Effects of Cow Green Reservoir upon downstream fish populations

Post impoundment observations on the fish populations of the River Tees, downstream from the Cow Green Reservoir were made between 1971 and 1980. Both bullhead (Cottus gobio L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) population densities increased in the river after impoundment but changes in growth rate were small. Investigations into the stomach contents of the two species reflects the results of other work on increases of benthos in the river. Following regulation there was an increase in the quantity of Ephemerella ignita found in trout stomachs while in the bullhead, regulation caused an increase in the importance of Mollusca and a decrease in importance of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera.

Poluentes marinhos como fatores de estresse em esponjas e mexilhões

A biota marinha está exposta a uma elevada quantidade de substâncias tóxicas que podem causar graves problemas ao ambiente. As esponjas (Porifera) e os mexilhões (Mollusca) por serem sésseis e filtradores são utilizados como bioindicadores de poluição. A experimentação com aquários permite a realização de ensaios controlados, acompanhamento da resposta a diversos poluentes, concentrações e tempo de exposição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: I). avaliar a imunocompetência através da expressão de proteínas do sistema imune Fator Inflamatório de Enxerto AIF -1 e pP38 por teste de ELISA (do inglês, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) em esponjas expostas a poluentes, II) acompanhar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas: Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766), Chondrilla aff. nucula Schimidt, 1862, Dysidea robusta Vilanova e Muricy 2001, Polymastia janeirensis (Boury-Esnault, 1973) e Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker, 1910) após exposição a lipopolisacarídeo (LPS) de E. Coli III) avaliar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas espécies C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis após exposição a dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) IV) avaliar a mortalidade de mexilhões quando expostos ao dispersante Triton X-100 e esgoto doméstico in natura. Os resultados indicam que as esponjas A. fulva, C. aff. nucula, D. robusta e P. janeirensis expostas a 20 μg/mL de LPS por 30 minutos, uma, três, 24 e 48 horas apresentaram aumento de expressão da proteína AIF-1 em relação ao controle, com diferentes tempos de resposta para cada espécie. A esponja H. heliophila exposta a 30 μg/mL de LPS apresentou diferença significativa na expressão de AIF-1 em relação ao controle na exposição por 30 min, uma, quatro, 24 e 48 horas. Contudo, não houve diferença significativa na expressão de outra proteína, a quinase pP38, nesses ensaios. As esponjas C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis foram expostas a 0,25 mg/L de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) por 24 e 48 horas. C. aff. nucula apresentou aumento da expressão de AIF -1 quando comparada ao controle em 24 e 48 horas, mas para P. janeirensis não houve diferença significativa. Os mexilhões Perna perna foram expostos a poluentes de duas maneiras a detergente Triton X-100 0,10 g/L por três, seis, 12 e 18 horas que induziu diferença significativa na mortalidade em seis, 12 e 18 horas em comparação com o controle e a a esgoto doméstico in natura diluído na proporção de 1:50 não houve mortalidade no tratamento ou no controle. A variação da expressão da proteína AIF-1 observada nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas confirma a utilização dessa proteína como eficiente biomarcador de estresse. Os mexilhões foram bons bioindicadores da poluição por detergente.

Uso do espaço por Hypselartemon contusulus (Férussac, 1827) (Gastropoda, Streptaxidae) da Trilha da Parnaioca, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

O comportamento espacial dos indivíduos é um componente chave para se entender a dinâmica de população dos organismos e esclarecer o potencial de migração e dispersão das espécies. Vários fatores afetam a atividade de locomoção de moluscos terrestres, como temperatura, luz, umidade, época do ano, tamanho da concha, sexo, estratégia reprodutiva, idade, densidade de coespecíficos e disponibilidade de alimento. Um dos métodos usados para estudar deslocamento de gastrópodes terrestres é o de marcação-recaptura. Gastrópodes terrestres se prestam a este tipo de estudo por causa de (1) seu reduzido tamanho, (2) fácil manejo, (3) fácil captura e (4) pequenas distâncias de deslocamento e, consequentemente, reduzidas áreas de vida. Estes organismos servem como modelo para o estudo de ecologia espacial e dispersão. Estudos de população, investigando o uso do espaço, a distribuição espacial, a densidade populacional e a área de vida são escassos para moluscos terrestres e ainda mais raros em áreas naturais tropicais. Nosso objeto de estudo é Hypselartemon contusulus (Férussac, 1827), um molusco terrestre carnívoro, da família Streptaxidae, muito abundante na serrapilheira, em trechos planos de mata secundária na Trilha da Parnaioca, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro. A espécie é endêmica para o estado do Rio de Janeiro. Seu tamanho é de até 7,2 mm de altura, apresentando 6 a 7 voltas. Neste trabalho estudamos as variáveis temperatura ambiente, temperatura do solo, umidade do ar, luminosidade, profundidade do folhiço, tamanho do animal, densidade de co-específicos e densidade de presas, relacionando estes dados ecológicos ao deslocamento observado em Hypselartemon contusulus. Uma das hipóteses de trabalho é que estas variáveis afetam seu deslocamento. O trabalho foi realizado na Ilha Grande, situada ao sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no município de Angra dos Reis. Os animais foram capturados e marcados com um código individual pintado na concha com corretor ortográfico líquido e caneta nanquim. As distâncias de deslocamento, em cm, foram registradas medindo-se as distâncias entre marcadores subsequentes. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o método utilizado é eficaz para marcar individualmente Hypselartemon contusulus em estudos de médio prazo (até nove meses). Sugerimos o uso deste método de marcação para estudos com gastrópodes terrestres ameaçados de extinção, como algumas espécies das famílias Bulimulidae, Megalobulimidae, Streptaxidae e Strophocheilidae. Hypselartemon contusulus não mantém uma distância mínima de seus vizinhos, é ativo ao longo de todo o ano e ao longo do dia, demonstrando atividade de locomoção e predação. Não foram encontrados animais abrigados sob pedra ou madeira morta. Não foram observados locais de atividade em oposição a lugares de repouso/abrigo. Beckianum beckianum (Pfeiffer, 1846) foi a presa preferencial. A densidade populacional variou de 0,57 a 1,2 indivíduos/m2 entre as campanhas de coleta. A espécie desloca-se, em média, 26,57 17,07 cm/24h, na Trilha da Parnaioca, Ilha Grande. A área de vida de H. contusulus é pequena, sendo de, no máximo, 0,48 m2 em três dias e 3,64 m2 em 79 dias. O deslocamento da espécie variou ao longo do ano, mas esta variação não é afetada pelas variáveis ecológicas estudadas. Este é, portanto, um comportamento plástico em H. contusulus e, provavelmente, controlado por fatores endógenos.

Comportamento alimentar de nudibrânquios no litoral do Rio de Janeiro (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia, Doridacea)

Os nudibrânquios gastrópodes são carnívoros e muitas espécies têm dietas especializadas, consumindo uma única ou poucas espécies de esponjas marinhas. No Brasil não existe, até o momento, nenhum estudo específico sobre a ecologia das espécies de nudibrânquios abordando qualquer interação com outros grupos de animais marinhos. Também não existem estudos sobre ensaios biológicos que avaliem o comportamento alimentar e a mediação química existente entre os nudibrânquios e suas presas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) registrar in situ a predação de nudibrânquios doridáceos sobre esponjas marinhas no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, identificar as espécies envolvidas, e comparar com os padrões de alimentação observados em outras regiões do mundo e b) avaliar o comportamento de quimiotaxia positiva de nudibrânquios em relação às suas presas. Observações sobre a dieta dos nudibrânquios foram realizadas através de mergulhos livres ou autônomos e o comportamento destes em relação às esponjas foi registrado. Um total de 139 observações foram realizadas em 15 espécies de nudibrânquios doridáceos: Felimida binza; Felimida paulomarcioi; Felimare lajensis; Tyrinna evelinae; Cadlina rumia; Diaulula greeleyi; Discodoris evelinae; Geitodoris pusae; Jorunna spazzola; Jorunna spongiosa; Rostanga byga; Taringa telopia; Doris kyolis; Dendrodoris krebsii e Tayuva hummelincki. A predação foi confirmada em 89 (64%) das 139 observações e em 12 (80%) das 15 espécies de nudibrânquios. A principal interação ecológica existente entre os nudibrânquios e as esponjas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro é a de consumo (predação). Em laboratório, o comportamento alimentar das espécies Cadlina rumia e Tyrinna evelinae foi avaliado em ensaios de preferência com dupla escolha oferecendo esponjas frescas. Experimentos de oferta de esponjas vivas, pó de esponjas liofilizadas e extratos brutos orgânicos das esponjas foram utilizados para investigar se a percepção dos moluscos às suas presas é modulada por sinais químicos. O nudibrânquio Cadlina rumia não consumiu nenhuma das esponjas oferecidas, mas detectou o sinal químico das esponjas vivas, e não detectou o sinal químico da esponja Dysidea etheria, liofilizada em pó, incorporada em alimentos artificiais. Tyrinna evelinae detectou o sinal químico da esponja D. etheria oferecida de duas maneiras diferentes: viva e liofilizada em pó. Foi confirmada em laboratório, a predação in situ da esponja D. etheria pelo nudibrânquio T. evelinae, constituindo o primeiro registro de predação observado in situ e in vitro para o gênero Tyrinna. De uma maneira geral, os resultados das observações de campo corroboram os padrões de alimentação observados em outras regiões do mundo e as esponjas da Classe Demospongiae são recursos fundamentais para a dieta dos nudibrânquios doridáceos no Rio de Janeiro. A sinalização química e a taxia positiva foi evidente para o nudibrânquio que possui dieta mais especializada, Tyrinna evelinae, e não para aquele que se alimenta de várias esponjas, Cadlina rumia.

A Preliminary survey of 21 Ceylon lakes. 3. Parasites and predators, food of fish, and marginal fauna

Three nematodes, two acanthocephalans and three cestodes were collected by dissecting 15 species of fish. Of these parasites only Hedruris sp. a larval nematode is responsible directly for the death of fish, since it is found in predatory species a reduction of these might prove of considerable consequence to fish, production. Bothriocephalus gowleonensis, a cestode probably introduced from China with Chinese carp, was recorded in an indigenous carp Puntius sarana. This parasite causes heavy mortality in grass carp in China and is a potential danger to local species. A single crustacean parasite was recorded. It is likely that they are widespread. No protozoa were recorded but there can be little doubt that they occur in local freshwater species and may be of considerable importance in fisheries. Several predators (insects, fish and other vertebrates) were recorded and are doubtless of considerable importance. However, the role of parasites and of predators (especially fishes) in relation to the productivity of fisheries can hardly be assessed at present and needs further study. A study of the fauna found at the shallow edges of 21 irrigation reservoirs showed an abundance of fauna in the low-country reservoirs whilst the up-country reservoirs had a poor fauna. The fauna showed insects, crustacea and mollusca in this order of abundance. The presence of insect and molluscs feeding fish in our fauna shows that these rich sources of food are being utilised.

East African Fisheries Research Organization Annual Report 1954/1955

This Report covers the period 1st January, 1954, to 30th June, 1955. Scientific work of the organization carried out during the reporting period included the following: Hydrology, Mollusca, Arthropoda , Tilapia, Haplochromis , The Fishes of Uganda , species of fish occurring in Lake Victoria, Analysis of commercial catches, Experimental fishing, The Relative fecundity of Tilapia species, The breeding behaviour of Tilapia, The rings on Tilapia Scales, The Growth of very young fish, The reproductive cycle of non-cichild fishes, The food of fish, some notes on the food of crocodiles, Varanus Lizards and Otters and List of Publications

Hydrographical conditions and benthic assemblages in the Suez Gulf, Egypt

The coastal development and human activities along the Suez Gulf leading to sedimentation, degrade the quality of water, disturbing the natural structure and functions of aquatic communities. The Suez Gulf is a large semi-closed area with a 346 km long coastline on the western beach side. The prevailing physicochemical parameters in shallow intertidal waters were measured seasonally over the year. Benthic faunas in the sampling sites were studied indicating their regional distribution in relation to the impact of different environmental parameters in the intertidal region. The concentration of copper in seawater reached high level at St. IV (4.57 ug/1), which is exposed to sewage and petroleum hydrocarbons. The grain size of the sediment is a determining factor for the organic carbon concentration and the sandy substrate enhances organic matter degradation processes. A large number of oil fields are present along the western coast of the Suez Gulf, therefore, cadmium and organic matter appeared to be high. The values of pH did not vary greatly among the different sampling sites. It was high at EI-Ein, El-Sukhna and Ras-Shukeir due to the disposal of mainly acidic sewage and industrial effluents of the two stations Adabiya and Ras-Gharib respectively. The macrobenthos included 71 species embraced mainly from Mollusca (53.5% Gastropoda and 12.7% Bivalvia) and the other invertebrates included 7 groups namely, Rhizostoma, Polychaeta, Cirripedia, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Decapoda and Echinodermata. The distribution of benthos is affected by the temperature and salinity of seawater. The concentration of organic matter in seawater and in sediments in shallow waters shows high values in the central part of the Gulf of Suez.

Biological characteristics and determination of population dynamics parameters of Nemipterus japonicus in the coastal waters of Province Bushehr, Persian Gulf

This study was conducted to determine biological characteristics and population dynamics parameters of threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) in Persian Gulf (Bushehr Province), during November 2006 and October 2007. The minimum and maximum specimens were 75-273 mm FL and their weight was 7.6 - 351.9 g. Based on the exponential relationship between fork length and weight, slope (b) for individuals, males and females was 2.987321, 2.992546 and 3.007314, respectively. The emptiness value (V) was 45.6% and it shows that N. japonicus is a moderate feeder. The results of Fp indicates that crustacean with 78.2% are main foods, mollusca (27.7%), fishes (20.7%), polychaeta (19.2%) and Foraminifera (11.7%) were identified as minor foods and phytoplanktons (9.9%), nematoda(8.0%), echinodermata (2.3%) and sea weeds (0.3%) were random foods. The reproduction studies showed the spawning season extended within 2 peaks, from April- May and September and main spawning occurs in spring season.The mean absolute and relative fecundities were 472388±42633 and 3817±293 (X±SE), respectively. The maximum, minimum and mean of oocyte diameter were 0.448, 0.022 and 0.221mm (SE=0.071), respectively.The fork length at 50% maturity estimated to be 20.25 cm for females. The growth coefficient (K) , length infinity (L∞ ) and ɸ' was estimated 0.42/yr , 34.17 cm and 2.69, respectively. The coefficient of total mortality, fishing mortality, natural mortality and E was 1.37, 0.43, 0.94 and 0.31, respectively.

Benthic fauna and water quality in Gorganrood River, Iran

This present work study on water quality and benthic Macro invertebrate in Gorganrood, river. The research was carried out at 6 sampling site and the abundance and diversity of benthos were monitored along the length of river between 2007_2008_14 families were recorded in phyla, namely Annelidae, Mollusca,.... The greatest number of species was at 1 st station and the least number was at 6th station. The upper section supported more diverse community then the lower section. A low macro invertebrate abundance was observed during spring as a result of heavy rainfall and flood, and generally in all lowest section because of high valve of nitrogen and other nutrients. Water physiochemical parameters such as Phosphate, Nitrate,TPS and others were measured and water quality were studied through different indices such as saprobic system, Helsinhoff (FBI), BMWP and the results were compared and evaluated by physical chemical and parameters. The result indicated that the water quality in the up stream and the middle were good to fair, but the down stream qualities were pour at all sites.

Study of distribution, growth and reproduction polychaetes Nereidae in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbas and effect dominant species on white Indian shrimp brood stocks (Fenneropenaeus indicus)

Distribution of polychaetes worms Nereidae in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbass indicated that distribution rate of worms from the west to east for the reason status of seabed type, habitat and feeding substrate used to worms increased. Also investigation description that last-mentioned worms are belong to Nereididae family, Perinereis genus and species of Perinereis nuntia. By viewpoint seabed soil types experiments implement indicated Nereididae worms have higher survival with sandy clay loam soil texture. Statistical analysis showed positive relation coefficient correlation of Pearson between substrate type to frequency of worms and too substrate type with soil organic matter value (P<0.05). By viewpoint feeding also experiments with different feed treatment indicated that Nereid worms is Omnivore but in natural condition more utilized algae substrate special Entermorpha and survival rate had the worms last-mentioned in dietary treatments on this algae 93/3% different significant with other treatments (P<0.05). In this project pond-reared white Indian shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) were used in four maturation and spawning trials lasting 60 days. one group of shrimps was fed a formulated pelleted special of broodstock diet only, a second group was fed squid meat diet; a third group of shrimps with mollusca (Solen vagina) meat diet and fourth group was fed polychaete worms Nereidae family, collected in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbass. Four types of dietary treatments (M1, M4) were given to separate batches that were run in three duplicate. Results of experiments demonstrate that more grew rate and maturation and spawning rate and we found that shrimps fed with polychaete worms have the best condition and then shrimps fed with solen. This is demonstrate furthermore environmental circumstance, endocrine hormone, types of feed important of maturation and spawning of shrimps and in polychaete worms used HUFA help to maturation ovarian in shrimp.

Benthic community survey of Gwadar (east bay) Balochistan, Pakistan

Benthic communities of the Gwadar east bay (Balochistan) was surveyed during the onset of S.W. monsoon. A total 1030 specimens were collected which represented Phyla of Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Echinodermata. The most abundant class observed was that of Bivalvia. Seawater parameters such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, salinity together with sediment characteristics were measured. Analysis of variance between observed stations and fauna do not show any significant difference (P<0.05). The present observation forms a baseline study in the area.

Check list of plankton of the northern Red Sea

Qualitative estimation of phytoplankton and zooplankton of the northern Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba were carried out from four sites: Sharm El-Sheikh, Taba, Hurghada and Safaga. A total of 106 species and varieties of phytoplankton were identified including 41 diatoms, 53 dinoflagellates, 10 cyanophytes and 2 chlorophytes. The highest number of species was recorded at Sharm El-Sheikh (46 spp), followed by Safaga (40 spp), Taba (30 spp), and Hurghada (23 spp). About 95 of the recorded species were previously mentioned by different authors in the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez. Eleven species are considered new to the Red Sea. About 115 species of zooplankton were recorded from the different sites. They were dominated by four main phyla namely: Arthropoda, Protozoa, Mollusca, and Urochordata. Sharm El-Sheikh contributed the highest number of species (91) followed by Safaga (47) and Taba (34). Hurghada contributed the least (26). Copepoda dominated the other groups at the four sites. The appearances of Spirulina platensis, Pediastrum simplex, and Oscillatoria spp. of phytoplankton in addition to the rotifer species and the protozoan Difflugia oblongata of zooplankton impart a characteristic feature of inland freshwater discharge due to wastewater dumping at sea in these regions resulting from the expansion of cities and hotels along the coast.

Macrozoobenthic community of Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake of China, in the Yangtze floodplain

Poyang Lake (Poyang Hu) is located at the junction of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze (Changjiang) River, covering an area of 3283 km(2). As one of the few lakes that are still freely connected with the river, it plays an important role in the maintenance of the unique biota of the Yangtze floodplain ecosystem. To promote the conservation of Poyang Lake, an investigation of the macrobenthos in the lake itself and adjoining Yangtze mainstream was conducted in 1997-1999. Altogether 58 benthic taxa, including, 22 annelids, 8 mollusks, 26 arthropods, and 2 miscellaneous animals, were identified from quantitative samples. The benthic fauna shows a high diversity and a marine affinity. The standing crops of benthos in the lake were much higher than those in the river, being 659 individuals/m(2) and 187.3g/m(2) (wet mass) in the main lake, and 549 individuals/m(2) and 116.6 g/m(2) in the lake outlet, but only 129 individuals/m(2) and 0.4g/m(2) in the river. The dominant roup in the lake was Mollusca, comprising 63.4% of the total in density and 99.5% in biomass. An analysis of the functional feeding structure indicated that collector-filterers and scrapers were predominant in the lake, up to 42.2% and 24.7% in density and 70.2% and 29.2% in biomass, respectively, while shredders and collector-gatherers were relatively common in the river. The present study was restricted to the northern outlet and the northeast part of Poyang Lake. A scrutiny is required for the remaining areas.

Testing the relationships of Chinese freshwater Unionidae (bivalvia) based on analysis of partial mitochondrial 16s rRNA sequences

This study presents partial mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences of 13 unionid bivalve species from China and analyses their relationships in combination with known data of 21 American mussels. According to our results, Chinese unionids, formerly regarded as two subfamilies, should be divided into three subfamilies: Ambleminae, Anodontinae and Unioninae. The genera Hyriopsis, Solenaia, Lamprotula and Ptychorhynchus, hitherto placed in Unioninae or Anodontinae, should be moved to the subfamily Ambleminae, demonstrated for the first time from China. The other genera recorded from China are suggested to belong to Anodontinae and Unioninae, which is in agreement with traditional classifications, except for the genus Lepidodesma.

Impact of eutrophication on biodiversity of the macrozoobenthos community in a Chinese shallow lake

Comparative studies on community structure and biodiversity of macrozoobenthos were carried out in three lake areas with different states of eutrophication (mesotrophic, eutrophic and hypereutrophic) in a shallow subtropic lake (Lake Donghu) in the middle basin of the Yangtze River of China. Thirty-three taxa (including six Mollusca, five Oligochaeta, 15 Chironomidae and seven other zoobenthos) were found during February 1998 to April 1999. The results show that the more eutrophic the lake water, the lower the macrozoobenthos species diversity (measured as species number, diversity index, and K-dominant curves). Abundance of the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri was positively correlated with the degree of eutrophication, which was due mainly to its ability to tolerate low dissolved oxygen. The chironomid Tanypus chinensis also thrived in the hypereutrophic environment; however, it was less endurable to eutrophication than L. hoffmeisteri.