The Netherlands Antilles: trade and integration with CARICOM

Introduction The Netherlands Antilles is an autonomous entity within the Kingdom of the Netherlands and comprises a federation of five Caribbean islands: Bonaire and Curacao (the Leeward islands) which comprise 80 per cent of the population of 211,000 and Saba, St. Eustatius and the southern part of St. Maarten (the Windward islands). Like the other countries in the Kingdom, it enjoys full autonomy in internal matters as, for example, education, public health, justice and customs. It has a per capita income of about US$ 12,000. The Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands account for about 75 per cent (Curacao (70 per cent) and Bonaire (5 per cent)) and 25 percent respectively of the economy of the Netherlands Antilles. The Netherlands Antilles has its own currency, the Netherlands guilder, which is pegged to the United States dollar at a fixed rate since 1971. The economy has some unique features that stem from its close relations with the Netherlands, its undiversified nature and heavy dependence on tourism, offshore finance, oil refining and shipping, the high share of trade (exports of goods and services of about 75 per cent of GDP), its geographical characteristics, its common border with the French Republic on St. Maarten, its duty-free access for imports from Aruba, its de facto free trade zone (FTZ), partial dollarization, especially for the Windward Islands, and its highly regulated labor market (1). Adverse economic shocks in the last two decades affected particularly the offshore financial sector and the oil refinery and, to a lesser extent, tourism. The repeal of withholding taxes in the United States in the 1980s indirectly caused the collapse of a number of highly profitable offshore financial activities in Curacao, leading to significant drops in government revenue and contributions to foreign exchange earnings. The withdrawal of Shell from Curacao in 1986 and the (temporary) closure of the oil refinery which had been a mainstay of the Curacao economy for almost three quarters of a century was the second major shock. It was subsequently leased to the Venezuelan State Company, Petroleos de Venezuela Sociedad Anonima (PDVSA), which resumed operations and preserved employment. In the 1990s, the Windward Islands were bit by several devastating hurricanes, which destroyed much of the economic infrastructure on the islands, including about half of the number of available hotel rooms in St Maarten. Further negative shocks were related to the discontinuation of certain trade privileges on European markets for Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), the withdrawal by the Netherlands of certain tax privileges for Dutch pensioners residing in the Netherlands Antilles and disruptions in the availability of Solidarity Fund resources for the smaller islands. National income has been on the decline since 1997. GDP declined by about 6 per cent between 1997 and 1999. Underlying fiscal imbalances and structural weaknesses have also impacted negatively on the economy. In recent years, with recession high unemployment and migration have been experienced (2). The Netherlands Antilles has been able to survive thanks to additional aid from the Netherlands, large-scale spontaneous emigration (mostly to the Netherlands), some drop in international reserves, an increase in domestic debt and arrears and reduced outlays for the maintenance of public assets. From 1986 onwards, successive efforts at restoring macroeconomic balance, particularly with regard to public finance, were made, but were unsuccessful. Adjustment was also attempted in 1996 and 1997, but failed to meet the desired targets. In 1999, the government launched a new National Recovery Plan" (NRP). The NRP contains important medium-term structural adjustment measures aimed at restoring macroeconomic balance and conditions for revitalizing the economy. The NRP subsequently served as an important input into a comprehensive adjustment plan drawn up with the assistance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and reflected in the government's Memorandum of Economic Policies dated 15 September 2000. Beyond restoring macroeconomic balance and reforming the economic incentive framework, the government aims at establishing a Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF) for the formulation and implementation of a sustainable long-term growth strategy. It is against the above background that this study is undertaken. Its main objective is to assess the integration options facing the Netherlands Antilles (3) vis-a-vis the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). A secondary objective is to examine the above taking into account, inter alia, the level of trade between the Netherlands Antilles and CARICOM, the barriers to trade between the two groups of countries and the requirements for increasing trade between the two groups of countries. The Consultant was given an initial Draft Terms of Reference (Annex 1) with the intention of modifying it in the course of the interviews with all the stakeholders. The main idea that emerged from these interviews was a concern with some possible form of association with CARICOM. The Consultant was asked to exam the costs and benefits of various forms of association and to recommend an option. This adjustment of the Terms of Reference (TOR) was substantial and involved the Consultant having to do some interviews and collect documentation in CARICOM. The study essentially revolves around the search for a road map for the Netherlands Antilles. It is tackled in the first instance by describing the existing system of trade of the Netherlands Antilles with a view to determining the import and export structures and the specific nature and extent of trade in goods and services between the Netherlands Antilles and CARICOM. 1 Netherlands Antilles: Elements of a Strategy for Economic Recovery and Sustainable Growth. Interim Report of the World Bank Mission, 5-20 December 2000. 2 IMF, IMF Country Report No. 01/73 Kingdom of the Netherlands-Netherlands Antilles-Recent Development, Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix. May 2001 3 The Netherlands Antilles is a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It contains five islands. Curacao and Bonaire (Leewards) and St Eustatius, Saba and St Maarten (The Windwards)"

Role of environmental awareness in achieving sustainable development

Includes bibliography

Mensurações do bulbo ocular e cálculo do poder dióptrico de lentes intraoculares em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), LINNAEUS, 1758)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

International transport database - Base de datos de Transporte Internacional (BTI)

Since late 1999, ECLAC has maintained an international transport database (BTI) containing statistics on foreign trade and associated transport modes for 11 Latin American countries. Although BTI was originally designed for internal use at ECLAC, it is now in a position to respond to external queries—something we expect to be of interest to FAL Bulletin readers.BTI was developed by consultant Joachim Fuchsluger, with cooperation from Gastón Rigollet of the ECLAC Statistics and Economic Projections Division. The work was supervised by Jan Hoffmann, of the Transport Unit. At the present time, consultant Gabriel Pérez is in charge of maintaining and updating it.

Evaluation of the technical meeting on the 2010 Caribbean Millennium Development Goals report

The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean convened a two-day technical meeting to review the draft Caribbean report on the Millennium Development Goals, “Caribbean Millennium Development Goal Achievement and Prognosis: A 2010 Review” and provide guidance to the Consultant in the finalisation of the report. The technical meeting was convened within the framework of the United Nations Development Account-funded project “Strengthening the Capacity of National Statistical Offices in the Caribbean Small Island Developing States to fulfil the Millennium Development Goals and other Internationally Agreed Development Goals”. The meeting was held at ECLAC Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, on 24-25 June 2010. The Caribbean report was intended to provide an assessment of achievements and constraints in the countries of the subregion to accomplish the Goals 10 years after the Millennium Declaration in 2000. The report would also contribute to the ECLAC Latin America and Caribbean report.

Sistemas de gestão da qualidade ISO 9001: survey sobre os desafios da implantação

Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção - FEB

Development of a knowledge-based system for cogeneration plant design: Verification, validation and lessons learned

This paper presents the development of a knowledge-based system (KBS) prototype able to design natural gas cogeneration plants, demonstrating new features for this field. The design of such power plants represents a synthesis problem, subject to thermodynamic constraints that include the location and sizing of components. The project was developed in partnership with the major Brazilian gas and oil company, and involved interaction with an external consultant as well as an interdisciplinary team. The paper focuses on validation and lessons learned, concentrating on important aspects such as the generation of alternative configuration schemes, breadth of each scheme description created by the system, and its module to support economic feasibility analysis. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cogeneration design problem Computational complexity analysis and solution through an expert system

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is twofold: to analyze the computational complexity of the cogeneration design problem; to present an expert system to solve the proposed problem, comparing such an approach with the traditional searching methods available.Design/methodology/approach - The complexity of the cogeneration problem is analyzed through the transformation of the well-known knapsack problem. Both problems are formulated as decision problems and it is proven that the cogeneration problem is np-complete. Thus, several searching approaches, such as population heuristics and dynamic programming, could be used to solve the problem. Alternatively, a knowledge-based approach is proposed by presenting an expert system and its knowledge representation scheme.Findings - The expert system is executed considering two case-studies. First, a cogeneration plant should meet power, steam, chilled water and hot water demands. The expert system presented two different solutions based on high complexity thermodynamic cycles. In the second case-study the plant should meet just power and steam demands. The system presents three different solutions, and one of them was never considered before by our consultant expert.Originality/value - The expert system approach is not a "blind" method, i.e. it generates solutions based on actual engineering knowledge instead of the searching strategies from traditional methods. It means that the system is able to explain its choices, making available the design rationale for each solution. This is the main advantage of the expert system approach over the traditional search methods. On the other hand, the expert system quite likely does not provide an actual optimal solution. All it can provide is one or more acceptable solutions.

Melhorias dos processos no setor de expedição em uma transportadora de cargas fracionadas

The transport market has forced organizations reduce the cost of services and processes, resulting from the highly competitive and, for such waste at all levels and processes are a focus of study for its elimination. This study refers to carrier fractional loads, located in the municipality of Itapecerica da Serra Layout and headquartered in São Paulo, which requires a rapid development throughout its structure, because its expansion was not accompanied by an evolution of effective processes. The need to increase efficiency in delivery with a reduced cost of transport forced the company to hire a logistics consulting to help identify potential bottlenecks in processes, suggest improvements with greater impact and implementation at the end of a critical analysis of results. This work focuses on the Layout of the warehouse shipping area of this organization and we used the method of action research to the consultant and involved could reach this conclusion collaboratively, as well as interviews with those involved in the process and also visual observation. Tools such as Key Performance Indicator, Mapping Workflow, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Applied Statistics and Standard Operating Procedure were used to assist in the identification, analysis and implementation of the proposed improvements

Biometria ocular na espécie Cebus apella

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mulheres em destaque nos anos 40: o acontecimento como forma de vida na revista O Cruzeiro

From the concepts of way of life by Greimas (1993) and of happening by Zilberberg (2008), we analyze texts taken from O Cruzeiro magazine, which highlights the singer Linda Batista, comparing her to others from the column “Female matters”, by Maria Teresa, love consultant of the women who read the publication. The analysis of such texts lets us verify the behaviour of a woman in distinction that identifies herself with a female profile of a professional who is configured in a style that can be recognized as a modern way of life, different from the model of a traditional way of a housewife in the forties.

O único luxo de um santo laico: fotografias em biografias de Clóvis Beviláqua

The jurist Clovis Bevilaqua (1859-1944) was a privileged member of a political and intellectual elite in the context of the transition from the nineteenth to the early decades of the twentieth century in this country, having been a professor at the Faculdade de Direito de Recife, author of the Civil Code of 1917, consultant for the Ministério das Relações Exteriores and jurist of international prestige, and literary critic and author of law, philosophy and history.Their biographies emphasize the breadth of his legal knowledge, the merits of civil codification which was author and lifestyle humble and generous earning him the nickname "secular saint". However, the lawyer had the habit of collecting photos of himself and of his family and this behavior is characterized as a single vanity for his biographers. From four biographies of Clovis Bevilaqua, written by Lauro Romero (1956), Raimundo de Menezes and Ubaldino de Azevedo (1959), Noemia Paes Barreto Brandão (1989) and Silvio Meira (1990), we intend to discuss how these images are used to illustrate the trajectory of the jurist and corroborate the distinct narratives models.

A política nacional de humanização na produção de inflexões no modelo hegemônico de cuidar e gerir no SUS: habitar um paradoxo

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

Mensurações do bulbo ocular e cálculo do poder dióptrico da lente intraocular em miniporcos brasileiros

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Le mostre di moda contemporanee come dispositivo testuale

La tesi si pone come obiettivo quello di indagare le mostre di moda contemporanee come macchine testuali. Se consideriamo l’attuale panorama del fashion design come caratterizzato da una complessità costitutiva e da rapidi mutamenti che lo attraversano, e se partiamo dal presupposto che lo spettro di significati che uno stile di abbigliamento e i singoli capi possono assumere è estremamente sfuggente, probabilmente risulta più produttivo interrogarsi su come funziona la moda, su quali sono i suoi meccanismi di produzione di significato. L’analisi delle fashion exhibition si rivela quindi un modo utile per affrontare la questione, dato che gli allestimenti discorsivizzano questi meccanismi e rappresentano delle riflessioni tridimensionali attorno a temi specifici. La mostra di moda mette in scena delle eccezionalità che magnificano aspetti tipici del funzionamento del fashion system, sia se ci rivolgiamo alla moda dal punto di vista della produzione, sia se la consideriamo dal punto di vista della fruizione. L’indagine ha rintracciato nelle mostre curate da Diana Vreeland al Costume Institute del Metropolitan Museum di New York il modello di riferimento per le mostre di moda contemporanee. Vreeland, che dal 1936 al 1971 è stata prima fashion editor e poi editor-in-chief rispettivamente di “Harper’s Bazaar” e di “Vogue USA”, ha segnato un passaggio fondamentale quando nel 1972 ha deciso di accettare il ruolo di Special Consultant al Costume Institute. È ormai opinione diffusa fra critici e studiosi di moda che le mostre da lei organizzate nel corso di più di un decennio abbiano cambiato il modo di mettere in scena i vestiti nei musei. Al lavoro di Vreeland abbiamo poi accostato una recente mostra di moda che ha fatto molto parlare di sé: Spectres. When Fashion Turns Back, a cura di Judith Clark (2004). Nell’indagare i rapporti fra il fashion design contemporaneo e la storia della moda questa mostra ha utilizzato macchine allestitive abitate dai vestiti, per “costruire idee spaziali” e mettere in scena delle connessioni non immediate fra passato e presente. Questa mostra ci è sembrata centrale per evidenziare lo sguardo semiotico del curatore nel suo interrogarsi sul progetto complessivo dell’exhibition design e non semplicemente sullo studio degli abiti in mostra. In questo modo abbiamo delineato due posizioni: una rappresentata da un approccio object-based all’analisi del vestito, che si lega direttamente alla tradizione dei conservatori museali; l’altra rappresentata da quella che ormai si può considerare una disciplina, il fashion curation, che attribuisce molta importanza a tutti gli aspetti che concorrono a formare il progetto allestitivo di una mostra. Un lavoro comparativo fra alcune delle più importanti mostre di moda recentemente organizzate ci ha permesso di individuare elementi ricorrenti e specificità di questi dispositivi testuali. Utilizzando il contributo di Manar Hammad (2006) abbiamo preso in considerazione i diversi livelli di una mostra di moda: gli abiti e il loro rapporto con i manichini; l’exhibition design e lo spazio della mostra; il percorso e la sequenza, sia dal punto di vista della strategia di costruzione e dispiegamento testuale, sia dal punto di vista del fruitore modello. Abbiamo così individuato quattro gruppi di mostre di moda: mostre museali-archivistiche; retrospettive monografiche; mostre legate alla figura di un curatore; forme miste che si posizionano trasversalmente rispetto a questi primi tre modelli. Questa sistematizzazione ha evidenziato che una delle dimensione centrali per le mostre di moda contemporanee è proprio la questione della curatorship, che possiamo leggere in termini di autorialità ed enunciazione. Si sono ulteriormente chiariti anche gli orizzonti valoriali di riferimento: alla dimensione dell’accuratezza storica è associata una mostra che predilige il livello degli oggetti (gli abiti) e un coinvolgimento del visitatore puramente visivo; alla dimensione del piacere visivo possiamo invece associare un modello di mostra che assegna all’exhibition design un ruolo centrale e “chiede” al visitatore di giocare un ruolo pienamente interattivo. L’approccio curatoriale più compiuto ci sembra essere quello che cerca di conciliare queste due dimensioni.