A Teoria do fortuito externo: um novo estudo

Apresentação histórica dos conceitos de caso fortuito e força maior. Avanço doutrinário em relação aos sistemas de responsabilidade civil. Responsabilidade civil subjetiva e responsabilidade civil objetiva. Perda de importância do elemento subjetivo culpa. Teorias explicativas das situações de caso fortuito e de força maior. Objetivista e subjetivista. Posição adotada pelo legislador. Equiparação dos efeitos de caso fortuito e de força maior. Evolução do estudo do direito consumerista. Fortuito interno. Evolução. Fortuito externo. Rompimento do nexo de causalidade. Externidade. Principais características.

O processo decisório do empreendedor frente à transição da pequena para a média empresa: casos do setor hoteleiro na cidade Curitiba-PR

O presente estudo buscou entender como as mudanças ocasionadas pelo crescimento da empresa afetam o processo decisório, com foco na transição de pequena para média empresa. Buscou-se preencher o gap existente sobre esse período de transição entre pequenas e médias empresas, principalmente sob os aspectos abordados pelas lógicas Effectuation e Causation, descritas por Sarasvathy (2001). Esta pesquisa parte do princípio de que as pequenas empresas possuem poucos níveis hierárquicos e geralmente as decisões estão centralizadas no empreendedor-proprietário. Já quando a empresa cresce e torna-se média empresa, há um aumento nas formalizações dos processos e nas hierarquias. Com isso, há uma necessidade de modificar o processo decisório, que pode ser descentralizada ou envolver mais pessoas, se comparado às pequenas empresas. O referencial teórico da pesquisa, teve como base temas relativos à pequenas e médias empresas; setor hoteleiro, estrutura organizacional; ciclo de vida das organizações; processo decisório; e, por fim, o uso das lógicas causation e effectuation, com foco nas características do processo decisório do empreendedor. A pesquisa teve de caráter qualitativo e exploratório e faz uso do método de estudos de casos, através de entrevistas em profundidade com empreendedores do setor hoteleiro, que é um setor de serviços que tem tido grande visibilidade e crescimento nos últimos anos. Foram analisados dois casos no setor hoteleiro de Curitiba- PR, que passaram recentemente pela fase de transição de pequena para média empresa. Em cada um dos casos foram entrevistados os proprietários-fundadores, os seus sucessores diretos e o gerente-geral. Também levantou-se depoimentos de clientes em sites de avalizações de hospedagem. Para análise dos dados foram atribuídas categorias analíticas, e foi realizada a análise do conteúdo, (contrapondo com o referencial teórico apresentado) e cross-case analysis (comparativo das informações obtidas em cada caso). Ao finalizar a pesquisa, concluiu-se que a transição de pequena para média empresa afeta as decisões no sentido de aumentar a formalização de processos, há uma delegação de pequenos poderes, um maior distanciamento dos funcionários e a cúpula administrativa, há uma preocupação maior com a capacitação dos funcionários, são consideração de aspectos racionais na decisão, há uma equipe de suporte para tomada de decisões, há uma preocupação com o longo prazo, as responsabilidades tornam-se mais claras, e mais autonomia é delegada aos funcionários. Pode-se dizer que não mudou o fato da administração permanecer familiar, o foco das decisões ainda mantém-se no curto prazo, as decisões permanecem flexíveis, mantém-se a centralização do poder de decisões estratégicas; há ainda uma dificuldade em separar o pessoal do profissional, definição de metas e objetivos não muito claras, investimentos em um projeto por vez, e o uso de rede de contatos ainda é importante para o desenvolvimento da empresa.

As desventuras do duty to mitigate the loss no Brasil : nascimento (e morte) de um brocardo

Primeiramente, o trabalho descreve sinteticamente a tradição common law, inserindo o o duty to mitigate the loss em contexto próprio. Então, traça as linhas gerais que, naquele cenário, conformam o instituto. Atenção é dada aos fundamentos do duty to mitigate the loss e às funções por ele desempenhadas, inclusive nos casos subordinados à United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). No contexto próprio, o duty to mitigate the loss tem por fundamento primeiro a causation e funciona como um limitador do quantum indenizatório; não trata de um “dever”; cabe ao demandante; tem na razoabilidade das medidas mitigadoras e no reembolso das despesas incorridas características essenciais. Em segundo lugar, a dissertação investiga o duty to mitigate the loss no Brasil, a partir da doutrina selecionada e de decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e de diversos tribunais estaduais. As pesquisas demonstram que o duty to mitigate the loss, sob o nome de mitigation doctrine, ingressou no Brasil pela doutrina, mas desta forma repercutiu pouco nos tribunais. Desprovido desta influência doutrinária anterior, o duty to mitigate the loss retornou ao Brasil por meio de enunciado do Conselho da Justiça Federal, proposto em documento cujo conteúdo é objeto de reflexões neste trabalho, notadamente na questão da íntima relação entre o duty to mitigate the loss e a boa-fé objetiva. A partir do leading case no Superior Tribunal de Justiça, que adotou o enunciado e o documento que lhe serviu de proposta, o duty to mitigate the loss expandiu rapidamente no Brasil. Em São Paulo, foi alçado à princípio e brocardo. No Superior Tribunal e Justiça, foi considerado sub-princípio da boa-fé e aplicado em questões adjetivas e substantivas criminais. Comparativamente, o duty to mitigate the loss no Brasil guarda remotas semelhanças ao instituto homônimo da common law. Este trabalho aponta as diferenças entre os intitutos e concluí com a sistematização das funções que o duty to mitigate the loss desempenha no Brasil, formulando proposta para a reedição de enunciado do Conselho da Justiça Federal.

We're Chained: an analysis of systemic risk in finance

This dissertation presents two papers on how to deal with simple systemic risk measures to assess portfolio risk characteristics. The first paper deals with the Granger-causation of systemic risk indicators based in correlation matrices in stock returns. Special focus is devoted to the Eigenvalue Entropy as some previous literature indicated strong re- sults, but not considering different macroeconomic scenarios; the Index Cohesion Force and the Absorption Ratio are also considered. Considering the S&P500, there is not ev- idence of Granger-causation from Eigenvalue Entropies and the Index Cohesion Force. The Absorption Ratio Granger-caused both the S&P500 and the VIX index, being the only simple measure that passed this test. The second paper develops this measure to capture the regimes underlying the American stock market. New indicators are built using filtering and random matrix theory. The returns of the S&P500 is modelled as a mixture of normal distributions. The activation of each normal distribution is governed by a Markov chain with the transition probabilities being a function of the indicators. The model shows that using a Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of the normalized eigenval- ues exhibits best fit to the returns from 1998-2013.

Os argumentos transcendentais: kant e o problema de hume

This work whose title is "The transcendental arguments: Kant Andy Hume's problem" has as its main objective to interpret Kant's answer to Hume's problem in the light of the conjunction of the causality and induction themes which is equivalent to skeptical- naturalist reading of the latter. In this sense, this initiative complements the previous treatment seen in our dissertation, where the same issue had been discussed from a merely skeptical reading that Kant got from Hume thought and was only examined causality. Among the specific objectives, we list the following: a) critical philosophy fulfills three basic functions, a founding, one negative and one would argue that the practical use of reason, here named as defensive b) the Kantian solution of Hume's problem in the first critisism would fulfill its founding and negative functions of critique of reason; c) the Kantian treatment of the theme of induction in other criticisms would will fulfill the defense function of critique of reason; d) that the evidence of Kant's answer to Hume's problem are more consistent when will be satisfied these three functions or moments of criticism. The basic structure of the work consists of three parts: the first the genesis of Hume's problem - our intention is to reconstruct Hume's problem, analyzing it from the perspective of two definitions of cause, where the dilution of the first definition in the second match the reduction of psychological knowledge to the probability of following the called naturalization of causal relations; whereas in the second - Legality and Causality - it is stated that when considering Hume in the skeptic-naturalist option, Kant is not entitled to respond by transcendental argument A􀁴B; A⊢B from the second Analogy, evidence that is rooted in the position of contemporary thinkers, such as Strawson and Allison; in third part - Purpose and Induction - admits that Kant responds to Hume on the level of regulative reason use, although the development of this test exceeds the limits of the founding function of criticism. And this is articulated in both the Introduction and Concluding Remarks by meeting the defensive [and negative] function of criticism. In this context, based on the use of so-called transcendental arguments that project throughout the critical trilogy, we provide solution to a recurring issue that recurs at several points in our submission and concerning to the "existence and / or the necessity of empirical causal laws. In this light, our thesis is that transcendental arguments are only an apodictic solution to the Hume s skeptical-naturalist problem when is at stake a practical project in which the interest of reason is ensured, as will, in short, proved in our final considerations

A inferência causal na filosofia moral de Hume.

Starting from the idea that the result of the Humean analysis of causal inferences must be applied coherently to the remaining part of his work, including its moral theory, the present master thesis aims at investigating whether Hume´s moral philosophy is essentially based on feeling, or whether this would not be rather essentially a consequence of our causal inferences in human actions and deliberations. The main idea consists in showing that our moral inferences, to the extent that they are for Hume empirical , depend on our belief in a connexion between something which has been previously observed and something which is not being observed ( but that it is expected to occur or to be observed in the future). Thus, this very belief must base our moral inferences concerning the actions and deliberations of the individuals. Therefore, must e o ipso induce us to associate actions and behaviors, as well as character and moral claims of men to certain moral feelings. Accordingly, the thesis is unfolded in three chapters. In the first chapter Hume´s theory of the perception is reported as essential part of the explanation or the principles that bind ideas in our mind and constitute our inferences. In the second chapter, the Humean analysis of causal inferences is presented and the way they contribute in the formation of our moral inferences is explained. In the third and last chapter, the formation of our moral inferences and the real contribution of the doctrine of freedom and necessity for the examination or our actions are analysed and discussed.

Are large-scale distributional shifts of the blue-winged macaw (Primolius maracana) related to climate change?

Aim To evaluate whether observed geographical shifts in the distribution of the blue-winged macaw (Primolius maracana) are related to ongoing processes of global climate change. This species is vulnerable to extinction and has shown striking range retractions in recent decades, withdrawing broadly from southern portions of its historical distribution. Its range reduction has generally been attributed to the effects of habitat loss; however, as this species has also disappeared from large forested areas, consideration of other factors that may act in concert is merited.Location Historical distribution of the blue-winged macaw in Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northern Argentina.Methods We used a correlative approach to test a hypothesis of causation of observed shifts by reduction of habitable areas mediated by climate change. We developed models of the ecological niche requirements of the blue-winged macaw, based on point-occurrence data and climate scenarios for pre-1950 and post-1950 periods, and tested model predictivity for anticipating geographical distributions within time periods. Then we projected each model to the other time period and compared distributions predicted under both climate scenarios to assess shifts of habitable areas across decades and to evaluate an explanation for observed range retractions.Results Differences between predicted distributions of the blue-winged macaw over the twentieth century were, in general, minor and no change in suitability of landscapes was predicted across large areas of the species' original range in different time periods. No tendency towards range retraction in the south was predicted, rather conditions in the southern part of the species' range tended to show improvement for the species.Main conclusions Our test permitted elimination of climate change as a likely explanation for the observed shifts in the distribution of the blue-winged macaw, and points rather to other causal explanations (e.g. changing regional land use, emerging diseases).

Pensamento, fenômeno experimental e experimento na proposta pragmaticista

O Pragmaticismo de Charles Sanders Peirce, como teoria geral da concepção, e uma teoria do signo e uma teoria do pensamento. Limitando-se à consideração do teor racional dos símbolos, o pragmaticismo procura estabelecer o tipo de causação atribuível ao pensamento: uma causação eficiente centralizada na percepção e no experimento e uma causação final que determina um hábito racional de conduta diante da classe geral de fenômenos experimentais representada no conceito.

Cosmos evolutivo e plano da criação na filosofia peirceana

O uso da metáfora da sob-existência do plano de um velho fórum na mente de seu arquiteto, a fim de entender o modo de ser do estado inicial do cosmos poderia dar origem a uma postulação de um plano na mente divina ou na natureza. A perfeição divina e o processo evolucionário do cosmos e da Razão, tais como são expostos na filosofia de PEIRCE, parecem opor-se à realidade de um tal plano. O presente artigo é um ensaio de discussão desta questão.

The importance of the manufacturing sector for Brazilian economic development

Includes bibliography

Continuum psicofísico: uma abordagem baseada no pensamento de Charles S. Pierce

Pós-graduação em Filosofia - FFC

A natureza comportamental da mente: behaviorismo radical e filosofia da mente

Pós-graduação em Filosofia - FFC

The impact of climate change on the macroeconomy in the Caribbean

In this study, an attempt is made to assess the economic impact of climate change on nine countries in the Caribbean basin: Aruba, Barbados, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. A methodological approach proposed by Dell et al. (2008) is used in preference to the traditional Integrated Assessment Models. The evolution of climate variables and of the macroeconomy of each of the nine countries over the period 1970 to 2006 is analyzed and preliminary evidence of a relationship between the macroeconomy and climate change is examined. The preliminary investigation uses correlation, Granger causality and simple regression methods. The preliminary evidence suggests that there is some relationship but that the direction of causation between the macroeconomy and the climate variables is indeterminate. The main analysis involves the use of a panel data (random effects) model which fits the historical data (1971-2007) very well. Projections of economic growth from 2008 to 2099 are done on the basis of four climate scenarios: the International Panel on Climate Change A2, B2, a hybrid A2B2 (the mid-point of A2 and B2), and a ‘baseline’ or ‘Business as Usual’ scenario, which assumes that the growth rate in the period 2008-2099 is the same as the average growth rate over the period 1971-2007. The best average growth rate is under the B2 scenario, followed by the hybrid A2B2 and A2 scenarios, in that order. Although negative growth rates eventually dominate, they are largely positive for a long time. The projections all display long-run secular decline in growth rates notwithstanding short-run upward trends, including some very sharp ones, moving eventually from declining positive rates to negative ones. The costs associated with the various scenarios are all quite high, rising to as high as a present value (2007 base year) of US$14 billion in 2099 (constant 1990 prices) for the B2 scenario and US$21 billion for the BAU scenario. These costs were calculated on the basis of very conservative estimates of the cost of environmental degradation. Mitigation and adaptation costs are likely to be quite high though a small fraction of projected total investment costs.

A causação mental segundo o realismo prático de Lynne Rudder Baker

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the problem of mental causation according to Lynne Rudder Baker’s Practical Realism. I try to show how the pragmatic assumptions of the philosopher allow her to criticize the prevalent views about the relation between mind and body, the Cartesian dualism, and, especially, the Jaegwon Kim’s reductionist materialism, as well as to restore and bypass, not without problems, the difficulties inherent in those approaches.

Zuckertransport und Regulation des Hexosestoffwechsels bei Oenococcus oeni

Das Milchsäurebakterium Oenococcus oeni, welches für den biologischen Säureabbau im Wein eingesetzt wird, verstoffwechselt Hexosen über den Phosphoketolaseweg. Dabei können beträchtliche Mengen Acetat entstehen. Die Ursachen dafür wurden untersucht, insbesondere der Fructosestoffwechsel. Außerdem wurde der Hexosetransport untersucht, über den bei O. oeni noch nichts bekannt war. Die Aufnahme von Hexosen in die Zelle erfolgt mit hoher Affinität (KM=10 µM) über einen Symport mit H+, aber mit sehr niedriger spezifischer Aktivität (Vmax=9 U / g TG). Zusätzlich werden Hexosen mit ausreichender Aktivität über (vermutlich erleichterte) Diffusion in die Zelle transportiert, allerdings nur bei hohen Hexosekonzentrationen. Es wurden Gene gefunden, die für ein Hexose- Phosphotransferasesystem kodieren, welches in O. oeni keine bedeutende Rolle beim Transport spielt, aber vermutlich eine regulative Funktion hat. Zur Bildung von Essigsäure tragen verschiedene Faktoren bei: Der Ethanolweg, der in der heterofermentativen Milchsäuregärung die Reoxidation von NAD(P)H bewerkstelligt, ist durch die niedrige spezifische Aktivität der Acetaldehyddehydrogenase limitiert. Diese Limitierung wird noch verstärkt, wenn die zellulären Gehalte von Coenzym A aufgrund von Pantothensäuremangel niedrig sind. O. oeni umgeht durch Bildung von Erythrit die Limitierung, und Acetylphosphat wird nicht zu Ethanol reduziert, sondern als Acetat ausgeschieden. Bei Cofermentation von Hexosen mit externen Elektronenakzeptoren, wie Fructose, Pyruvat oder Sauerstoff, werden letztere zur Reoxidation von NAD(P)H genutzt, und als Folge wird Acetat ausgeschieden. Der Fluss von Fructose in den Phosphoketolaseweg wird durch das Enzym Phosphoglucoseisomerase verhindert, wenn dieses durch 6-Phosphogluconat gehemmt wird. Als Konsequenz wird Fructose im Mannitweg reduziert, was die Bildung von Essigsäure im Phosphoketolaseweg fördert. Bei niedrigen Wachstums- und Stoffwechselraten, z.B. bei C-Limitierung, ist der Ethanolweg nicht limitierend für den Stoffwechsel, und Hexosen werden über heterofermentative Milchsäuregärung umgesetzt, ohne daß Acetat entsteht. Pyruvat kann gleichzeitig als Elektronenakzeptor und als Energiequelle dienen: O. oeni ist in der Lage, Pyruvat mittels Disproportionierung zu Lactat und Acetat+CO2 zu fermentieren, und dabei Energie zu konservieren (0,5 ATP / Pyruvat).