Anxiogenic-like effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in mice. 'Efectos ansiog??nicos del ??cido gamma-hidroxibut??rico (GBH) en ratones evaluados en el test del 'light-dark'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Experience in the Surgical Management of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in the Hospital Occidente de Kennedy

The abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is the result of various physiological alterations produced by an abnormal increase of the intra-abdominal pressure. Some of these patients will undergo a surgical procedure for its management. Methods: This is a retrospective case series of 28 patients with ACS who required surgical treatment at the Hospital Occidente de Kennedy between 1999 and 2003. We assessed retrospectively the behavior of McNelis’s equation for prediction of the development of the ACS. Results: The leading cause of ACS in our study was intraabadominal infection (n=6 21,4%). Time elapsed between diagnosis and surgical decompression was less than 4 hours in 75% (n=21) of the cases. The variables that improved significantly after the surgical decompression were CVP (T: 4,0 p: 0,0001), PIM (T: 2,7; p: 0,004), PIA (T1,8; p:0,034) and Urine Output (T:-2,4; p:0,02). The values of BUN, Creatinine and the cardiovascular instability did not show improvement. The ICU and hospital length of stay were 11 days (SD: 9) and 18 days (SD13) respectively. Global mortality was 67,9% (n=19) and mortality directly attributable to the syndrome was 30% (n=8). The behavior of the McNelis’s equation was erratic. Conclusions: The demographic characteristics as well as disease processes associated with ACS are consistent with the literature. The association between physiological variables and ACS is heterogeneous between patients. Mortality rates attributable to ACS in our institution are within the range described world-wide. The behavior of the McNelis’s equation seems to depend greatly upon fluid balance.

La enseñanza de la neuroanatomía mediante cortes anatómicos conservados en envases de metacrilato.

Resumen tomado de la revista

Conservación de cortes anatómicos en envases individuales de metacrilato para la enseñanza de la anatomía seccional.

Resumen literal de la revista

Margaret Mead : Cultura y Educación.

Explicar las ideas más interesantes de Margaret Mead, acerca del condicionamiento de la cultura sobre la personas y de la educación como medio de transmisión e inculcación de dichos condicionamientos en los niños. Expone los datos bibliográficos y la trayectoria vital de Margaret Mead, estudia la adolescencia desde el enfoque antropológico de la misma autora, y analiza sus concepciones de la sexualidad y sus directrices acerca de la educación. 1) Margaret Mead considera que la educación mixta es indispensable para acostumbrar a un sexo a la presencia del otro, de modo que las diferencias sexuales se pierdan de vista, ante las más importantes y notables de la personalidad. 2) El fomento de amistades libres, es otra de las ideas de la autora, amistades no regimentadas, para así acabar con los males inherentes a la familia, demasiado íntima, sin sacrificio alguno de los beneficios adquiridos a precio tan alto. 3) Respecto a la organización familiar, piensa que ésta a menudo, mutila la vida emotiva y tuerce y trastorna el desarrollo de la iniciativa y creatividad que existe en muchos individuos para vivir su vida conscientemente. 4) Mientras que, la relación íntima entre padres e hijos tiene una influencia decisiva para la vida posterior, según se haya dado por parte de los hijos sometimiento o desafío para con los padres. 5) Al haber tantas normas, todos los adultos se esfuerzan desesperadamente por atar a su hijos a los rumbos particulares que ellos mismos han escogido, por medio de presiones de todo tipo, chantajes afectivos y, en general, medios nada estimables. 6) Como mayor defecto señala, como la profesionalización de la educación y la especialización de las tareas industriales, han quitado al hogar su antigua variedad de actividades, sucede que a los niños no se les hace sentir que el tiempo que dedican a una actividad controlada esté funcionalmente relacionado con la actividad adulta. Esta falta de conexión, será un determinante poderoso en la actitud del niño, ya que llega a construir un falso conjunto de categorías, totalmente compartimentadas, trabajo para los adultos, juego para el placer de los niños y escuela como molestia inexplicable, con ciertas compensaciones. 7) Margaret Mead concibe el trabajo como ese conjunto de tareas necesarias que hacen marchar la vida social. Lamenta el hecho de que los adultos llegan a hacerse excesivamente serios y a veces un poco insensibles, en el sentido de que rechazan el juego, la diversión creativa y por el contrario pierden lastimosamente el tiempo, sus pocos momentos de ocio aburridamente. Siente la necesidad inmediata, de que a nivel escolar, se tenga muy en cuenta esta realidad y se trate de remediarla, ideando modos de participación de los niños con la marcha de la vida y problemática de su medio ambiente, de modo que se coordine su vida escolar con el resto de su existencia y la escuela deje de ser un compartimento estanco y alejado de la vida. Margaret Mead como mujer libre de falsos prejuicios, es de las primeras mujeres que vivió entregada a un trabajo intelectual y científico importante, sin descuidar por ello, su vida como esposa y madre. Una mujer que no se acobardó, sino todo lo contrario, por las trabas que la sociedad e incluso a veces las mismas mujeres se imponían, para realizarse y cultivarse como una persona íntegra.

La transposición frecuencial : incidencia en las habilidades de identificación y el reconocimiento auditivo en jóvenes con pérdidas auditivas profundas.

Resumen en inglés. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Las matemáticas en la educación secundaria obligatoria.

Se trata de dos unidades didácticas relativas al área de las matemáticas, ante la necesidad de utilizar conceptos básicos trabajados en otras áreas curriculares, y así desvincular la idea de dicha materia como compartimento estanco, y desarrollar ejercicios prácticos y funcionales, adaptados a los alumnos de segundo ciclo de la E.S.O. La primera unidad didáctica titulada 'El plano del Tesoro' y cuyos autores son Luis V. Fernández Muiños y María Fe Conde Alonso, desarrolla los objetivos antes mencionados centrándose en el estudio de los sistemas de medidas, los sistemas de referencia en el plano y el concepto de escala. La segunda unidad didáctica títulada 'Estadística descriptiva' y elaborada por Ana María Mendoza Ocharán y otros, va dedicada a abarcar contenidos estadísticos para ser desarrollados en tercer curso de E.S.O..

Una metodología activa en las Ciencias Sociales.

Capacitar al niño para tomar parte activa en la realidad social en que está inserto. Observación y conocimiento del medio que rodea al alumno y adquisición de un vocabulario operativo relacionado con el entorno. Ofrecer a los profesores interesados en hacer algo distinto, un método de trabajo. Presentar una secuenciación de contenidos de primero a séptimo que pueden ser modificados y adecuados a otro entorno sociocultural distinto. Un total de 2.120 alumnos de los distintos colegios de Elche (Alicante). Se ha partido de la premisa metodológica de unir los conceptos de Ciencias Sociales a la realidad geográfica. Los conceptos se van introduciendo teniendo como base el área geográfica más próxima que el niño más pequeño puede experimentar: la calle, el barrio, el pueblo, etc. Para llegar a sexto trabajando el País Valenciano, y en séptimo se recurrirá ya a la representación gráfica y a la estadística más que a la salida. La metodología expuesta no es un compartimento estanco si no que estará sujeto a cambios e innovaciones. Se ha alejado a los alumnos del libro de texto confeccionado y de la memorización, en definitiva, de la enseñanza tradicional, logrando por otra parte un acercamiento a su realidad a través de la observación, la investigación, el trabajo en equipo y la discusión en el grupo-clase, alcanzando una madurez crítica ante las realidades del medio que ha observado. El nivel de adquisición de vocabulario es muy elevado. Se observa la gran dificultad que tienen los niños que asisten a escuelas del barrio industriales por falta de material. La ventaja de vivir en estos barrios es que viven de cerca la realidad y sus problemas. El niño se siente sujeto activo en su proceso de aprendizaje y asimila un conjunto de realidades a las que no llegaría con una metodología pasiva y tradicional.

Influência do sistema de libertação na permeação de uma molécula hidrofílica

Diferentes estratégias têm sido usadas para aumentar a eficácia e a segurança não só de medicamentos tópicos e transdérmicos, mas também de produtos cosméticos. Avanços na tecnologia de encapsulação levaram ao desenvolvimento de polímeros biodegradáveis multifuncionais invocando capacidades promotoras de permeação, permitindo uma libertação controlada de fármacos ou com propriedades protectoras. O objectivo deste estudo foi aplicar um polímero de origem natural – o alginato- na encapsulação de uma molécula hidrofilica modelo- a cafeína. Este permeante modelo foi encapsulado em três sistemas diferentes de alginato - macrosferas secas, hidratadas e microparticulas de cálcio-alginato. Adicionalmente, a cafeína também foi incorporada em três formulações passivas - uma solução aquosa, um gel de Carbopol© e um creme O/A. Foram feitos estudos de difusão in vitro com células de Franz, utilizando membranas de polidimetilsiloxano como modelo da epiderme humana. Quantidades equivalentes das diferentes formulações de cafeína foram colocadas no compartimento dador das células de Franz. Foram recolhidas amostras do compartimento receptor a cada 2 horas, durante 8 horas. Os vários fluxos em estado estacionário foram calculados. Os fluxos mais elevados foram obtidos a partir do creme O/A e as macrosferas secas de alginato. A libertação mais lenta de cafeína foi observada quando esta foi encapsulada em macrosferas hidratadas e nas microsferas. Estes diferentes perfis de permeação podem ser explicados pela natureza porosa destes últimos e por um mecanismo de troca iónica. Estes resultados são indicativos de que esta tecnologia pode ser usada com sucesso na modulação da biodisponibilidade de moléculas para administração transcutânea. Os polímeros de alginato parecem particularmente adequados à utilização na libertação controlada de fármacos com elevada potência farmacológica e estreitas janelas terapêuticas. Por outro lado, a sua aplicabilidade também poderá ser estendida a ingredientes cosméticos que, por razões de segurança, devem estar limitados às camadas mais superficiais da pele.

Molecular, cellular and physiological investigation of myostatin propeptide-mediated muscle growth in adult mice

Inhibition of myostatin signalling or its biological activity has recently emerged as a potential remedial approach against muscle wasting and degenerative diseases such as muscular dystrophies. In the present study we systemically administered a recombinant AAV8 vector expressing a mutated myostatin propeptide (AAV8ProMyo) to healthy mice in order to assess its impact on the histological, cellular and physiological properties of the skeletal muscle, exploiting the fact that myostatin is naturally inhibited by its own propeptide. We report that a single intravenous administration of AAV8ProMyo leads to increases in muscle mass of tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and gastrocnemius muscles 8 weeks post-injection and tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and rectus femoris muscles 17 weeks post-injection. Moreover, treatment resulted in muscle fibre hypertrophy but not hyperplasia, with IIB myofibres responding to the greatest extent following propeptide-induced myostatin inhibition. Additionally, myofibre nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio was decreased in the AAV8ProMyo treated animals. Importantly, the hypertrophic EDL muscle 8 weeks after AAV8ProMyo treatment did not show the dramatic decrease in specific force displayed by the germline myostatin null mice. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development and experimental identification of a biomechanical model of the trunk for functional electrical stimulation control in paraplegia

Objectives. Theoretic modeling and experimental studies suggest that functional electrical stimulation (FES) can improve trunk balance in spinal cord injured subjects. This can have a positive impact on daily life, increasing the volume of bimanual workspace, improving sitting posture, and wheelchair propulsion. A closed loop controller for the stimulation is desirable, as it can potentially decrease muscle fatigue and offer better rejection to disturbances. This paper proposes a biomechanical model of the human trunk, and a procedure for its identification, to be used for the future development of FES controllers. The advantage over previous models resides in the simplicity of the solution proposed, which makes it possible to identify the model just before a stimulation session ( taking into account the variability of the muscle response to the FES). Materials and Methods. The structure of the model is based on previous research on FES and muscle physiology. Some details could not be inferred from previous studies, and were determined from experimental data. Experiments with a paraplegic volunteer were conducted in order to measure the moments exerted by the trunk-passive tissues and artificially stimulated muscles. Data for model identification and validation also were collected. Results. Using the proposed structure and identification procedure, the model could adequately reproduce the moments exerted during the experiments. The study reveals that the stimulated trunk extensors can exert maximal moment when the trunk is in the upright position. In contrast, previous studies show that able-bodied subjects can exert maximal trunk extension when flexed forward. Conclusions. The proposed model and identification procedure are a successful first step toward the development of a model-based controller for trunk FES. The model also gives information on the trunk in unique conditions, normally not observable in able-bodied subjects (ie, subject only to extensor muscles contraction).

Preliminary observations on the presence of sustained tendon strain and eccentric contractions of the wrist extensors during a common manual task: implications for lateral epicondylitis

Lateral epicondylitis (LE) is hypothesized to occur as a result of repetitive, strenuous and abnormal postural activities of the elbow and wrist. There is still a lack of understanding of how wrist and forearm positions contribute to this condition during common manual tasks. In this study the wrist kinematics and the wrist extensors’ musculotendon patterns were investigated during a manual task believed to elicit LE symptoms in susceptible subjects. A 42-year-old right-handed male, with no history of LE, performed a repetitive movement involving pushing and turning a spring-loaded mechanism. Motion capture data were acquired for the upper limb and an inverse kinematic and dynamic analysis was subsequently carried out. Results illustrated the presence of eccentric contractions sustained by the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), together with an almost constant level of tendon strain of both extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and extensor digitorum communis lateral (EDCL) branch. It is believed that these factors may partly contribute to the onset of LE as they are both responsible for the creation of microtears at the tendons’ origins. The methodology of this study can be used to explore muscle actions during movements that might cause or exacerbate LE.

Adeno-associated virus-8-Mediated intravenous transfer of myostatin propeptide leads to systemic functional improvements of slow but not fast muscle

Myostatin is a member of the transformating growth factor-_ (TGF-_) superfamily of proteins and is produced almost exclusively in skeletal muscle tissue, where it is secreted and circulates as a serum protein. Myostatin acts as a negative regulator of muscle mass through the canonical SMAD2/3/4 signaling pathway. Naturally occurring myostatin mutants exhibit a ‘double muscling’ phenotype in which muscle mass is dramatically increased as a result of both hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Myostatin is naturally inhibited by its own propeptide; therefore, we assessed the impact of adeno associated virus-8 (AAV8) myostatin propeptide vectors when systemically introduced in MF-1 mice. We noted a significant systemic increase in muscle mass in both slow and fast muscle phenotypes, with no evidence of hyperplasia; however, the nuclei-to- cytoplasm ratio in all myofiber types was significantly reduced. An increase in muscle mass in slow (soleus) muscle led to an increase in force output; however, an increase in fast (extensor digitorum longus [EDL]) muscle mass did not increase force output. These results suggest that the use of gene therapeutic regimens of myostatin inhibition for age-related or disease-related muscle loss may have muscle-specific effects.

Histological and functional renal alterations caused by Bothrops alternatus snake venom: Expression and activity of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase

Background: Acute renal failure is a serious complication of human envenoming by Bothrops snakes. The ion pump Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase has an important role in renal tubule function, where it modulates sodium reabsorption and homeostasis of the extracellular compartment. Here, we investigated the morphological and functional renal alterations and changes in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression and activity in rats injected with Bothrops alternatus snake venom. Methods: Male Wistar rats were injected with venom (0.8 mg/kg, iv.) and renal function was assessed 6.24, 48 and 72 h and 7 days post-venom. The rats were then killed and renal Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was assayed based on phosphate release from ATP; gene and protein expressions were assessed by real time PCR and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. Results: Venom caused lobulation of the capillary tufts, dilation of Bowman`s capsular space. F-actin disruption in Bowman`s capsule and renal tubule brush border, and deposition of collagen around glomeruli and proximal tubules that persisted seven days after envenoming. Enhanced sodium and potassium excretion, reduced proximal sodium reabsorption, and proteinuria were observed 6 h post-venom, followed by a transient decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. Gene and protein expressions of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha(1) subunit were increased 6 h post-venom, whereas Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity increased 6 h and 24 h post-venom. Conclusions: Bothrops alternatus venom caused marked morphological and functional renal alterations with enhanced Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression and activity in the early phase of renal damage. General significance: Enhanced Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity in the early hours after envenoming may attenuate the renal dysfunction associated with venom-induced damage. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chronic supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta methylbutyrate (HM beta) increases the activity of the GH/IGF-I axis and induces hyperinsulinemia in rats

Objective: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HM beta) is a metabolite of leucine widely used for improving sports performance. Although limp is recognized to promote anabolic or anti-catabolic effects on protein metabolism, the impact of its long-term use on skeletal muscle and/or genes that control the skeletal protein balance is not fully known. This study aimed to investigate whether chronic HM beta treatment affects the activity of GH/IGF-I axis and skeletal muscle IGF-I and myostatin mRNA expression. Design: Rats were treated with HK beta (320 mg/kg BW) or vehicle, by gavage, for 4 weeks, and killed by decapitation. Blood was collected for evaluation of serum insulin, glucose and IGF-I concentrations. Samples of pituitary, liver, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles were collected for total RNA or protein extraction to evaluate the expression of pituitary growth hormone (GH) gene (mRNA and protein), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA, skeletal muscle IGF-I and myostatin mRNA by Northern blotting/real time-PCR, or Western blotting. Results: Chronic HM beta treatment increased the content of pituitary GH mRNA and GH, hepatic IGF-I mRNA and serum IGF-I concentration. No changes were detected on skeletal muscle IGF-I and myostatin mRNA expression. However, the HIM-treated rats although normoglycemic, exhibited hyperinsulinemia. Conclusions: The data presented herein extend the body of evidence on the potential role of HM beta-treatment in stimulating GH/IGF-I axis activity. In spite of this effect, HM beta supplementation also induces an apparent insulin resistance state which might limit the beneficial aspects of the former results, at least in rats under normal nutritional status and health conditions. (C) 2010 Growth Hormone Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.