El heterónimo Federico Sánchez en la obra de Jorge Semprún

Este trabajo estudia el heterónimo Federico Sánchez desde la doble perspectiva de la identidad narrativa y su construcción autobiográfica. En este sentido se aborda una dimensión biográfico-histórica, asimilable al nombre de guerra de Jorge Semprún en la clandestinidad; una segunda, como autor, expresada a través del seudónimo con el que firmó una parte de su obra; y en tercer lugar, una dimensión literaria asociada a la creación de un personaje a partir de distintos pactos de lectura. El estudio se centra en la presencia del heterónimo en dos segmentos bien delimitados de su corpus. Por un lado en buena parte de la escritura de Jorge Semprún anterior a Le grand voyage (1963), donde se incluyen tanto su escritura con seudónimo como dos obras de teatro poco conocidas, la inédita Soledad (1947) y la clandestina ¡Libertad para los 34 de Barcelona! (1953), relacionadas de distinto modo con el espacio autobiográfico de Federico Sánchez. Por otro lado se estudia la presencia del heterónimo en las obras que reconstruyen autobiográficamente a Federico Sánchez, principalmente Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (1977), las dos que junto a ésta hemos agrupado bajo la denominación “ciclo de Federico Sánchez”: Federico Sánchez se despide de ustedes (1993) y Veinte años y un día (2003), y otros ejemplos extraídos de la obra de Jorge Semprún. El estudio de la identidad narrativa parte de un panorama crítico del segmento de la obra temprana del escritor relacionada con el heterónimo. A continuación se aborda un estudio sistemático de la identidad narrativa de Federico Sánchez en estas obras a partir de la hipótesis de que ésta se construye a partir de un dialogo con la identidad narrativa colectiva del movimiento comunista, y muy particularmente el español. En este contexto se atiende también a la función que Jorge Semprún ocupa en el colectivo como portavoz autorizado del relato en tres etapas: la presentación de su candidatura a tal función representada por Soledad (1947); la hipercorrección de esta última obra, rectificando errores tras su presentación a las instancias culturales y políticas del PCE en ¡Libertad para los 34 de Barcelona! (1953); y por último su consolidación como intelectual orgánico que coincide con la adopción del seudónimo y la consiguiente diversificación y especialización de su discurso, representado por sus artículos. Paralelamente al estudio de la identidad narrativa individual de Federico Sánchez se investiga su lectura y reescritura de la identidad narrativa colectiva del movimiento comunista, donde priman los elementos nacionales sobre los universales. La última parte del trabajo aborda el proyecto autobiográfico sempruniano articulado a partir de la figura de Federico Sánchez. El corpus elegido se corresponde ahora con el ciclo de Federico Sánchez, y en particular sus memorias políticas Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (1977). El estudio se organiza a partir de una primera aproximación literaria, donde se analizan los diferentes pactos de lectura, en particular la función del heterónimo, entre otros aspectos como la recuperación de estrategias narrativas de su obra temprana, desde la vida en condicional a la puesta en cuestión del relato del otro, pasando por la parodia personal. No obstante el interés principal de esta parte del trabajo se concentra sobre las particularidades del espacio autobiográfico sugerido por Jorge Semprún en esta obra y la indefinición del eje retrospectivo de su escritura autobiográfica. Este trabajo demuestra cómo Semprún, a la hora de reconstruir la identidad narrativa individual de Federico Sánchez, subraya los rasgos universales de la identidad idem de la vie bonne del comunista. Por otro lado, la puesta en primer plano de esta proyección identitaria sirve para relativizar u obviar su papel como dirigente de primer orden en el seno del PCE, su labor como intelectual orgánico y algunos episodios de su biografía política. Al mismo tiempo, en esta reescritura identitaria tejida en torno al heterónimo, se desarrollan, rehabilitan o aparecen otros modelos identitarios diferentes al comunista. A partir de éstos Semprún, y Federico Sánchez en particular, se configuran narrativamente en diferentes grados: desde el paradigma del intelectual dreyfusard, hasta la progresiva e irónica reivindicación de su origen burgués y aristocrático, pasando por la críptica pero recurrente alusión a su origen judío. La identidad narrativa colectiva del movimiento comunista representada en su proyecto autobiográfico recorre aquí una serie de transformaciones al producirse un solapamiento de distintos niveles de análisis y una indefinición del eje retrospectivo que se ponen al servicio del objetivo retórico de una crítica general del PCE y en general de la tradición kominterniana. En conclusión, la reconstrucción de Federico Sánchez de Jorge Semprún a partir de su escritura autobiográfica y novelesca no coincide con la literatura asociada a este heterónimo como autor, abriéndose así un nuevo campo de investigación de contraste documental que compromete la veracidad de su proyecto autobiográfico.

El surrealismo en la obra poética de Federico García Lorca

The main objective of this investigation is the retrieval of the study of possible Surrealism in Federico García Lorcás poetic work, a poet who enjoyed in his time prestige and international fame for decades, and still does. Numerous articles in magazines and newspapers of his time speak of his writings, literary activities and stand as a testimony of how well-regarded he was during his lifetime and even after his tragic murder death at the hands of fascists right after the outbreak of the Spanish civil war back in July 1936. Nevertheless, and for diverse reasons, literary ,social, as well as the extent of the studies, researches and abundant biographies about him, the study of Surrealism in all his works, such as in his playwrights for instance, has not been sufficiently expanded, and has been overlooked by the extensive bibliographies written about him. We have limited the investigation to his poetic works only. The extensive bibliographies written about him, is a fact that hindered and held back our efforts, as we had to resort to resources from different libraries, such as the Faculty of Philology of the UCM General Library, the Faculty of Information Science, the Student Residence, as well as the National Library. In addition to the analysis and commentary of his works, not to mention that current publications on him, various literary magazines and articles from the poet’s time have been consulted as well...

Sobre los apellidos vascongados : publicado en 1875 en Detmold por Augusto Federico Pott, en conmemoración de la feliz terminación del Gran Diccionario Sanskrito empezado en 1852 y terminado en 1875 por Bothlingk y Roth / traducido del alemán por Eliano

Ded. autógr. del trad.

Las relaciones comerciales de Costa Rica en el Pacífico (1575-1821)

IntroducciónLos inicios de la colonización de Costa Rica y el comercio con Panamá En 1575 podemos situar los inicios de la sociedad colonial de Costa Rica y el fin del largo periodo de inestabilidad que caracterizó a la conquista. La colonización del interior del país se sustentó en el establecimiento del régimen de encomienda sobre la población indígena de gran parte de los habitantes originales del Valle Central del país, sobrevivientes a la catástrofe demográfica provocada por la conquista española…

Molecular architecture of the human sinus node: insights into the function of the cardiac pacemaker.

BACKGROUND: Although we know much about the molecular makeup of the sinus node (SN) in small mammals, little is known about it in humans. The aims of the present study were to investigate the expression of ion channels in the human SN and to use the data to predict electrical activity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence were used to analyze 6 human tissue samples. Messenger RNA (mRNA) for 120 ion channels (and some related proteins) was measured in the SN, a novel paranodal area, and the right atrium (RA). The results showed, for example, that in the SN compared with the RA, there was a lower expression of Na(v)1.5, K(v)4.3, K(v)1.5, ERG, K(ir)2.1, K(ir)6.2, RyR2, SERCA2a, Cx40, and Cx43 mRNAs but a higher expression of Ca(v)1.3, Ca(v)3.1, HCN1, and HCN4 mRNAs. The expression pattern of many ion channels in the paranodal area was intermediate between that of the SN and RA; however, compared with the SN and RA, the paranodal area showed greater expression of K(v)4.2, K(ir)6.1, TASK1, SK2, and MiRP2. Expression of ion channel proteins was in agreement with expression of the corresponding mRNAs. The levels of mRNA in the SN, as a percentage of those in the RA, were used to estimate conductances of key ionic currents as a percentage of those in a mathematical model of human atrial action potential. The resulting SN model successfully produced pacemaking. CONCLUSIONS: Ion channels show a complex and heterogeneous pattern of expression in the SN, paranodal area, and RA in humans, and the expression pattern is appropriate to explain pacemaking.

Long-term exposure to gaseous air pollutants and cardio-respiratory mortality in Brisbane, Australia

Air pollution is ranked by the World Health Organisation as one of the top ten contributors to the global burden of disease and injury. Exposure to gaseous air pollutants, even at a low level, has been associated with cardiorespiratory diseases (Vedal, Brauer et al. 2003). Most recent epidemiological studies of air pollution have used time-series analyses to explore the relationship between daily mortality or morbidity and daily ambient air pollution concentrations based on the same day or previous days (Hajat, Armstrong et al. 2007). However, most of the previous studies have examined the association between air pollution and health outcomes using air pollution data from a single monitoring site or average values from a few monitoring sites to represent the whole population of the study area. In fact, for a metropolitan city, ambient air pollution levels may differ significantly among the different areas. There is increasing concern that the relationships between air pollution and mortality may vary with geographical area (Chen, Mengersen et al. 2007). Additionally, some studies have indicated that socio-economic status can act as a confounder when investigating the relation between geographical location and health (Scoggins, Kjellstrom et al. 2004). This study examined the spatial variation in the relationship between long-term exposure to gaseous air pollutants (including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and sulphur dioxide (SO2)), and cardiorespiratory mortality in Brisbane, Australia, during the period 1996 - 2004.

Effective pattern taxonomy mining in text documents

Many data mining techniques have been proposed for mining useful patterns in databases. However, how to effectively utilize discovered patterns is still an open research issue, especially in the domain of text mining. Most existing methods adopt term-based approaches. However, they all suffer from the problems of polysemy and synonymy. This paper presents an innovative technique, pattern taxonomy mining, to improve the effectiveness of using discovered patterns for finding useful information. Substantial experiments on RCV1 demonstrate that the proposed solution achieves encouraging performance.

Reparations for Indigenous People: International and Comparative Perspectives

Published in concomitance with the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, this volume brings together a group of renowned legal experts and activists from different parts of the world who, from international and comparative perspectives, investigate the right of indigenous peoples to reparation for breaches of their individual and collective rights. The first part of the book is devoted to general aspects of this important matter, providing a comprehensive assessment of the relevant international legal framework and including overviews of the topic of reparations for human rights violations, the status of indigenous peoples in international law, and the vision of reparations as conceived by the communities concerned. The second part embraces a comprehensive investigation of the relevant practice at the international, regional, and national level, examining the best practices of reparations according to the ideologies and expectations of indigenous peoples and offering a comparative perspective on the ways in which the right of these peoples to redress for the injuries suffered is realized worldwide. The global picture painted by these contributions provides a view of the status of relevant international law that is synthesized in the two final chapters of the book, which include a concrete example of how a judicial claim for reparation is to be structured and prescribes the best practices and strategies to be adopted in order to maximize the opportunities for indigenous peoples to obtain effective redress. As a whole, this volume offers a comprehensive vision of its subject matter in international and comparative law, with a practical approach aimed at supporting legal academics, administrators, and practitioners in improving the avenues and modalities of reparations for indigenous peoples

Design of experiments for bivariate binary responses modelled by Copula functions

Optimal design for generalized linear models has primarily focused on univariate data. Often experiments are performed that have multiple dependent responses described by regression type models, and it is of interest and of value to design the experiment for all these responses. This requires a multivariate distribution underlying a pre-chosen model for the data. Here, we consider the design of experiments for bivariate binary data which are dependent. We explore Copula functions which provide a rich and flexible class of structures to derive joint distributions for bivariate binary data. We present methods for deriving optimal experimental designs for dependent bivariate binary data using Copulas, and demonstrate that, by including the dependence between responses in the design process, more efficient parameter estimates are obtained than by the usual practice of simply designing for a single variable only. Further, we investigate the robustness of designs with respect to initial parameter estimates and Copula function, and also show the performance of compound criteria within this bivariate binary setting.

A general method to determine sampling windows for nonlinear mixed effects models with an application to population pharmacokinetic studies

Optimal design methods have been proposed to determine the best sampling times when sparse blood sampling is required in clinical pharmacokinetic studies. However, the optimal blood sampling time points may not be feasible in clinical practice. Sampling windows, a time interval for blood sample collection, have been proposed to provide flexibility in blood sampling times while preserving efficient parameter estimation. Because of the complexity of the population pharmacokinetic models, which are generally nonlinear mixed effects models, there is no analytical solution available to determine sampling windows. We propose a method for determination of sampling windows based on MCMC sampling techniques. The proposed method attains a stationary distribution rapidly and provides time-sensitive windows around the optimal design points. The proposed method is applicable to determine sampling windows for any nonlinear mixed effects model although our work focuses on an application to population pharmacokinetic models.