River ecosystems at risk

Worldwide water managers are increasingly challenged to allocate sufficient and affordable water supplies to different water use sectors without further degrading river ecosystems and their valuable services to mankind. Since 1950 human population almost tripled, water abstractions increased by a factor of four, and the number of large dam constructions is about eight times higher today. From a hydrological perspective, the alteration of river flows (temporally and spatially) is one of the main consequences of global change and further impairments can be expected given growing population pressure and projected climate change. Implications have been addressed in numerous hydrological studies, but with a clear focus on human water demands. Ecological water requirements have often been neglected or addressed in a very simplistic manner, particularly from the large-scale perspective. With his PhD thesis, Christof Schneider took up the challenge to assess direct (dam operation and water abstraction) and indirect (climate change) impacts of human activities on river flow regimes and evaluate the consequences for river ecosystems by using a modeling approach. The global hydrology model WaterGAP3 (developed at CESR) was applied and further developed within this thesis to carry out several model experiments and assess anthropogenic river flow regime modifications and their effects on river ecosystems. To address the complexity of ecological water requirements the assessment is based on three main ideas: (i) the natural flow paradigm, (ii) the perception that different flows have different ecological functions, and (iii) the flood pulse concept. The thesis shows that WaterGAP3 performs well in representing ecologically relevant flow characteristics on a daily time step, and therefore justifies its application within this research field. For the first time a methodology was established to estimate bankfull flow on a 5 by 5 arc minute grid cell raster globally, which is a key parameter in eFlow assessments as it marks the point where rivers hydraulically connect to adjacent floodplains. Management of dams and water consumption pose a risk to floodplains and riparian wetlands as flood volumes are significantly reduced. The thesis highlights that almost one-third of 93 selected Ramsar sites are seriously affected by modified inundation patterns today, and in the future, inundation patterns are very likely to be further impaired as a result of new major dam initiatives and climate change. Global warming has been identified as a major threat to river flow regimes as rising temperatures, declining snow cover, changing precipitation patterns and increasing climate variability are expected to seriously modify river flow regimes in the future. Flow regimes in all climate zones will be affected, in particular the polar zone (Northern Scandinavia) with higher river flows during the year and higher flood peaks in spring. On the other side, river flows in the Mediterranean are likely to be even more intermittent in the future because of strong reductions in mean summer precipitation as well as a decrease in winter precipitation, leading to an increasing number of zero flow events creating isolated pools along the river and transitions from lotic to lentic waters. As a result, strong impacts on river ecosystem integrity can be expected. Already today, large amounts of water are withdrawn in this region for agricultural irrigation and climate change is likely to exacerbate the current situation of water shortages.

SLAM using an Imaging Sonar for Partially Structured Underwater Environments

In this paper we describe a system for underwater navigation with AUVs in partially structured environments, such as dams, ports or marine platforms. An imaging sonar is used to obtain information about the location of planar structures present in such environments. This information is incorporated into a feature-based SLAM algorithm in a two step process: (I) the full 360deg sonar scan is undistorted (to compensate for vehicle motion), thresholded and segmented to determine which measurements correspond to planar environment features and which should be ignored; and (2) SLAM proceeds once the data association is obtained: both the vehicle motion and the measurements whose correct association has been previously determined are incorporated in the SLAM algorithm. This two step delayed SLAM process allows to robustly determine the feature and vehicle locations in the presence of large amounts of spurious or unrelated measurements that might correspond to boats, rocks, etc. Preliminary experiments show the viability of the proposed approach

Underwater SLAM in a marina environment

This paper describes a navigation system for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in partially structured environments, such as dams, harbors, marinas or marine platforms. A mechanical scanning imaging sonar is used to obtain information about the location of planar structures present in such environments. A modified version of the Hough transform has been developed to extract line features, together with their uncertainty, from the continuous sonar dataflow. The information obtained is incorporated into a feature-based SLAM algorithm running an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Simultaneously, the AUV's position estimate is provided to the feature extraction algorithm to correct the distortions that the vehicle motion produces in the acoustic images. Experiments carried out in a marina located in the Costa Brava (Spain) with the Ictineu AUV show the viability of the proposed approach

Análisis del papel geoestratégico del río Nilo Azul en la estructuración de las relaciones entre Egipto Sudán y Etiopía entre 1990-2002

El río Nilo es considerado como un recurso que es estratégico, vital y escaso para los países de la cuenca de río, en especial para Egipto, Sudán y Etiopía. Por ello las relaciones políticas entre estos actores fluctuado ente la hostilidad y la cooperación

La gran obra hidràulica a les conques de la Muga i del Fluvià: dels projectes a les realitzacions (1850-1980)

La tesi aborda, des d'una perspectiva territorial i històrica, el paper que han jugat les grans infraestructures hidràuliques en dues conques fluvials mediterrànies catalanes: la Muga i el Fluvià (província de Girona). Així, s'efectua una reconstrucció retrospectiva del conjunt de projectes de gran obra hidràulica (preses, embassaments, canals complementaris) que, als últims 150 anys, han estat ideats i, en el seu cas executats, a ambdues conques. En aquest procés s'atorga una atenció especial a les justificacions, finalitats, discursos i agents socials que han inspirat la seva concepció i les causes que han conduït al seu èxit o al seu fracàs. Tot plegat es contextualitza dins dels plans, les polítiques i la legislació hidràulica estatals. L'elecció de dos rius veïns proporciona clars elements per a establir una anàlisi evolutiva comparada entre ells. Aquí s'afegirà la influencia del proper riu Ter des del moment en que es decideix l'abastament parcial amb els seus cabals a Barcelona.

Barragens de Portugal: de Vilarinho da Furna à Aldeia da Luz, com passagem pelo Douro Internacional

O grande impulso para o sector eléctrico em Portugal surgiu nos anos de 1940, com a definição das linhas mestras da electrificação do país. Foi neste âmbito que, a partir da década de 1950, se realizou a construção de grandes empreendimentos hidro e termo eléctricos, nomeadamente em Vilarinho da Furna, Picote, Miranda do Douro, Bemposta e, finalmente, em Alqueva, com a submersão da aldeia da Luz. Vilarinho da Furna era uma das últimas e mais típicas aldeias comunitárias da Europa. Até que a construção de uma barragem pôs termo à sua existência, no princípio dos anos setenta. Mas parte do seu património, constituído pelas componentes histórico-cultural e socio-económica, conseguiu sobreviver. É esse património que os seus antigos habitantes, apesar de dispersos pelas partidas do mundo, se propõem salvaguardar e valorizar. Ao contrário do que aconteceu em Vilarinho, em substituição da velha aldeia da Luz, submersa pela Barragem de Alqueva, foi construída uma nova povoação. Mas a readaptação ao novo espaço envolvente, bem como a manutenção ou perda de uma identidade colectiva dos habitantes da Luz, reveste-se de grande impacto, na medida em que se tratou de uma imposição do Estado. Por sua vez, o caso do Douro Internacional é uma situação sui generis. Até certo ponto é a antítese de Vilarinho da Furna e da aldeia da Luz. A construção das barragens de Picote, Miranda do Douro e Bemposta não implicou a submersão de nenhuma aldeia. Por isso não envolveu a sua relocalização e também não teve impactos directos sobre as comunidades. Como apoio à construção destas barragens, foi edificado um conjunto de equipamentos colectivos. Actualmente, parte deste património está votado ao abandono. Nos bairros dos operários, as casas ou foram recentemente vendidas a forasteiros ou estão ocupadas por antigos funcionários, agora reformados. Da análise dos casos referidos, parece que o desenvolvimento baseado na construção de barragens, nos últimos cinquenta anos, é uma miragem para as populações afectadas.

Modelação do comportamento térmico do betão em massa : aplicação a uma barragem de BCC

A presente dissertação tem como objectivo efectuar o estudo do comportamento térmico de estruturas com betão em massa através do Método de Schmidt e compará-lo com outros métodos. A análise do comportamento do betão reveste-se de extrema importância em diversos domínios, de entre os quais se pode referir o que visa evitar a fissuração de origem térmica decorrente do calor de hidratação. Pelo motivo enunciado torna-se necessária dispor de metodologias de análise que requerem a mobilização de meios de cálculo. Existem diferentes métodos para o cálculo das temperaturas: uns mais simples, outros mais complexos, uns mais rápidos, outros mais demorados, uns mais onerosos e outros mais económicos. O conhecimento dos vários métodos permite adequá-los à especificidade de cada obra. Para realizar os vários procedimentos pode recorrer-se a programas informáticos de cálculo, como por o Excel ou utilizar Software Específico. Nesta dissertação apresenta-se uma metodologia de cálculo baseada no Método de Schmidt e faz-se a comparação com o Método de Solução Analítica. Utiliza-se também este Método no cálculo das temperaturas das várias camadas de uma barragem. O Método de Schmidt é ainda aplicado a um caso real de uma barragem da Tailândia construída em Betão Compactado com Cilindros e os resultados obtidos são comparados com outros Métodos de Análise Numérica de Barragens.

Aplicação de redes neuronais no planeamento de emergência em barragens de aterro

O controlo de segurança para preservação da integridade estrutural da barragens é, durante a fase de exploração normal, uma actividade que tem essencialmente como elemento fulcral as inspecções à estrutura e os dados resultantes das observações periódicas da obra, apoiando-se em modelos de comportamento da mesma. Neste sentido, a análise de situações de emergência requer, em regra, a atenção de um especialista em segurança de barragens, o qual poderá, perante os resultados da observação disponíveis e da aplicação de modelos do comportamento da estrutura, identificar o nível de alerta adequado à situação que se está a viver na barragem. Esta abordagem tradicional de controlo de segurança é um processo eficaz mas que apresenta a desvantagem de poder decorrer um período de tempo significativo entre a identificação de um processo anómalo e a definição do respectivo nível de gravidade. O uso de novas tecnologias de apoio à decisão e o planeamento de emergência podem contribuir para minorar os efeitos desta desvantagem. O presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um modelo de aferição do comportamento de uma barragem através da aplicação de redes neuronais do tipo Perceptrão Multicamadas aos resultados da observação de uma barragem de aterro, por forma a identificar anomalias de comportamento e a quantificar o correspondente nível de alerta. A tese divide-se essencialmente em duas partes. A primeira parte aborda os aspectos que se relacionam com as barragens de aterro, nomeadamente definindo as soluções estruturais mais correntes e identificando os principais tipos de deteriorações que podem surgir nestas estruturas. São, igualmente, abordadas as questões que se relacionam com o controlo de segurança e o planeamento de emergência em barragens de aterro. A segunda parte do trabalho versa sobre o modelo de rede neuronal desenvolvido em linguagem de programação java – o modelo ALBATROZ. Este modelo permite definir o nível de alerta em função do nível de água na albufeira, da pressão registada em quatro piezómetros localizados no corpo e na fundação da barragem e do caudal percolado através da barragem e respectiva fundação. Nesta parte, o trabalho recorre, aos resultados da observação da barragem de Valtorno/Mourão e usa os resultados de um modelo de elementos finitos (desenvolvido no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, no âmbito do plano de observação da obra) por forma a simular o comportamento da barragem e fornecer dados para o treino da rede neuronal desenvolvida.O presente trabalho concluiu que o desenvolvimento de redes neuronais que relacionem o valor registado em algumas das grandezas monitorizadas pelo sistema de observação com o nível de alerta associado a uma situação anómala na barragem pode contribuir para a identificação rápida de situações de emergência e permitir agir atempadamente na sua resolução. Esta característica transforma a redes neuronais numa peça importante no planeamento de emergência em barragens e constitui, igualmente, um instrumento de apoio ao controlo de segurança das mesmas.

Experimental crop growing in Jordan to develop methodology for the identification of ancient crop irrigation

Crop irrigation has long been recognized as having been important for the evolution of social complexity in several parts of the world. Structural evidence for water management, as in the form of wells, ditches and dams, is often difficult to interpret and may be a poor indicator of past irrigation that may have had no need for such constructions. It would be of considerable value, therefore, to be able to infer past irrigation directly from archaeo-botanical remains, and especially the type of archaeo-botanical remains that are relatively abundant in the archaeological record, such as phytoliths. Building on the pioneering work of Rosen and Wiener (1994), this paper describes a crop-growing experiment designed to explore the impact of irrigation on the formation of phytoliths within cereals. If it can be shown that a systemic and consistent relationship exists between phytolith size, structure and the intensity of irrigation, and if various taphonomic and palaeoenvironmental processes can be controlled for, then the presence of past irrigation can feasibly be inferred from the phytoliths recovered from the archaeological record.

Status and distribution of the Grey-headed Fish-Eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) in the Prek Toal Core Area of Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia

The regional population of the Grey-headed Fish-Eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) in Southeast Asia is thought to be in recent decline and its conservation status Linder threat. We undertook a systematic survey in a flooded swamp forest at the Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia and recorded 32 pairs of eagles in an area of approximately 80 km(2). Three species of water snakes were identified as eagle prey items, previously unrecorded for this species. We suggest that this eagle population has significant regional importance and discuss potential anthropogenic threats to population stability, such as water snake harvesting and construction Of upstream hydropower dams.

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid composition in muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs

Lambs (n = 48) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate effects of inclusion of oil containing PUFA in high-concentrate diets (with or without) and duration of oil supplementation (pre- vs. postweaning) on CLA concentration of muscle and adipose tissue. Lambs were fed preweaning creep diets (with or without oil) corresponding to the dietary lactation treatment diet (with or without oil) of the dam. Dams blocked by lambing date and rearing type were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 lactation dietary treatments with or without oil supplementation. Creep diets contained approximately 70% concentrate and 30% roughage and were provided to lambs for ad libitum intake. At weaning (58.7 ± 2.5 d of age), lambs (n = 48) were randomly assigned within preweaning treatment groups to 1 of 2 postweaning dietary treatments (with or without oil) and 16 pens in a randomized block design, blocked by sex and BW. Postweaning diets were formulated to contain approximately 80% concentrate and 20% roughage and were fed once daily for ad libitum intake. Soybean and linseed oil (2:1, respectively) replaced ground corn and provided 3% additional fat in pre- and postweaning diets. Lambs were slaughtered at 60.3 ± 4.2 kg of BW. A subcutaneous fat (SQ) sample was obtained within 1 h postmortem and a LM sample at the 12th rib was obtained 24 h postmortem, and both were analyzed for fatty acid profile. Feedlot performance and carcass measurements were not affected (P ≥ 0.26) by oil supplementation. Total CLA content of LM and SQ was not affected (P ≥ 0.08) by oil supplementation pre- or postweaning, but trans-10, cis-12 CLA was greater (P = 0.02) in SQ from lambs supplemented with oil postweaning. Total PUFA content in LM was greater (P = 0.02) in lambs supplemented with oil pre- or postweaning as a result of increased concentrations of 18:2cis-9, cis-12 and longer chain PUFA. Conversely, pre- and postweaning oil supplementation resulted in less (P = 0.04) MUFA content in LM. Only postweaning oil supplementation increased (P = 0.001) SQ PUFA content. Feeding oils containing PUFA to lambs pre- and postweaning did not increase CLA content of muscle, whereas postweaning oil supplementation minimally increased CLA concentration of SQ fat. Inclusion of soybean and linseed oil in pre- and postweaning diets increased total PUFA content of SQ fat and muscle tissue without adversely affecting growth performance or carcass characteristics.

Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008

We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with the sum of contributions (1.8 ± 0.4 mm yr−1) in magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr−1) and the melting of glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr−1), with Greenland and Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr−1. The cryospheric contributions increase through the period (particularly in the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion (0.3 mm yr−1), partially offsetting the retention of water in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of −0.1 mm yr−1. Ocean warming (90% of the total of the Earth's energy increase) continues through to the end of the record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing. The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric energy balance, is estimated as −0.8 ± 0.4 W m−2 for the 1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is required for consistency with little surface warming over the last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing nations and moderate volcanic activity

The use of public participation and economic appraisal for public involvement in large-scale hydropower projects: Case study of the Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project

Gaining public acceptance is one of the main issues with large-scale low-carbon projects such as hydropower development. It has been recommended by the World Commission on Dams that to gain public acceptance, publicinvolvement is necessary in the decision-making process (WCD, 2000). As financially-significant actors in the planning and implementation of large-scale hydropowerprojects in developing country contexts, the paper examines the ways in which publicinvolvement may be influenced by international financial institutions. Using the casestudy of the NamTheun2HydropowerProject in Laos, the paper analyses how publicinvolvement facilitated by the Asian Development Bank had a bearing on procedural and distributional justice. The paper analyses the extent of publicparticipation and the assessment of full social and environmental costs of the project in the Cost-Benefit Analysis conducted during the projectappraisal stage. It is argued that while efforts were made to involve the public, there were several factors that influenced procedural and distributional justice: the late contribution of the Asian Development Bank in the projectappraisal stage; and the issue of non-market values and discount rate to calculate the full social and environmental costs.

Hydrology and geomorphology of the Upper White Nile lakes and their relevance for water resources management in the Nile basin

Remote sensing data and digital elevation models were utilized to extract the catchment hydrological parameters and to delineate storage areas for the Ugandan Equatorial Lakes region. Available rainfall/discharge data are integrated with these morphometric data to construct a hydrological model that simulates the water balance of the different interconnected basins and enables the impact of potential management options to be examined. The total annual discharges of the basins are generally very low (less than 7% of the total annual rainfall). The basin of the shallow (5 m deep) Lake Kioga makes only a minor hydrological contribution compared with other Equatorial Lakes, because most of the overflow from Lake Victoria basin into Lake Kioga is lost by evaporation and evapotranspiration. The discharge from Lake Kioga could be significantly increased by draining the swamps through dredging and deepening certain channel reaches. Development of hydropower dams on the Equatorial Lakes will have an adverse impact on the annual water discharge downstream, including the occasional reduction of flow required for filling up to designed storage capacities and permanently increasing the surface areas of water that is exposed to evaporation. On the basis of modelling studies, alternative sites are proposed for hydropower development and water storage schemes

Can physical exercise during gestation attenuate the effects of a maternal perinatal low-protein diet on oxygen consumption in rats?

A protocol of physical exercise, based on maximal oxygen uptake ((V) over dot(O2max)), for female rats before and during pregnancy was developed to evaluate the impact of a low-protein diet on oxygen consumption during gestation and growth rate of the offspring. Virgin female Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: untrained (NT, n = 5); trained (T, n = 5); untrained with low-protein diet (NT+LP, n = 5); and trained with low-protein diet (T+LP, n = 5). Trained rats were submitted to a protocol of moderate physical training on a treadmill over a period of 4 weeks (5 days week(-1) and 60 min day(-1), at 65% of (V) over dot(O2max)). At confirmation of pregnancy, the intensity and duration of the exercise was reduced. Low-protein groups received an 8% casein diet, and their peers received a 17% casein diet. The birthweight and growth rate of the pups up to the 90th day were recorded. Oxygen consumption ((V) over dot(O2)), CO(2) production and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were determined using an indirect open-circuit calorimeter. Exercise training increased. (V) over dot(O2max) by about 20% when compared with the initial values (45.6 +/- 1.0 ml kg(-1) min(-1)). During gestation, all groups showed a progressive reduction in the resting (V) over dot(O2) values. Dams in the NT+LP group showed lower values of resting (V) over dot(O2) than those in the NT group. The growth rate of pups from low-protein-fed mothers was around 50% lower than that of their respective controls. The T group showed an increase in body weight from the 60th day onwards, while the NT+LP group presented a reduced body weight from weaning onwards. In conclusion, physical training attenuated the impact of the low- protein