Abundance of mesozooplankton during the long-tern mesozooplankton analysis in Sevastopol Bay from 1976 to 2003

The present dataset includes results of analysis of 227 zooplankton samples taken in and off the Sevastopol Bay in the Black Sea in 1976, 1979-1980, 1989-1990, 1995-1996 and 2002-2003. Exact coordinates for stations 1, 4, 5 and 6 are unknown and were calculated using Google-earth program. Data on Ctenophora Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata are not included. Juday net: Vertical tows of a Juday net, with mouth area 0.1 m**2, mesh size 150µm. Tows were performed at layers. Towing speed: about 0.5 m/s. Samples were preserved by a 4% formaldehyde sea water buffered solution. Sampling volume was estimated by multiplying the mouth area with the wire length. The collected material was analysed using the method of portions (Yashnov, 1939). Samples were brought to volume of 50 - 100 ml depending upon zooplankton density and mixed intensively until all organisms were distributed randomly in the sample volume. After that 1 ml of sample was taken by calibrated Stempel-pipette. This operation was produced twice. If divergence between two examined subsamples was more than 30% one more subsample was examined. Large (> 1 mm body length) and not abundant species were calculated in 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32 part of sample. Counting and measuring of organisms were made in the Bogorov chamber under the stereomicroscope to the lowest taxon possible. Number of organisms per sample was calculated as simple average of two subsamples meanings multiplied on subsample volume. Total abundance of mesozooplankton was calculated as sum of taxon-specific abundances and total abundance of Copepods was calculated as sum of copepods taxon-specific abundances.

Desarrollo turístico y mercado inmobiliario en la comarca del Bajo Segura (Alicante)

La presente comunicación se inscribe en el marco del proyecto de investigación “Planificación y gestión sostenible del turismo. Propuesta metodológica y aplicación de un sistema de información turística” (METASIG), con referencia 1FD97-0403, financiado por la Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (CICYT) y la Comisión Europea (FEDER).

El proceso político europeo en la laberíntica ratificación del Tratado Constitucional

Cuando nos acercamos al primer aniversario del referéndum español sobre la Constitución Europea del pasado 20 de febrero de 2005, tras las grandes expectativas levantadas, cabe preguntarse qué es lo que ha pasado con los resultados del mismo, cómo se ha gestionado el “sí” y en qué circunstancias concretas se encuentra el proceso político y cuáles son las perspectivas futuras. En un año ha cambiado completamente la percepción de la opinión pública en torno al futuro de Europa. Se ha pasado de la percepción de un claro apoyo al proyecto constitucional europeo a decir que la Constitución estaba muerta y, ahora, a sostener que empieza a “resucitar”. El problema de la ratificación, a nuestro juicio, no está en el Tratado Constitucional sino en el proceso político en el cual está teniendo lugar la ratificación, o dicho de otra manera, los “noes” no han sido causados tanto por el texto como por el contexto. Para explicar esta proposición central, que el problema de la ratificación no está en el Tratado Constitucional sino en el proceso político, partimos de analizar la relevancia del proceso político desde la aprobación de Niza en 2001, en el que por primera vez se explicita la necesidad de revisar el procedimiento de reforma de los Tratados, surgiendo de la sociedad, a través del debate sobre el futuro de Europa. Será también la primera vez que la misma se deja de abordar únicamente a través de los Gobiernos y en secreto y se lleva a cabo a través de una Convención como recoge la Declaración de Laeken de diciembre de 2001. En esa Convención Europea participa en la reforma de los Tratados por primera vez una doble legitimidad, europea y estatal, y dentro de esta los representantes de los Parlamentos Nacionales. De este método innovador surge la Constitución Europea como respuesta a las demandas de los ciudadanos de explicitación del modelo político, de hacerlo más democrático y transparente, más eficaz, más simple en los procedimientos y en las normas jurídicas, que desarrolle el modelo social europeo, y con más instrumentos para una mayor presencia en el mundo y la gestión de la globalización. Tendremos en cuenta como el Parlamento Europeo reconoce precisamente esta realidad por una amplia mayoría y por primera vez entiende que se han resuelto problemas estructurales básicos y que, en definitiva, responde a las demandas de los ciudadanos y a las necesidades objetivas de Europa. Considera además la relevancia del simbolismo de la Constitución y el significado político que el Parlamento Europeo venía reivindicando como representante de la soberanía europea. Siguiendo el análisis del proceso político estudiaremos las catorce ratificaciones positivas, bien a través de los Parlamentos Nacionales, con votaciones mayoritarias, a través de referendos en los Estados miembros. Nos detendremos en los “noes” francés y neerlandés como problemas nacionales y no europeos, no de texto sino de contexto, que especialmente es un “no” a lo que había y no a lo que viene, pero que va a incidir negativamente en la percepción del desarrollo de la vida política europea en su conjunto. Tras explicar la decisión del Consejo Europeo por la que se paraliza la ratificación, presentaremos la percepción de la crisis y los efectos políticos del “no” francés y neerlandés, analizando a continuación qué es lo que ha fallado en el proceso de ratificación, teniendo en cuenta que se ha democratizado y europeizado la fase de propuesta y redacción de la Constitución pero que se deja todavía en manos de los Estados nacionales su aprobación definitiva. Abordaremos la inviabilidad institucional del Tratado de Niza, en vigor desde el 1 de febrero de 2003, especialmente desde la ampliación a veinticinco un año después, y con los ojos puestos en una Unión de unos treinta Estados miembros en no más de cinco años. A continuación explicaremos el “coste de la no Constitución”, es decir, lo que nos está costando a los europeos el que la Constitución no esté en vigor en los plazos previstos, y lo que nos estamos perdiendo con el retraso presumiblemente de al menos un año en el mejor de los casos. Después de tener en cuenta la atonía institucional, especialmente durante el semestre de Presidencia británica, se estudiará la salida material a la crisis, que no es otra que la reactivación del proceso político a través de la adopción de políticas concretas y de soluciones en los ámbitos en los que la Unión tiene competencias con objeto de hacer funcionar las instituciones y de cambiar la percepción de los europeos sobre las mismas con la finalidad de visualizar la necesidad de “más Europa” y su expresión al día de hoy que no es otra que la Constitución Europea. Una vez tenidas en cuenta las vigencias anticipadas de la propia Constitución así como la irreversibilidad de las conquistas democráticas de este proceso político, estudiaremos la salida formal a la crisis a través de reanudar el proyecto constitucional y la forma de superar el laberinto de la ratificación, sus calendarios y sus decisiones, posiblemente en poco más de un año en el Consejo Europeo alemán de marzo o junio de 2007. En las últimas semanas se han producido una serie de señales políticas nuevas, por lo que puede vislumbrarse a lo lejos la salida del laberinto. Así, el Consejo Europeo de diciembre de 2005 ha logrado finalmente aprobar las perspectivas financieras. A la vez, se constata la necesidad de “más Europa” y el propio Consejo Europeo ha acordado la necesidad de crear una política común de migraciones y una política común de energía. En ese mismo Consejo Europeo se ha clarificado el liderazgo del nuevo Gobierno alemán y se han clarificado las incógnitas sobre cuáles son sus preferencias en relación a Europa. Además, el 19 de enero de 2006 el Parlamento Europeo aprobaba una nueva Resolución sobre el período de reflexión en la que ratifica su apoyo a que la Constitución entre en vigor antes de 2009. Igualmente se avanzan en cierta manera los posibles calendarios de la vigencia, al anunciar ya los Gobiernos alemán y portugués que ocuparán la Presidencia en 2007 que su objetivo compartido será la entrada en vigor de la Constitución Europea.

La Unión Europea y la OTAN en el marco de la nueva Estrategia Global de Seguridad de la Unión Europea

El artículo analiza la relación entre la Unión Europea y la OTAN en cuestiones de defensa, según se ha reflejado en las estrategias de seguridad de la Unión Europea, con particular atención a la Estrategia Global de la Unión Europea presentada en 2016. Se estudia la Estrategia de Seguridad Europea de 2003, el Informe de Implementación de 2008, y las nuevas aproximaciones al contexto internacional y a la seguridad europea que se reflejan en la Estrategia Global. Se analiza también el papel de la OTAN, así como la evolución de la política de seguridad de los Estados Unidos hacia Europa durante la Administración Obama. Finalmente se discute el posible futuro de la Política Común de Seguridad y Defensa de la UE (PCSD) después del Bréxit, así como las consecuencias para su relación con la OTAN.

[need For Orthodontic Treatment Among Brazilian Adolescents: Evaluation Based On Public Health].

To identify the prevalence and the severity of malocclusions and to analyze factors associated with the need for orthodontic treatment of Brazilian adolescents. This exploratory, cross-sectional study was carried out based on secondary data from the national epidemiological survey on oral health in Brazil (2002-2003). Socio-demographic conditions, self-perception, and the existence and degree of malocclusion, using the Dental Aesthetic Index, were evaluated in 16,833 adolescent Brazilians selected by probabilistic sample by conglomerates. The dependent variable - need orthodontic treatment - was estimated from the severity of malocclusion. The magnitude and direction of the association in bivariate and multivariate analyzes from a Robust Poisson regression was estimated RESULTS: The majority of the adolescents needed orthodontic treatment (53.2%). In the multivariate analysis, the prevalence of the need for orthodontic treatment was larger among females, non-whites, those that perceived a need for treatment, and those that perceived their appearance as normal, bad, or very bad. The need for orthodontic treatment was smaller among those that lived in the Northeast and Central West macro-regions compared to those living in Southeast Brazil and it was also smaller among those that perceived their chewing to be normal or their oral health to be bad or very bad. There was a high prevalence of orthodontic treatment need among adolescents in Brazil and this need was associated with demographic and subjective issues. The high prevalence of orthodontic needs in adolescents is a challenge to the goals of Brazil's universal public health system.

Tracking dos indicadores da aptidão fisica relacionada a saude em escolares

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

A new classification of foods based on the extent and purpose of their processing

This paper describes a new food classification which assigns foodstuffs according to the extent and purpose of the industrial processing applied to them. Three main groups are defined: unprocessed or minimally processed foods (group 1), processed culinary and food industry ingredients (group 2), and ultra-processed food products (group 3). The use of this classification is illustrated by applying it to data collected in the Brazilian Household Budget Survey which was conducted in 2002/2003 through a probabilistic sample of 48,470 Brazilian households. The average daily food availability was 1,792 kcal/person being 42.5% from group 1 (mostly rice and beans and meat and milk), 37.5% from group 2 (mostly vegetable oils, sugar, and flours), and 20% from group 3 (mostly breads, biscuits, sweets, soft drinks, and sausages). The share of group 3 foods increased with income, and represented almost one third of all calories in higher income households. The impact of the replacement of group 1 foods and group 2 ingredients by group 3 products on the overall quality of the diet, eating patterns and health is discussed.

Declarações de nascidos mortos no município de São Paulo: avaliação descritiva do preenchimento

OBJECTIVES: to study the information contained in Stillbirth Registers (SBRs) in the Municipality of São Paulo. METHODS: the adequacy of the filling out of SBR forms was assessed on the basis of the SBRs (6722) made available by the FSEADE (Foundation for Statistical Data Analysis System), using a Data Completion Index (DCI), making it possible to compare the three years studied (2001-3). Variables relating to the mother and the fetus were included where the DCI was greater than 10%. Education, parity, place of residence, birth type, for the mother and weight, gestational age and underlying cause of death, for the fetus. RESULTS: the absolute stillbirth component changed little in the first two of the three years, falling slightly in the third. The variable most frequently registered was sex (98%), followed by place of residence (82.9%) and parity (70%). The data least often registered were those relating to the mother's age and schooling, 20.0% and 16.7%, respectively. The underlying cause was recorded in 46.7%, fetal weight in 37% and type of birth in 25.3%. CONCLUSIONS: the data demonstrate that the difficulty encountered in incorporating this health indicator into the traditional set of indicators is in part due to the inadequacy of the data provided on the SBR form.

Per capita versus adult-equivalent estimates of calorie availability in household budget surveys

This study aims to estimate an adult-equivalent scale for calorie requirements and to determine the differences between adult-equivalent and per capita measurements of calorie availability in the Brazilian population. The study used data from the 2002-2003 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. The calorie requirement for a reference adult individual was based on the mean requirements for adult males and females (2,550kcal/day). The conversion factors were defined as the ratios between the calorie requirements for each age group and gender and that of the reference adult. The adult-equivalent calorie availability levels were higher than the per capita levels, with the largest differences in rural and low-income households. Differences in household calorie availability varied from 22kcal/day (households with adults and an adolescent) to 428kcal/day (households with elderly individuals), thus showing that per capital measurements can underestimate the real calorie availability, since they overlook differences in household composition.

Uma nova classificação de alimentos baseada na extensão e propósito do seu processamento

Este artigo descreve uma nova classificação de alimentos baseada na extensão e propósito do processamento industrial usado na sua produção. Três grupos são definidos: alimentos não processados ou minimamente processados (grupo 1), alimentos processados utilizados como ingredientes de preparações culinárias ou pela indústria de alimentos (grupo 2), e produtos alimentícios ultra-processados (grupo 3). O uso da classificação é ilustrado aplicando-a a dados coletados por Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares conduzida em 2002/2003 em uma amostra probabilística de 48.470 domicílios brasileiros. A disponibilidade diária foi de 1.792kcal/capita, sendo 42,5por cento de alimentos do grupo 1, 37,5por cento do grupo 2 e 20por cento do grupo 3. A contribuição do grupo 3 aumentou com a renda familiar, correspondendo a um terço do total calórico nos domicílios mais afluentes. Discute-se o impacto sobre a qualidade geral da dieta, padrões de alimentação e condições de saúde que poderia ocorrer com a substituição de alimentos do grupo 1 e ingredientes do grupo 2 por produtos alimentícios do grupo 3

Trends in morbid obesity and in bariatric surgeries covered by the Brazilian public health system

Background Obesity is an increasingly serious public health problem on a global level. Morbid obesity, defined as a body mass index greater than 40 kg/m2, is associated with increased mortality and a high burden of obesity-related morbidities. Methods To study the prevalence of morbid obesity in Brazil, three national anthropometric surveys were reanalyzed. Data about bariatric surgeries were obtained from the Ministry of Health Hospital Information System, which is available online. Results A 255% rise in the prevalence of morbid obesity was observed, starting at 0.18% in 1975-1976 and growing to 0.33% in 1989 and 0.64% in 2002-2003. There was a higher rate in the South in the first two surveys, but the prevalence in the Southeast rose steadily, reaching 0.77% in 2002-2003 and overtaking the South. Since 1999, the Brazilian Unified Health System has covered surgical treatment for morbid obesity. From 2000 to 2006, there was a sixfold increase in the number of surgeries, which topped the 2,500 mark in 2006. The geographic distribution of these surgeries is heavily concentrated in the Southeast, the most developed region of Brazil, where there is also the highest prevalence of morbid obesity. This was followed by the Southern region. Conclusions The figures for the rise in morbid obesity in Brazil are startling, especially the increase among men. This is a situation that calls for further study, alongside measures to encourage the adoption of healthy lifestyles. Preventive measures aimed at slowing down or reversing the obesity epidemic are urgently required

Physical and sensory characterization of coffee produced in the topoclimatic conditions at Jesuitas, Parana State (Brazil)

Climatic variations influence formation and maturation of coffee grains by altering their intrinsic characteristics, which call allow for several types of coffee qualities, including the potential for production of special coffee. This study was carried out to verify the effect of environmental conditions and crop cultivation on chemical composition and their consequences in cup quality of coffees from region of Jesuitas, Parana State. During the same crop season this study was accomplished (2002-2003), cup quality was evaluated among the producers in several coffee-growing municipalities in Parana State. It was observed that 86% of samples were classified simply as ""soft"" (smooth flavor) or ""hard"" (bolder flavor), and 14% were classified as rioysh/rio (strong unpleasant taste). The results concluded that the practices adopted by producers, who have collaborated with the study, reflected positively oil the final cup quality, when compared to the overall quality results in the State. The climatic conditions and practices of crop management and harvest ill the Jesuitas region made for bolder coffee with low acidity, comparable to high quality coffees produced in Brazil and abroad.

Educação escolar Tupinikim e Guarani : experiências de interculturalidade em aldeias de Aracruz, no Estado do Espírito Santo

A pesquisa analisa as relações entre interculturalidade, práxis e educação escolar indígena Tupinikim e Guarani do município de Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Investiga a práxis da educação intercultural no espaço da educação escolar indígena como meio de revitalização das culturas Tupinikim e Guarani. Objetiva problematizar a formação inicial e continuada dos professores indígenas; discutir a práxis da interculturalidade no contexto da educação escolar indígena; e, identificar outros espaços educativos da cultura e educação indígena. Analisa aspectos teóricos e práticos sobre cultura (WILLIAMS, 2008; BRANDÃO, 1989; FORQUIN, 1993; CANDAU, 2011; GEERTZ, 1989), interculturalidade (D‘AMBROSIO,1996; FLEURI, 2002; 2003; SCANDIUZZI, 2009;), identidade e alteridade (MELIÁ, 2000; FREIRE, 1981; 1987; LITAIFF, 2004) e práxis (FREIRE, 1989; VÁSQUEZ, 2011; SEMERARO, 2006) e educação (escolar) indígena de acordo com a legislação vigente. Realiza pesquisa interpretativa (GEERTZ, 1989) na educação escolar indígena junto aos professores indígenas Guarani das Aldeias de Boa Esperança e Três Palmeiras (2009-2010) e professores indígenas Tupinikim da Aldeia de Comboios (2011-2013) na perspectiva de um diálogo intercultural. Contribuem nos processos investigativos para produção, sistematização e análise de dados a realização de observações, entrevistas semiestruturadas, registros no caderno de campo, fotografias, gravações em áudio e em vídeo e análise documental sobre a educação escolar indígena de Aracruz. (ANDRÉ, 2007; GIL, 1999; 2004). Os resultados deste trabalho levantam questões relativas a duas realidades de educação escolar nas comunidades indígenas pesquisadas que se constituem em aspectos de sobrevivência e desencadeia formas para interagir e reagir em defesa de sua identidade e dignidade. Nesse sentido, a escola é um local de vivências e de encontro, vista e sentida pelas lideranças e pela comunidade como uma possibilidade real para desenvolver um elo entre as formas tradicionais de vida e as formas contemporâneas. O desafio de garantir uma escola nestes termos significa concretizar a proposta de um projeto de educação escolar para os povos indígenas, constituído por especificidades de como trabalhar a terra, pelo reconhecimento de suas tradições, das línguas e da memória coletiva. Distante de apresentar respostas conclusivas propõe uma educação escolar, coletiva e participativa, que critica e dialoga com todos os envolvidos no processo educativo.