPFC-based control mechanism that promotes successful maintenance of relevant information in WM in the presence of distraction.

A causal role for posterior medial prefrontal cortex in choice-induced preference change

After a person chooses between two items, preference for the chosen item will increase and preference for the unchosen item will decrease because of the choice made. In other words, we tend to justify or rationalize our past behavior by changing our attitude. This phenomenon of choice-induced preference change has been traditionally explained by cognitive dissonance theory. Choosing something that is disliked or not choosing something that is liked are both cognitively inconsistent, and in order to reduce this inconsistency, people tend to change their subsequently stated preference in accordance with their past choices. Previously, neuroimaging studies identified posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) as a key brain region involved in cognitive dissonance. However, it still remains unknown whether the pMFC plays a causal role in inducing preference change following cognitive dissonance. Here, we demonstrate that 25-min 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied over the pMFC significantly reduces choice-induced preference change compared to sham stimulation, or control stimulation over a different brain region, demonstrating a causal role for the pMFC.

Visual processing of optic flow and motor control in the human posterior cingulate sulcus

Previous studies have shown that the human posterior cingulate contains a visual processing area selective for optic flow (CSv). However, other studies performed in both humans and monkeys have identified a somatotopic motor region at the same location (CMA). Taken together, these findings suggested the possibility that the posterior cingulate contains a single visuomotor integration region. To test this idea we used fMRI to identify both visual and motor areas of the posterior cingulate in the same brains and to test the activity of those regions during a visuomotor task. Results indicated that rather than a single visuomotor region the posterior cingulate contains adjacent but separate motor and visual regions. CSv lies in the fundus of the cingulate sulcus, while CMA lies in the dorsal bank of the sulcus, slightly superior in terms of stereotaxic coordinates. A surprising and novel finding was that activity in CSv was suppressed during the visuomotor task, despite the visual stimulus being identical to that used to localize the region. This may provide an important clue to the specific role played by this region in the utilization of optic flow to control self-motion.

An Alternative Section Method for Casting and Posterior Laser Welding of Metallic Frameworks for an Implant-Supported Prosthesis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of fit of three types of implant-supported frameworks cast in Ni-Cr alloy: specifically, a framework cast as one piece compared to frameworks cast separately in sections to the transverse or the diagonal axis, and later laser welded. Materials and Methods: Three sets of similar implant-supported frameworks were constructed. The first group of six 3-unit implant-supported frameworks were cast as one piece, the second group of six were sectioned in the transverse axis of the pontic region prior to casting, and the last group of six were sectioned in the diagonal axis of the pontic region prior to casting. The sectioned frameworks were positioned in the matrix (10 N(.)cm torque) and laser welded. To evaluate passive fit, readings were made with an optical microscope with both screws tightened and with only one-screw tightened. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer`s test (p < 0.05). Results: When both screws were tightened, no differences were found between the three groups (p > 0.05). In the single-screw-tightened test, with readings made opposite to the tightened side, the group cast as one piece (57.02 +/- 33.48 mu m) was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the group sectioned diagonally (18.92 +/- 4.75 mu m) but no different (p > 0.05) from the group transversally sectioned (31.42 +/- 20.68 mu m). On the tightened side, no significant differences were found between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Results of this study showed that casting diagonally sectioned frameworks lowers misfit levels of prosthetic implant-supported frameworks and also improves the levels of passivity to the same frameworks when compared to structures cast as one piece.

Histomorphometric Evaluation of Bioceramic Molecular Impregnated and Dual Acid-Etched Implant Surfaces in the Human Posterior Maxilla

Background: Physical and bioceramic incorporation surface treatments at the nanometer scale showed higher means of bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and torque values compared with surface topography at the micrometer scale; however, the literature concerning the effect of nanometer scale parameters is sparse. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two different implant surfaces on the percentage bone-to-implant contact (BIC%) and bone osteocyte density in the human posterior maxilla after 2 months of unloaded healing. Materials and Methods: The implants utilized presented dual acid-etched (DAE) surface and a bioceramic molecular impregnated treatment (Ossean(R), Intra-Lock International, Boca Raton, FL, USA) serving as control and test, respectively. Ten subjects (59 1 9 years of age) received two implants (one of each surface) during conventional implant surgery in the posterior maxilla. After the non-loaded period of 2 months, the implants and the surrounding tissue were removed by means of a trephine and were non-decalcified processed for ground sectioning and analysis of BIC%, bone density in threaded area (BA%), and osteocyte index (Oi). Results: Two DAE implants were found to be clinically unstable at time of retrieval. Histometric evaluation showed significantly higher BIC% and Oi for the test compared to the control surface (p < .05), and that BA% was not significantly different between groups. Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used to compare the differences of histomorphometric variables between implant surfaces. The significance test was conducted at a 5% level of significance. Conclusion: The histological data suggest that the bioceramic molecular impregnated surface-treated implants positively modulated bone healing at early implantation times compared to the DAE surface.

Estudo tomográfico convencional e computadorizado da região posterior da mandíbula

Em uma amostra constituída de oito mandíbulas humanas secas, foram selecionados quatro sítios na região de segundo pré-molar a primeiro molar, dos de cada lado. Um come de gutta-percha foi fixado com adesivo instantâneo na face lingual da mandíbula, na região de cada sítio. Para simular a presença de tecidos moles, as mandíbulas foram incluídas em parafina. Para a correta seleção dos sítios de exame, a tomografia hipocicloidal, foi utilizazda uma incidência radiográfica oclusa total dee cada mandíbula, cuja imagem foi capturada par ao monitor. Sobre a mesma foram selecionados os sítos para a obtenção de cortes ortorradiais de tomografia hipocicloidal, com espessura de 2 mm, através do equipamento IS2000 COMM-CATR. A tomografia computadoriza helicoidal foi obtida através do equipamento Twin FlashR e as reconstruções ortorradiais, cada uma com 2 mm de espessura, foram realizadas com o softtware Denta CTr. A mandíbulas foram seccionadas nos sítios propostos e todas as imagens, digitalizadas através de scanner. As imagens de tomografia hipocicloidal foram redimensionadas de acordo com a magnificação de 26%. Dois examinadores previamente calibrados realizaram medidas de distâncias e horizontais das imagens digitais apresentadas no monitor, sob condições ideiais de visualizaação. As comparações intra e interexaminador não mostraram variabilidade significativas. As medidas obtidas pelos dois métodos foram comparadas ao padrão-ouro e as diferenças encontradas foram menores que 0,1 mm. Tais resultados permitem concluir que, na presente amostra, tanto a tomografia computadoriza helicoidal quando a tomografia hipocicloidal permite obtenção segura das medidas verticais e horizontais propostas na região posterior mandíbula.

Estudo eletroquímico das interações do tartarato de sódio sobre superfícies zincadas para posterior eletrodeposição de polipirrol

Neste trabalho, foi estudada a síntese eletroquimica do pirrol sobre eletrodos de zinco e aço galvanizado em tartarato de sódio. De modo a avaliar a interação aço galvanizadoltartarato e zincoltartarato, foram empregadas as técnicas de voltametria cíclica, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, Raman e análise morfológica. Através dos resultados verificou-se que há a formação de um filme de tartarato sobre as superficies galvanizadas que inibe a dissolução anódica do metal. Verificou-se que houve fonnação de polipirrol sobre substratos galvanizados em meio tartarato de sódio. No estudo da eletropolimerização do pirrol, a influência de parâmetros tais como concentrações do eletrólito, do tenso ativo e dos pigmentos e tempo e densidade de corrente na eletrodeposição foi investigada. Com o objetivo de melhorar as propriedades anticorrosivas dos filmes de polipirrol, foi estudada a incorporação de tensoativos e dos pigmentos de dióxido de titânio e fosfato de zinco comercial ZMP. Para avaliar os substratos metálicos e os filmes de polipirrol, foram empregadas as técnicas de voltametria ciclica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquimica. A morfologia dos filmes poliméricos foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os filmes de Ppy foram também caracterizados por espectros copia Raman. Os filmes de poliméricos em presença de moléculas tensoativos tornaram-se mais compactos e homogêneos. Com relação à incorporação de pigmentos nestes filmes, a adição destes tende a aumentar a resistência à corrosão.

Distribuição dos nervos dos gânglios pedais e marcação da inervação da região posterior do pé de Megalobulimus oblongus

O conhecimento referente à inervação da musculatura pediosa do caracol pulmonado Megalobulimus oblongus, é um subsídio importante na complementação de estudos morfológicos, neuroquímicos e comportamentais já realizados e, no fornecimento de informações básicas para trabalhos sobre os repertórios comportamentais básicos deste animal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos descrever a distribuição anatômica dos nervos provenientes dos gânglios pedais de Megalobulimus oblongus, mapear os neurônios localizados nos gânglios nervosos centrais que enviam projeções para nervos do tronco posterior pedal deste animal, através de marcação retrógrada com cloreto de cobalto e verificar quais áreas periféricas são inervadas pelos ramos dos troncos nervosos posteriores, através de marcação anterógrada com cloreto de cobalto. A descrição dos nervos pedais foi baseada em dissecações dos nervos pedais de animais e secções histológicas da região de projeção dos nervos dos gânglios pedais. Foram descritos dez troncos nervosos, cinco dorsais e cinco ventrais, emergindo de cada gânglio pedal, que se ramificam em 41 nervos pedais, originados próximos ao gânglio. Destes, seis suprem a musculatura retratora do pé, um supre a glândula suprapediosa e 34 suprem a musculatura pediosa e integumento do pé. Neurônios marcados através dos nervos pedais NP7-NP10 foram encontrados em todos os gânglios do complexo ganglionar subesofageal, principalmente nos gânglios ipsilaterais à marcação. Foi possível verificar que as fibras marcadas que penetram através dos nervos ventralmente no gânglio pedal, mostram-se em grande quantidade no neuropilo, comissuras pedais (principalmente a comissura anterior) e conetivos. Algumas fibras que cruzam para o gânglio pedal contralateral seguem através do conetivo pedal-pleural para o gânglio pleural também contralateral à marcação. O maior número de neurônios foi marcado no gânglio pedal ipsilateral à marcação. Os gânglios cerebrais não apresentaram somas neuronais marcados, somente fibras terminando no mesocérebro, pós-cérebro, comissura e neuropilo entre o pró-cérebro e o mesocérebro. As fibras nervosas marcadas foram vistas percorrendo a região póstero-medial da musculatura pediosa e enviando ramificações direcionadas lateralmente e para a superfície dorsal e ventral da porção pediosa. Nestas regiões foram encontradas terminações nervosas diretamente em fibras musculares e entre as células epiteliais da região ventral do pé.