Síntese química e caracterização do poli (5-amino 1-naftol) em presença de ácidos dopantes e sua aplicação na construção de dispositivos eletrônicos

Neste trabalho foi estudada a síntese química do poli (5-amino 1-naftol) (PAN) em presença de diferentes agentes dopantes e meios reacionais. Os polímeros obtidos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas espectroscópicas de infravermelho, Raman, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, por voltametria cíclica, temogravimetria, medidas de condutividade elétrica e grau de aderência. A estrutura do PAN obtido apresentou-se semelhante aos resultados obtidos para a PAni. Filmes de PAN sintetizados em meio aquoso ácido sobre substratos de platina apresentaram eletroatividade e estabilidade à ciclagem quando. Filmes preparados a partir de PAN sintetizado em presença dos ácidos dopantes dinonil naftalêno disulfônico (DNNDSA), dinonil naftalêno sulfônico (DNNSA) e dodecil benzeno sulfônico (DBSA), apresentaram-se mais homogêneos e mais aderentes que os sintetizados em ausência desses. A aplicação na construção de dispositivos eletrocrômicos e de chaveamento apresentou-se inicialmente viável para todas as amostras testadas.

Efeito in vitro do guanidino acetato sobre as atividades da Na+, K+-ATPase e da acetilcolinesterase em cérebro de ratos jovens

A deficiência de guanidino acetato metiltransferase (GAMT) é um erro inato do metabolismo da creatina caracterizado por hipotonia muscular, movimentos extrapiramidais involuntários e epilepsia. A doença é bioquimicamente caracterizada por acúmulo de guanidino acetato e deficiência de creatina e fosfocreatina nos tecidos dos pacientes afetados. Os mecanismos de disfunção neurológica que ocorrem nessa doença ainda são desconhecidos. A Na+,K+-ATPase desempenha um papel fundamental no sistema nervoso central (SNC), sendo responsável pela manutenção dos gradientes iônicos e pela propagação do impulso nervoso, consumindo cerca de 50% do ATP formado no cérebro. A acetilcolinesterase (AChE) é uma importante enzima regulatória que controla a transmissão de impulsos nervosos através de sinapses colinérgicas pela hidrólise da acetilcolina, e apresenta um papel fundamental na cognição. Com o propósito de ampliar o conhecimento sobre os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da deficiência de GAMT, esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o efeito do guanidino acetato, o principal metabólito acumulado na deficiência de GAMT, sobre as atividades das enzimas Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase e AChE em estriado de ratos. A cinética de inibição da Na+,K+-ATPase causada pelo guanidino acetato também foi estudada. Além disso, investigamos o efeito in vitro do guanidino acetato sobre as atividades da Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase e da AChE de hipocampo de ratos. Nossos resultados mostraram que o guanidino acetato não altera as atividades da AChE e Mg2+-ATPase. No entanto, a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase foi inibida por esse composto guanidínico (CG), e a análise cinética mostrou uma inibição do tipo acompetitiva. Também foi demonstrada uma interação entre o guanidino acetato e o ácido arginínico, sugerindo um sítio comum de ligação entre esses dois compostos na Na+,K+-ATPase. Os resultados mostraram que, o guanidino acetato inibiu a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase in vitro mas não alterou as atividades da Mg2+-ATPase e da AChE. Considerando que o guanidino acetato e outros compostos guanidínicos (CG) induzem a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio e que a Na+,K+-ATPase e a AChE são inibidas por radicais livres, estudamos o efeito da pré-incubação de homogeneizado de hipocampo de ratos na presença de guanidino acetato sobre a atividade dessas enzimas. Além disso, o efeito da pré-incubação de homogeneizado de ratos com guanidino acetato foi investigado na presença e ausência de antioxidantes, tais como glutationa (GSH), trolox, taurina e L-NAME. A pré-incubação de homogeneizado de hipocampos na presença de guanidino acetato inibiu a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase, mas não alterou a atividade da Mg2+-ATPase. No entanto, L-NAME e taurina foram capazes de prevenir tal efeito. Dessa forma, propõem-se que a inibição da atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase pelo guanidino acetato seja um dos mecanismos envolvidos na disfunção neuronal observada em pacientes com deficiência de GAMT.

Obtenção de alfa-olefinas em reações de oligomerização do eteno utilizando complexos de níquel em meio homogêneo e bifásico

Neste trabalho são descritos estudos comparativos de reações de oligomerização do etileno utilizando complexos do tipo: Ni-[P^O] e Ni-[Diimina] (na presença de MAO como cocatalisador). A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de verificar e comparar o comportamento dos dois complexos em estudo, quando estes passam do meio homogêneo para o meio bifásico (na presença de um líquido iônico). O líquido iônico utilizado é o tetrafluorborato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazol. Foram avaliados parâmetros reacionais como pressão, temperatura, tempo de reação, velocidade de agitação e volume de líquido iônico para o catalisador Ni-[P^O] nos meios homogêneo e bifásico. Para o precursor Ni-[Diimina], os parâmetros avaliados foram pressão e temperatura nos dois meios. Os produtos obtidos são olefinas lineares e ramificadas, principalmente α-olefinas; com faixa de distribuição de C4 a C20 (Distribuição Shulz-Flowry). As atividades obtidas nos ciclos de reações variam entre 21 h-1 a 32.772 h-1, e os resultados são interpretados envolvendo os mecanismos de reação. Devido as diferenças existentes entre nos complexos em estudo, verifica-se diferentes atividades e diferentes faixas de produtos oligoméricos. O comportamento obtido para cada complexo depende diretamente dos parâmetros reacionais utilizados, além do meio ao qual foram submetidos durante as reações.

Caminhos do lembrar: a construção e os usos políticos da memória no morro do Borel

O objetivo do presente trabalho é elaborar uma reflexão sobre os processos de construção e os usos políticos da memória na favela do Borel. Para o alcance dessa finalidade, serão analisados o livro “As lutas do povo do Borel”, de autoria de Manoel Gomes, ex-morador local e ex-militante comunista, já falecido, e o projeto Condutores de Memória, realizado por moradoras das favelas do Borel e da Casa Branca em parceria com a Agenda Social Rio. Desse modo, pretende-se pensar as características da articulação de diferentes atores na elaboração de suportes de memória de moradores de favelas, a partir do caso do Borel, bem como a forma como diferentes contextos históricos podem interferir na instrumentalização da memória como forma de reivindicação política.

Bullying: a violência entre adolescentes em contexto escolar: uma meta-análise

O bullying diz respeito a um tipo de violência exercida entre pares em contexto escolar, quando um aluno agride o outro de modo repetitivo, sem razão, causando-lhe danos intencionalmente, havendo uma desigualdade de poder entre eles. A realidade é que os jovens de hoje são os adultos de amanhã, logo os condutores da sociedade onde vivem e o fato de estarem envolvidos em bullying, deixa-nos muito preocupados em relação ao futuro. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo descrever de que forma o fenómeno bullying tem expressão na população adolescente, em contexto escolar. Metodologicamente, recorremos à meta-análise para integrar os resultados de estudos já realizados sobre o bullying e extrair novas conclusões. Os resultados sugerem: a existência de alunos adolescentes envolvidos em bullying, inclusivamente nas escolas da Região Autónoma da Madeira; os tipos de bullying sinalizados como existentes são: o verbal, o físico, o sexual, o psicológico, o social e, ainda, o cyberbullying; as agressões mais frequentes são as físicas e as verbais; as agressões ocorrem maioritariamente nos recreios, sala de aula, corredores e cantina; os diferentes perfis dos envolvidos; as diversas consequências para os intervenientes; os variados modos de intervenção em bullying.

Os efeitos das reclamações online na lealdade dos consumidores: um estudo experimental

In an environment of constant change, technological developments, market competition and more informed consumers, the search for a lasting relationship through the conquest of loyalty has become the objective of companies. However, several authors suggest that this loyalty can be affected by negative comments available on the internet. Therefore, this dissertation has as objective to examine if the complaints are available on the internet impact the loyalty to a brand of mobile phone. The research used as the basis the Expanded NCSB model suggest by Johnson et al. (2001), studying five prominent drives of loyalty: image/brand reputation, affective commitment, calculative commitment, perceived value and trust, beyond the satisfaction construct as moderator variable. The research method adopted was the experimental design which included 285 undergraduate students, with the trial which included 285 undergraduate students, with the field study of the mobile industry, specifically, the brands of cell phones. The research approach was quantitative and methods were descriptive statistics, factor analysis, cluster analysis, linear regression and non-parametric test of Wilcoxon for data analysis. Of the 16 hypothesis stemmed from the research model proposed, 12 were confirmed. The results showed that the complaint available on the internet, here represented by the available on the site Reclame Aqui, may impact consumer perceptions about brand loyalty, as well as its antecedents, being that these complaints can affect all the consumers, regardless of historical satisfaction with the brand. It also noted the positive relationship between the independent variables trust, image/brand reputation, perceived value, affective commitment and calculative commitment and the dependent variable - loyalty, even when considering the data obtained after exposure to the complaint. However, no unanimous conclusion that the relationship between these variables was strongest in the group with satisfactory experience. At the first moment of the research, the trust was the most important variable for the formation of loyalty. However, after exposure to treatment, the image/brand reputation, was more relevant. Contributions of the study, limitations and recommendations for future researches are approached in the present investigation

Estudo da moagem de alta energia e sinterização de pós compósitos W-Cu

The Tungsten/copper composites are commonly used for electrical and thermal objectives like heat sinks and lectrical conductors, propitiating an excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. These properties are dependents of the composition, crystallite size and production process. The high energy milling of the powder of W-Cu produces an dispersion high and homogenization levels with crystallite size of W very small in the ductile Cu phase. This work discusses the effect of the HEM in preparation of the W-25Cu composite powders. Three techniques of powder preparation were utilized: milling the dry with powder of thick Cu, milling the dry with powder of fine Cu and milling the wet with powder of thick Cu. The form, size and composition of the particles of the powders milled were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyse the phases, lattice parameters, size and microstrain of the crystallite. The analyse of the crystalline structure of the W-25Cu powders milled made by Rietveld Method suggests the partial solid solubility of the constituent elements of the Cu in lattice of the W. This analyse shows too that the HEM produces the reduction high on the crystallite size and the increase in the lattice strain of both phases, this is more intense in the phase W

Síntese e caracterização de catalisadores de LaNiO3 não suportados e suportados em Al2O3 e ZrO2 para a reforma a vapor do metano

Ionic oxides with ABO3 structure, where A represents a rare earth element or an alkaline metal and B is a transition metal from group VIII of the periodic table are potential catalysts for oxidation and good candidates for steam reforming reaction. Different methods have been considered for the synthesis of the oxide materials with perovskite structure to produce a high homogeneous material with low amount of impurities and low calcination temperatures. In the current work, oxides with the LaNiO3 formula had been synthesized using the method of the polymeric precursors. The thermal treatment of the materials took place at 300 ºC for 2h. The material supported in alumina and/or zirconia was calcined at 800 ºC temperature for 4h. The samples had been characterized by the following techniques: thermogravimetry; infrared spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; specific surface area; distribution of particle size; scanning electron microscopy and thermo-programmed reduction. The steam reforming reaction was carried out in a pilot plant using reducing atmosphere in the reactor with a mixture of 10% H2-Argon, a mass about 5g of catalyst, flowing at 50 mL.min-1. The temperature range used was 50 - 1000 oC with a heating rate of 10 oC.min-1. A thermal conductivity detector was used to analyze the gas after the water trapping, in order to permit to quantify the consumption of hydrogen for the lanthanum nickelates (LaNiO3). The results showed that lanthanum nickelate were more efficient when supported in alumina than when supported in zirconia. It was observed that the methane conversion was approximately 100% and the selectivity to hydrogen was about 70%. In all cases were verified low selectivity to CO and CO2

Síntese enzimática de ésteres de açúcar: surfactantes e polímeros como novos materiais ambientalmente seguros

Sugar esters are substances which possess surfactant, antifungical and bactericidal actions and can be obtained through two renewable sources of raw materials: sugars and vegetable oils. Their excellent biodegradability, allied to lhe fact that they are non toxic, insipid, inodorous, biocompatible, no-ionic, digestible and because they can resist to adverse conditions of temperature, pH and salinity, explain lhe crescent use of these substances in several sections of lhe industry. The objective of this thesis was to synthesize and characterize surfactants and polymers containing sugar branched in their structures, through enzymatic transesterification of vinyl esters and sugars, using alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis as catalyst, in organic medium (DMF).Three types of sugars were used: L-arabinose, D-glucose and sucrose and two types of vinyl esters: vinyl laurate and vinyl adipate. Aiming to reach high conversions from substrates to products for a possible future large scale industrial production, a serie of variables was optimized, through Design of Experiments (DOE), using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).The investigated variables were: (1) enzyme concentration; (2) molar reason of substrates; (3) water/solvent rale; (4) temperature and (5) time. We obtained six distinct sugar esters: 5-0-lauroyl L-arabinose, 6-0-lauroyl D-glucose, 1'-O-lauroyl sucrose, 5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose, 6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose and 1 '-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose, being lhe last three polymerizable. The progress of lhe reaction was monitored by HPLC analysis, through lhe decrease of sugar concentration in comparison to lhe blank. Qualitative analysis by TLC confirmed lhe formation of lhe products. In lhe purification step, two methodologies were adopted: (1) chromatographic column and (2) extraction with hot acetone. The acylation position and lhe chemical structure were determined by 13C-RMN. The polymerization of lhe three vinyl sugar esters was possible, through chemical catalysis, using H2O2 and K2S2O8 as initiators, at 60°C, for 24 hours. IR spectra of lhe monomers and respective polymers were compared revealing lhe disappearance of lhe vinyl group in lhe polymer spectra. The molar weights of lhe polymers were determined by GPC and presented lhe following results: poly (5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose): Mw = 7.2 X 104; PD = 2.48; poly (6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose): Mw = 2.7 X 103; PD = 1.75 and poly (1'-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose): Mw = 4.2 X 104; PD = 6.57. The six sugar esters were submitted to superficial tension tests for determination of the critical micelle concentrations (CMC), which varied from 122 to 167 ppm. Finally, a study of applicability of these sugar esters, as lubricants for completion fluids of petroleum wells was' accomplished through comparative analysis of lhe efficiency of these sugar esters, in relation to three commercial lubricants. The products synthesized in this thesis presented equivalent or superior action to lhe tested commercial products

Protótipo de um microgerador termoelétrico de estado sólido: cogeração a gás

The thermoelectric energy conversion can be performed directly on generators without moving parts, using the principle of SEEBECK effect, obtained in junctions of drivers' thermocouples and most recently in semiconductor junctions type p-n which have increased efficiency of conversion. When termogenerators are exposed to the temperature difference (thermal gradient) eletromotriz a force is generated inducing the appearance of an electric current in the circuit. Thus, it is possible to convert the heat of combustion of a gas through a burner in power, being a thermoelectric generator. The development of infrared burners, using porous ceramic plate, is possible to improve the efficiency of heating, and reduce harmful emissions such as CO, CO2, NOx, etc.. In recent years the meliorate of thermoelectric modules semiconductor (TEG's) has stimulated the development of devices generating and recovery of thermal irreversibility of thermal machines and processes, improving energy efficiency and exergy these systems, especially processes that enable the cogeneration of energy. This work is based on the construction and evaluation of a prototype in a pilot scale, for energy generation to specific applications. The unit uses a fuel gas (LPG) as a primary energy source. The prototype consists of a porous plate burner infrared, an adapter to the module generator, a set of semiconductor modules purchased from Hi-Z Inc. and a heat exchanger to be used as cold source. The prototype was mounted on a test bench, using a system of acquisition of temperature, a system of application of load and instrumentation to assess its functioning and performance. The prototype had an efficiency of chemical conversion of 0.31% for electrical and heat recovery for cogeneration of about 33.2%, resulting in an overall efficiency of 33.51%. The efficiency of energy exergy next shows that the use of primary energy to useful fuel was satisfactory, although the proposed mechanism has also has a low performance due to underuse of the area heated by the small number of modules, as well as a thermal gradient below the ideal informed by the manufacturer, and other factors. The test methodology adopted proved to be suitable for evaluating the prototype

Avaliação de parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em plantas de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com peróxico de hidrogênio

The genus Saccharum belongs to Poaceae family. Sugarcane has become important monocultures in Brazil due to their products: ethanol and sugar. The production may change between different regions from Brazil. This difference is related to soil, climatic conditions and temperature that promotes oxidative stress that may induce an early flowering. The aim of this work was to identify the effects of oxidative stress. In order to analyse this, sugarcane plants were submitted to oxidative stress using hydrogen peroxide. After this treatment, the oxidative stress were analyzed Then, the plant responses were analyzed under different approaches, using morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular tools. Thus, sugarcane plants were grown under controlled conditions and until two months they were subjected first to a hydroponics condition for 24 hours in order to acclimation. After this period, these plants were submitted to oxidative stresse using 0 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM hydrogen peroxide during 8 hours. The histomorphometric analysis allowed us to verify that both root and leaf tissues had a structural changes as it was observed by the increased in cell volume, lignin accumulation in cell walls. Besides, this observation suggested that there was a change in redox balance. Also, it was analyzed the activity of the SOD, CAT and APX enzymes. It was observed an increase in the SOD activity in roots and it was also observed a lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots. Then, in order to identify proteins that were differently expressed in this conditions it was used the proteomic tool either by bidimensional gel or by direct sequencing using the Q-TOF EZI. The results obtained with this approach identified more than 3.000 proteins with the score ranging from 100-5000 ions. Some of the proteins identified were: light Harvesting; oxygenevolving; Thioredoxin; Ftsh-like protein Pftf precusor; Luminal-binding protein; 2 cys peroxiredoxin e Lipoxygenase. All these proteins are involved in oxidative stress response, photsynthetic pathways, and some were classified hypothetical proteins and/or unknown (30% of total). Thus, our data allows us to propose that this treatment induced an oxidative stress and the plant in response changed its physiological process, it made changes in tissue, changed the redox response in order to survival to this new condition

Papel da localização da carga em determinação dos parâmetros do canal iônico

To aureus α-HL channel, we used the cysteine-scanning mutagenesis technique. Twenty-four mutants were produced from the substitution of a single aminoacid of the primary structure of the α-HL pro this yzed after the incorporation of a mutant channel in planar lipid bilayer membranes. The modified proteins were studied in the absence and presence of watersoluble specific sulphydryl-specific reagents, in order to introduce a strong positive or negative harge at positions of substitution. The introduction of a negative charge in the stem region onverted the selectivity of the channel from weak anionic to more cationic. However, the troduction of a positive charge increased its selectivity to the anion. The degree of these alterations was inversely dependent on the channel radius at the position of the introduced harge (selectivity). As to the asymmetry of the conductance-voltage, the influence of the harge was more complex. The introduction of the negative charge in the stem region (the trans art of the pore) provoked a decrease. The intensity of these alterations depended on the radius, and on the type of free charge at the pore entrance. These results suggest that the free charge at surrounds the pore wall is responsible for the cation-anion selectivity of the channel. The istribution of the charges between the entrances is crucial for determining the asymmetry of e conductance-voltage curves. We hope that these results serve as a model for studies with other nanometric channels, in biological or planar lipid bilayer membranes or in iotechnological applications

As cidades, os rios e as escolas: um estudo das práticas de educação ambiental nas cidades de Natal e Mossoró-RN

Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Norte

O percurso da ressignificação de si : do esporte à formação do professor de dança

The present work is characterized as a research-formation study. The author analyses his trajectory as dance professor, observing processes of transition in the perception of the body: from the mechanical body to the sensitive body. He tries to outstand this new meaning of the body and the dance teaching and artistic experience as the matter that instructs itself. This research puts together the experience of two teachers, one of them as student (researcher), while the other, as master and professor (collaborator) and intends to comprehend how this new meaning of the body was brought to each one s life, motivated by the dance. It is used the self biographic method and the research-formation methodology to analyze and identify common points between their self formation processes. The researcher and collaborator life narratives as well as a partially structured interview with the collaborator were used as investigation source. The analysis followed the models suggested by Schütze (1977), presented by Bauer and Jovchelovitch (2004), guided by the five pillars of the study: the Subject aspect, as guiding point for the analysis; Corporal aspect, as component and integrant element of an individual and of the dance; the Dance while seen as forming and guiding practice for the individuals researched; the Complexity aspect; and finally the Instructor and Professional Formation, emphasizing the self formation process. The results showed how the dance has changed their perception of their own bodies and the whole corporal aspect, leading to subject-actor body point of view, and no longer from a strictly mechanic perspective. The teaching trajectory was defined by the new evaluation of the body through the Dance bringing the individuals researched to a dialogical-reflexive teaching practice that motivates self consciousness, humanization and automatization, in the context of their background experiences and the environment they act

Caracterização do acidente de trânsito e gravidade do trauma: um estudo em vítimas de um hospital de emergência de Natal

Descriptive exploratory study, with quantitative approach and prospective data performed on the Monsenhor Walfredo Gurgel Hospital Complex (MWGH), in Natal/RN, aiming to classify the type of motor vehicle involved in the accident, the public roadway s user quality and the more frequent injuries; to evaluate the severity of trauma in traffic accident victims; characterized the severity of the injuries and the trauma, and the type of motor vehicle involved. The population comprises 605 traffic accident victims, with data collected between October and December 2007. We used as a support for the evaluation of severity of injuries and trauma the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCSl), the Condensed Abbreviated Injury Scale (CAIS) and the Injury Severity Score (ISS). The results show that 82.8% of the victims were male; 78.4% were aged 18 to 38; the victims originating from the State s Countryside prevailed (43.1%); 24.3% of the population had completed middle-level instruction; 23.1% worked on commerce and auxiliary activities; most (79.4%) was catholic; 48.8% were married/consensual union; 76.2% earned up to two monthly minimum wages; Sunday was the day with the most accidents (25.1%); 47.4% were attended to in under an hour after the event; the motorcycle on its own was responsible for 53.2% of the accidents; 42.3% were attended to by the SAMU; 61.8% were victims of crashes; over half (53.4%) used individual protection equipment (IPE); 49.4% were helmets and 4.0% the seatbelt; 61.3% were motorcycle drivers; 43.3% of the accidents took place in the afternoon shift; from 395 drivers, 55.2% were licensed, and 50.7% among those had been licensed for 1 to 5 years; 90.7% of the victims had GCS1 between 13 and 15 points at the time of evaluation; the body area most affected was the external surface (35.9%); 38.8% of the injuries were light or moderate (AIS=1 and AIS=2); 83.2% had light trauma (ISS between 1 and 15 points). In face of the results, we can conclude that there is a risk for the elevation of injury severity and trauma resulting from traffic accidents, when these events are related to certain variables such as gender, age, weekday, the interval between the accident and the first care, ingestion of drugs, type of accident, the public roadway s user quality, the use of IPE, day shift, body regions and the type of motor vehicle involved in the accident