1000 resultados para Cromatografia preparativa
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Um procedimento detalhado para validação intralaboratorial de métodos, incluindo delineamento experimental, estatísticas e avaliação de premissas foi proposto e aplicado à validação de um método para ensaio de avermectinas em leite bovino por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de fluorescência. Foram realizados ensaios com curvas de solventes e de matriz, amostras de leite bovino brancas e adicionadas. As premissas relacionadas às estatísticas empregadas foram avaliadas e confirmadas. Linearidade foi obtida entre 25 e 150 ng.mL-1. Não foram observados efeitos de matriz significativos nesta faixa. As médias de recuperação aparente variaram de 87,2 a 101,4%. Desvios padrão relativos sob condições de repetitividade estiveram entre 3,3 e 11,2%, enquanto os desvios padrão relativos de reprodutibilidade parcial foram de 7,4 a 14,7%. Estes resultados indicaram exatidão e precisão do método entre 10 e 30 µg.L-1 para os quatro analitos estudados. Os limites de detecção e quantificação experimentais foram 5 e 10 µg.L-1, respectivamente. Limites de decisão (12,6 a 13,7 µg.L-1) e capacidades de detecção (15,1 a 17,4 µg.L-1) foram estimados, assumindo um limite máximo de resíduo de 10 µg.L-1.
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Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a composição centesimal e o conteúdo de Daidzeína (D) e Genisteína (G) da cultivar BRS 243 RR por CLAE. O preparo da amostra para cromatografia envolveu a remoção da gordura com hexano . Os analitos foram extraídos com etanol 70% acrescido de 0,1% de ácido acético. As condições cromatográficas otimizadas foram: coluna C18, fase móvel metanol: ácido acético 5% (1:1 v/v), vazão 0,5 mL/minuto, temperatura da coluna 30 °C, volume de injeção 40 µL e leitura em 254 nm. Os parâmetros de validação avaliados foram: linearidade y = 11242 x -37433, r = 0,9976 (D) e y = 18510 x -66761, r = 0,9980 (G); coeficientes de variação dos estudos de precisão intradia CV = 5,3% (D), CV = 6,7% (G) e interdias CV = 8,7% (D), CV = 9,7% (G); limite de quantificação 10 µg.g-1; limite de detecção 5 µg.g-1 e recuperação 95,7%. Portanto, o método desenvolvido foi adequado para a determinação de daidzeína e genisteína em soja. Os níveis de carboidratos (31,4%), proteínas (35,9%), lipídios (20,9%), umidade (6,9%), cinzas (4,9%), daidzeína (44,1 µg.g-1) e genisteína (37,4 µg.g-1) determinados na soja transgênica foram similares aos de outros estudos com soja convencional.
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Neste trabalho foi investigado o índice de HMF (5-hidroximetilfurfural) em méis comercializados em Porto Alegre - RS, utilizando Cromatografia Capilar Eletrocinética Micelar. O HMF, produto da condensação da frutose, é um indicador da qualidade e conservação do mel. Foram analisadas 11 marcas de méis comercializados na cidade de Porto Alegre. O composto estudado esteve presente em todas as amostras, em um intervalo de concentração de 0,191 a 6,206 mg.kg-1. Para quantificar o HMF presente nos méis, utilizou-se a técnica de adição de padrão. A taxa de recuperação foi de 98% e o limite de detecção foi de 0,025 mg.kg-1. O limite permitido de HMF em méis, segundo a legislação brasileira, é de 60 mg.kg-1.
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A ocratoxina A é um contaminante que pode estar presente em vários alimentos e ser prejudicial tanto para a saúde quanto para a economia, então deve ser medida. Mas, para bem quantificar um analito, mesmo com o uso de métodos oficiais, é necessário verificar o sistema de medição; nisto se empregam requisitos de validação. Assim, procedeu-se a uma verificação intralaboratorial de método por purificação em coluna de imunoafinidade e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em amostras de café verde artificialmente contaminadas e medidas. Foi obtido o comportamento de medição esperado ao longo do analito, a faixa de trabalho teve o limite inferior entre 0,489 e 1,59 e o superior entre 220 e 300 μg.kg-1. A linearidade não foi rejeitada nesta faixa e não houve interferência externa significativa no modelo. O intercepto não diferiu significativamente da origem e o coeficiente linear não diferiu significativamente de 1,00. Os níveis de desvios padrão dependeram das concentrações estudadas, como ocorrido em diversas publicações, e os desvios padrão relativos não demonstraram inconformidade nos estudos colaborativos localizados. Concluiu-se pela competência do laboratório no método pesquisado, especialmente para café verde.
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Se empieza con un repaso histórico breve de las técnicas de análisis químico, como la destilación. A continuación se explica el descubrimiento de la cromatografía y los tipos y la gran precisión del procedimiento, capaz de detectar concentraciones de millonésimas de gramo. Finalmente destaca las aplicaciones prácticas de la cromatografía de gases para la industria alimentaria y farmacéutica y para el estudio medioambiental.
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O objectivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e validação de uma metodologia analítica para a determinação de clorpromazina em sangue total, tendo a protriptilina sido usada como padrão interno. A extracção e purificação dos analitos foi efectuada por extracção em fase sólida com colunas Oasis® HLB, e análise posterior por cromatografia gasosa com detector de espectrometria de massa de impacto electrónico (GC/EI-MS). Para a preparação das curvas de calibração foram fortificadas diariamente amostras de sangue branco com concentrações crescentes de clorpromazina entre 0,01 e 5 µg/mL. Foi utilizado um modelo de regressão linear, sendo os coeficientes de correlação superiores a 0,998. Os coeficientes de variação e os erros relativos foram respectivamente inferiores a 12 e 13%, cumprindo assim critérios internacionalmente aceites para a validação de métodos bioanalíticos. Foram também estudados os limites de detecção e quantificação, sendo de 3 e 10 ng/mL respectivamente. A interferência de outras substâncias foi excluída por análise de dez amostras brancas de sangue. O rendimento médio do método foi de 81%. Em virtude da sua simplicidade e rapidez, este método pode ser aplicado na determinação deste antipsicótico em amostras de sangue total, sendo adequado para análises de rotina no âmbito da toxicologia clínica e forense.
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As tetraciclinas são compostos antibacterianos utilizados em bovinos de leite para tratamento de doenças infecciosas, como a mastite, mas também como aditivos em ração animal. O uso das tetraciclinas pode conduzir à presença de resíduos destes fármacos no leite, principalmente se não forem utilizados de acordo com as indicações, nem respeitado o período mínimo de eliminação dos antibióticos pelo leite. A presença de resíduos de antibióticos no leite interfere no processo industrial dos seus derivados, podendo inviabilizar a produção destes e, consequentemente, causar igualmente prejuízos económicos, como por exemplo, pela inibição de fermentos lácticos que são culturas de microorganismos utilizados na produção de iogurtes, queijos e outros produtos lácteos. Os resíduos de antibióticos no leite de consumo podem representar riscos à saúde humana, podendo causar reacções alérgicas em indivíduos sensíveis ou ter um efeito adverso na flora intestinal humana, prejudicando a sua acção protectora local, além de propiciar a selecção de populações bacterianas resistentes.(Denobile & Nascimento, 2004)
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Pouco se conhece sobre a estrutura dos ácidos naftênicos presentes no petróleo brasileiro e derivados. Existem alguns trabalhos realizados com a fração ácida, dos óleos crus, direcionados à aplicação geológica, visto que os ácidos hopanóicos, constituintes dessa fração, podem ser indicadores de migração e maturação. Entretanto, além do interesse geológico, a fração ácida, também está relacionada à corrosão nos equipamentos de refino desses óleos, motivando pesquisas para separar e identificar os ácidos responsáveis pelo problema corrosivo nas refinarias. Os ácidos naftênicos (AN) representam um teor muito pequeno, tanto nos óleos crus, quanto nos derivados, dos quais são constituintes. A concentração bastante baixa destes ácidos, em matrizes com composição ampla e variada, dificulta sua extração. Portanto, as etapas de separação, concentração e purificação da amostra, além da análise, demandam tempo e trabalho extensivos. Os objetivos deste trabalho de pesquisa podem ser resumidos em, otimizar o método de extração e análise, para os ácidos presentes no gasóleo pesado (GOP) e verificar seu efeito corrosivo. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se extração líquido-líquido (ELL), cromatografia líquida preparativa com sílica, cromatografia de troca iônica com as resinas A-21e A-27 e extração em fase sólida (SPE) com dessorção em banho de ultra-som (US), aplicada no extrato da ELL, para extrair a fração ácida do (GOP) do petróleo Marlim (Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). A análise foi realizada, através de cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de espectrometria de massas e ionização por impacto de elétrons, após uma etapa de derivatização com metanol/BF3 ou com N-metil-N-(terc-butildimetilsilil)trifluoracetamida. Os resultados apresentados indicam a presença de ácidos carboxílicos, pertencentes a famílias de compostos alicíclicos e cíclicos, com até quatro anéis na molécula. Também foi verificado o efeito corrosivo da amostra de GOP sobre amostras de aço ASTM 1010, associado à presença de ácidos naftênicos nesta amostra.
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Since the beginning of the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel in Brazil, in 2004, different raw materials were evaluated for biodiesel production, trying to combine the agricultural diversity of the country to the desire to reduce production coasts. To determine the chemical composition of biodiesel produced from common vegetables oils, international methods have been used widely in Brazil. However, for analyzing biodiesel samples produced from some alternative raw materials analytical problems have been detected. That was the case of biodiesel from castor oil. Due the need to overcome these problems, new methodologies were developed using different chromatographic columns, standards and quantitative methods. The priority was simplifying the equipment configuration, realizing faster analyses, reducing the costs and facilitating the routine of biodiesel research and production laboratories. For quantifying free glycerin, the ethylene glycol was used in instead of 1,2,4-butanetriol, without loss of quality results. The ethylene glycol is a cheaper and easier standard. For methanol analyses the headspace was not used and the cost of the equipment used was lower. A detailed determination of the esters helped the deeper knowledge of the biodiesel composition. The report of the experiments and conclusions of the research that resulted in the development of alternative methods for quality control of the composition of the biodiesel produced in Brazil, a country with considerable variability of species in agriculture, are the goals of this thesis and are reported in the following pages
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The ethanol is the most overused psychoactive drug over the world; this fact makes it one of the main substances required in toxicological exams nowadays. The development of an analytical method, adaptation or implementation of a method known, involves a process of validation that estimates its efficiency in the laboratory routine and credibility of the method. The stability is defined as the ability of the sample of material to keep the initial value of a quantitative measure for a defined period within specific limits when stored under defined conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the method of Gas chromatography and study the stability of ethanol in blood samples, considering the variables time and temperature of storage, and the presence of preservative and, with that check if the conditions of conservation and storage used in this study maintain the quality of the sample and preserve the originally amount of analyte present. Blood samples were collected from 10 volunteers to evaluate the method and to study the stability of ethanol. For the evaluation of the method, part of the samples was added to known concentrations of ethanol. In the study of stability, the other side of the pool of blood was placed in two containers: one containing the preservative sodium fluoride 1% and the anticoagulant heparin and the other only heparin, was added ethanol at a concentration of 0.6 g/L, fractionated in two bottles, one being stored at 4ºC (refrigerator) and another at -20ºC (freezer), the tests were performed on the same day (time zero) and after 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days of storage. The assessment found the difference in results during storage in relation to time zero. It used the technique of headspace associated with gas chromatography with the FID and capillary column with stationary phase of polyethylene. The best analysis of chromatographic conditions were: temperature of 50ºC (column), 150ºC (jet) and 250ºC (detector), with retention time for ethanol from 9.107 ± 0.026 and the tercbutanol (internal standard) of 8.170 ± 0.081 minutes, the ethanol being separated properly from acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol and 2-propanol, which are potential interfering in the determination of ethanol. The technique showed linearity in the concentration range of 0.01 and 3.2 g/L (0.8051 x + y = 0.6196; r2 = 0.999). The calibration curve showed the following equation of the line: y = x 0.7542 + 0.6545, with a linear correlation coefficient equal to 0.996. The average recovery was 100.2%, the coefficients of variation of accuracy and inter intra test showed values of up to 7.3%, the limit of detection and quantification was 0.01 g/L and showed coefficient of variation within the allowed. The analytical method evaluated in this study proved to be fast, efficient and practical, given the objective of this work satisfactorily. The study of stability has less than 20% difference in the response obtained under the conditions of storage and stipulated period, compared with the response obtained at time zero and at the significance level of 5%, no statistical difference in the concentration of ethanol was observed between analysis. The results reinforce the reliability of the method of gas chromatography and blood samples in search of ethanol, either in the toxicological, forensic, social or clinic
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Alcohol is one of the few psychotropic drugs that their consumption has admitted legally and sometimes encouraged by the society. Studies show alcohol as the highest consumption of drugs among young people and society in general, probably because of its availability and easy access. The abuse causes public health problems, which was closely related to the violence, socioeconomic problems and the high number of automobile accidents. Transit is one of the main sectors affected by the effects of alcohol, observing a high incidence in the studies. About half of automobile accidents occurs after the consumption of alcoholic beverage, and the vast majority of cases related to high concentrations of alcohol in the bloodstream. The relationship of drunk with traffic accidents is in fact evident everywhere in the world, including Brazil, where studies have shown a high relationship between alcohol consumption and traffic accidents. This study determined the alcohol in fatal victims of traffic accidents in the state of Rio Grande do Norte and established the profile of this population compared with those found in Brazil and other countries. Samples of blood of ethanol added to fulfillment of the standardization of chromatographic conditions and procedures for the analysis, being employed in the determination of alcohol in blood samples of 277 victims of traffic accidents, collected at the Institute of Scientific Technical Police of Rio Grande do North (ITEP) in the year 2007. The blood alcohol level was determined in these samples correlated with the sex, age and marital status of the victim and the location, day of week and month when the accident occurred, is doing a statistical analysis and outlining a profile of the victims of an accident at transit in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The parameters of standardization studied ensured the quality of the analytical method and, consequently, to obtain reliable laboratory results. Being given the best temperature for injector (150 ºC), detector (250 ºC) and column (50 ºC) with a flow of gas in the column of 2mL/minutos and analysis of time of 12 minutes. The method was linear in the range of 0.01 to 3.2 g / L (r2 = 0.9989) with average recovery of 100.2% and precision with coefficient of variation less than 15%. The analysis carried out on victims of fatal road traffic accidents, ethanol detected in the blood in 66.43% of the victims and these, 96% showed concentration ≥ 0.2 g / L, 87.73% of victims were male, while 12.27% female. The younger age group (1535 years) was the most involved (52,35%) and most single (55.60%). The accidents occurred with greater prevalence in the day on Monday (27%) followed by Sunday (24,19%) and Saturday (15,52%) and it was found that the prevalence of injuries varied between the different months of the year, and in February (14.4%) and April (10.47%) the months that had a higher number of accidents, however this oscillation showed no statistically significant difference. Also no significant difference was observed between the tracks of concentration found in men and women. The standardized method showed to be efficient, given satisfactorily to the goals of this work, and the high levels of alcohol found in victims of fatal road traffic accidents are consistent with several studies of literature, and the profile of the victim also supported by presenting in its most young adults, male and single
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The herbal medicine Sanativo® is produced by the Pernambucano Laboratory since 1888 with indications of healing and hemostasis. It is composed of a fluid extract about Piptadenia colubrina, Schinus terebinthifolius, Cereus peruvianus and Physalis angulata. Among the plants in their composition, S. terebinthifolius and P. colubrina have in common phenolic compounds which are assigned most of its pharmacological effects. The tannins, gallic acid and catechin were selected as markers for quality control. The aim of this study was the development and validation of analytical method by HPLC/UV/DAD for the separation and simultaneous quantification of gallic acid (GAC) and catechin (CTQ) in Sanativo®. The chromatographic system was to stationary phase, C-18 RP column, 4,6 x 150 mm (5 mm) under a temperature of 35 ° C, detection at 270 and 210 nm. The mobile phase consisted of 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid and methanol in the proportions 88:12 (v/v), a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The analytical method presented a retention factor of 0.30 and 1.36, tail factor of 1.8 and 1.63 for gallic acid and catechin, respectively, resolution of 18.2, and theoretical plates above 2000. The method validation parameters met the requirements of Resolution n º 899 of May 29, 2003, ANVISA. The correlation coefficient of linear regression analysis for GAC and CTQ from the standard solution was 0.9958 and 0.9973 and when performed from the Sanativo® 0.9973 and 0.9936, the matrix does not interfere in the range 70 to 110 %. The limits of detection and quantification for GAC and CQT were 3.25 and 0.863, and 9.57 and 2.55 mg/mL, respectively. The markers, GAC and CQT, showed repetibility (coefficient of variation of 0.94 % and 2.36 %) and satisfactory recovery (100.02 ± 1.11 % and 101.32 ± 1.36 %). The method has been characterized selective and robust quantification of GAC and CTQ in the Sanativo® and was considered validated
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Expanded Bed Adsorption plays an important role in the downstream processing mainly for reducing costs as well as steps besides could handling cells homogenates or fermentation broth. In this work Expanded Bed Adsorption was used to recover and purify whey proteins from coalho cheese manufacture using Streamline DEAE and Streamline SP both ionic resins as well as a hydrophobic resin Streamline Phenyl. A column of 2.6 cm inner diameter with 30 cm in height was coupled to a peristaltic pump. Hydrodynamics study was carried out with the three resins using Tris-HCl buffer in concentration of 30, 50 and 70 mM, with pH ranging from 7.0 to 8.0. In this case, assays of the expansion degree as well as Residence Time Distribution (RTD) were carried out. For the recovery and purification steps, a whey sample of 200 mL, was submitted to a column with 25mL of resin previously equilibrated with Tris/HCl (50 mM, pH 7.0) using a expanded bed. After washing, elution was carried out according the technique used. For ionic adsorption elution was carried out using 100 mL of Tris/HCl (50 mM, pH 7.0 in 1M NaCl). For Hydrophobyc interaction elution was carried out using Tris/HCl (50 mM, pH 7.0). Adsorption runs were carried out using the three resins as well as theirs combination. Results showed that for hydrodynamics studies a linear fit was observed for the three resins with a correlation coefficient (R2) about 0.9. In this case, Streamline Phenyl showed highest expansion degree reaching an expansion degree (H0/H) of 2.2. Bed porosity was of 0.7 when both resins Streamline DEAE and Streamline SP were used with StremLine Phenyl showing the highest bed porosity about 0.75. The number of theorical plates were 109, 41.5 and 17.8 and the axial dipersion coefficient (Daxial) were 0.5, 1.4 and 3.7 x 10-6 m2/s, for Streamline DEAE, Streamline SP and Streamline Phenyl, respectively. Whey proteins were adsorved fastly for the three resins with equilibrium reached in 10 minutes. Breakthrough curves showed that most of proteins stays in flowthrough as well as washing steps with 84, 77 and 96%, for Streamline DEAE, Streamline SP and Streamline Phenyl, respectively. It was observed protein peaks during elution for the three resins used. According to these peaks were identified 6 protein bands that could probably be albumin (69 KDa), lactoferrin (76 KDa), lactoperoxidase (89 KDa), β-lactoglobulin (18,3 KDa) e α-lactoalbumin (14 KDa), as well as the dimer of beta-lactoglobulin. The combined system compound for the elution of Streamline DEAE applied to the Streamline SP showed the best purification of whey proteins, mainly of the α-lactoalbumina
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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In this study, we worked with the validation of a methodology for analysis of bioactive amines in shrimp, considering it to be one of the main products of the northriograndense trade balance, maintaining the state of Rio Grande do Norte topped the list of Brazilian exports of this product the last decade. The sector of the Brazilian shrimp works exclusively with gray shrimp Litopenaeus Vannamei since the late 1990s. This study used liquid chromatography with conductimetric detector, using as the mobile phase methylsulfonic 3 mM acid (MSA) with gradient and phase C18 column with reverse the development of methodology for the analysis of bioactive amines in shrimp. In the sample preparation was used as 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extraction solution. Validation analysis of biotativas amines (putrescine - PUT, histamine - HIST, agmatine - AGM, spermidine - EPD and spermine - EPN) in shrimp, the linear working range was 0.1 to 2.0 mg L-1 to was sensitive, homoscedastic, in effect, selective, accurate and precise array. Thus, considered feasible for these determinations bioactive amines in this array. Determined the concentration of these amines in fresh shrimps (AGM = 0.61 ± 0.05 mg kg- 1 EPD = 2.57 ± 0.14 mg kg-1 and EPN = 1.79 ± 0.11 mg kg-1), and freezing weather predetermined in cooked shrimp (AGM = 6.28 ± 0.18 mg kg-1, EPD = 12.72 ± 0.02 mg kg- 1 and EPN = 22.30 ± 0.60 mg kg-1), the shrimp with twenty-four hour stay at room temperature (PUT = 879.52 ± 28.12 mg kg-1, AGM = 848.13 ± 19.40 mg kg-1, ESPD = 13.59 ± 0.97 mg kg-1 and ESPN = 18.47 + 1.57 mg kg-1). In shrimp subjected to freezing for a week, two weeks, three weeks and four weeks, the results showed that there is an increase in the content of agmatine (7.31 ± 0.21 mg kg-1) while in spermine ( 1.22 ± 0.14 mg kg-1) and spermidine (below limit of quantification) there was a decrease in the freeze time, while there is a decrease in the level of spermidine not reaching detectad. The putrescine was only found in shrimp that remained for 24 hours at room temperature and histamine was not found in any of the samples