碳纤维复合材料

最近,碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)从大型客机的二次构造材发展到一次构造材,这一重要进展是多年来碳纤维在强度和弹性模量方面不断改进,母体树脂以及复合工艺的进一步完善的基础上出现的。一次构造材要求CFRP具有更高的强度和弹性模量,而且要有优良的耐冲击性。满足了这些要求,表明CFRP已达到一个新的里程碑。简单地评介了碳纤维、母体树脂及其复合工艺、CFRP的应用前景。

Numerical investigation of the effects of drill geometry on drilling induced delamination of carbon fiber reinforced composites

Drilling is a major process in the manufacturing of holes required for the assemblies of composite laminates in aerospace industry. Simulation of drilling process is an effective method in optimizing the drill geometry and process parameters in order to improve hole quality and to reduce the drill wear. In this research we have developed three-dimensional (3D) FE model for drilling CFRP. A 3D progressive intra-laminar failure model based on the Hashin's theory is considered. Also an inter-laminar delamination model which includes the onset and growth of delamination by using cohesive contact zone is developed. The developed model with inclusion of the improved delamination model and real drill geometry is used to make comparison between the step drill of different stage ratio and twist drill. Thrust force, torque and work piece stress distributions are estimated to decrease by the use of step drill with high stage ratio. The model indicates that delamination and other workpiece defects could be controlled by selection of suitable step drill geometry. Hence the 3D model could be used as a design tool for drill geometry for minimization of delamination in CFRP drilling. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Delamination and wear in drilling of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic composites using multilayer TiAlN/TiN PVD-coated tungsten carbide tools

This study aims to investigate drilling process in carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites with multilayer TiAlN/TiN PVD-coated tungsten carbide drill. The effect of process parameters have been investigated in drilling of Hexcel M21-T700GC. Thrust force and torque were measured online throughout the drilling experiments. Delamination were observed using optical microscope and analyzed via a developed algorithm based on digital image processing technique. Surface roughness of each hole was measured using a surface profilometer. In addition, the progression of tool wear in various surfaces of drill was observed using tool microscope and measured using image software. Our results indicate that the thrust force and torque increased with the increasing cutting speed and feed rate. Delamination and average surface roughness that rose with the increase in feed rate, however, decreased with the increasing cutting speed. The average surface roughness tended to increase with the increase in feed rate and decrease with the increasing cutting speed in drilling of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). Feed rate was found as the predominant factor on the drilling outputs. Abrasive wear was observed on both flank and relief surfaces, which created edge wear on cutting edges. No sign of chipping or plastic deformation has been observed on the surfaces of drills. © 2012 The Author(s).

Strengthening timber beams with near surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer rods

Many timber structures may require strengthening due to either decay and aging or an increase of load. This paper presents an experimental study in which eleven timber beams were tested, including three unstrengthened reference beams and eight beams strengthened with NSM CFRP bars. The test parameters include the position of NSM (tensile face or the bottom of the sides), the number of CFRP bars (1 or 2), and additional anchorage of NSM CFRP bars (steel wire U anchors or CFRP U strips). The test results show that the ultimate flexural strength of the timber beams were increased by 14%∼85% with an average of 47% due to NSM CFRP bar strengthening. Their deflection corresponding to the peak load was increased by 33% in average.

Utilisation of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in the confinement of concrete

This paper presents an experimental investigation carried out on concrete cylinders confined with fibre reinforced polymers (FRP), subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. Carbon fibres (CFRP) were used as confining material for the concrete specimens. The failure mode, reinforcement ratio based on jacket thickness and type of loading are examined. The study shows that external confinement of concrete can enhance its strength and ductility as well as result in large energy absorption capacity. This has important safety implications, especially in regions with seismic activity.

Detection of Incipient Thermal Damage Of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites Using Fluorescent Thermal Damage Probes

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2013

Single-lap joints of similar and dissimilar adherends bonded with an acrylic adhesive

In this study, the tensile strength of single-lap joints (SLJs) between similar and dissimilar adherends bonded with an acrylic adhesive was evaluated experimentally and numerically. The adherend materials included polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), carbon-epoxy (CFRP), and glass-polyester (GFRP) composites. The following adherend combinations were tested: PE/PE, PE/PP, PE/CFRP, PE/GFRP, PP/PP, CFRP/CFRP, and GFRP/GFRP. One of the objectives of this work was to assess the influence of the adherends stiffness on the strength of the joints since it significantly affects the peel stresses magnitude in the adhesive layer. The experimental results were also used to validate a new mixed-mode cohesive damage model developed to simulate the adhesive layer. Thus, the experimental results were compared with numerical simulations performed in ABAQUS®, including a developed mixed-mode (I+II) cohesive damage model, based on the indirect use of fracture mechanics and implemented within interface finite elements. The cohesive laws present a trapezoidal shape with an increasing stress plateau, to reproduce the behaviour of the ductile adhesive used. A good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results.

Experimental study on polyester based concretes filled with glass fibre reinforced plastic recyclates – a contribution to composite materials sustainability

The development and applications of thermoset polymeric composites, namely fibre reinforced plastics (FRP), have shifted in the last decades more and more into the mass market [1]. Despite of all advantages associated to FRP based products, the increasing production and consume also lead to an increasing amount of FRP wastes, either end-of-lifecycle products, or scrap and by-products generated by the manufacturing process itself. Whereas thermoplastic FRPs can be easily recycled, by remelting and remoulding, recyclability of thermosetting FRPs constitutes a more difficult task due to cross-linked nature of resin matrix. To date, most of the thermoset based FRP waste is being incinerated or landfilled, leading to negative environmental impacts and supplementary added costs to FRP producers and suppliers. This actual framework is putting increasing pressure on the industry to address the options available for FRP waste management, being an important driver for applied research undertaken cost efficient recycling methods. [1-2]. In spite of this, research on recycling solutions for thermoset composites is still at an elementary stage. Thermal and/or chemical recycling processes, with partial fibre recovering, have been investigated mostly for carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) due to inherent value of carbon fibre reinforcement; whereas for glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP), mechanical recycling, by means of milling and grinding processes, has been considered a more viable recycling method [1-2]. Though, at the moment, few solutions in the reuse of mechanically-recycled GFRP composites into valueadded products are being explored. Aiming filling this gap, in this study, a new waste management solution for thermoset GFRP based products was assessed. The mechanical recycling approach, with reduction of GFRP waste to powdered and fibrous materials was applied, and the potential added value of obtained recyclates was experimentally investigated as raw material for polyester based mortars. The use of a cementless concrete as host material for GFRP recyclates, instead of a conventional Portland cement based concrete, presents an important asset in avoiding the eventual incompatibility problems arisen from alkalis silica reaction between glass fibres and cementious binder matrix. Additionally, due to hermetic nature of resin binder, polymer based concretes present greater ability for incorporating recycled waste products [3]. Under this scope, different GFRP waste admixed polymer mortar (PM) formulations were analyzed varying the size grading and content of GFRP powder and fibre mix waste. Added value of potential recycling solution was assessed by means of flexural and compressive loading capacities of modified mortars with regard to waste-free polymer mortars.

Reforço de estruturas de betão armado com compósitos de fibra de carbono

O relatório resulta do estágio realizado na empresa Sika Brasil, no âmbito da Unidade Curricular de DIPRE do Mestrado de Engenharia Civil do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. A área de especialidade incidiu na recuperação e reforço de estruturas (Target Market Refurbishment), onde se deu a oportunidade de aprofundar conhecimentos em reforço estrutural através do sistema de reforço com compósitos de fibra de carbono (CFRP) colado exteriormente (EBR - Externally Bonded Reinforcement). O estágio realizado permitiu uma abordagem com a gama de produtos de recuperação e reforço da Sika Brasil, sendo que houve um foco muito grande nos produtos que respeitam ao reforço estrutural com compósitos de fibra de carbono. Este documento visa várias etapas do estágio, relacionadas diretamente com o reforço estrutural com CFRP. Foi feito um levantamento teórico das características dos compósitos de fibra de carbono, dando a conhecer os materiais envolvidos no sistema, as suas propriedades mecânicas e o seu âmbito de aplicação. No sentido de ter um diálogo profícuo com os projetistas e aplicadores de sistemas compósitos de fibra, foi realizada uma análise do procedimento de cálculo para o dimensionamento de reforço CFRP, à luz do Bulletin 14 fib:01 (2001), bem como uma análise da situação de incêndio para os sistemas compósitos. Consta neste documento uma análise feita entre os principais fornecedores de sistemas de CFRP no Brasil, baseando-se a mesma no conteúdo das fichas técnicas de produto relativas ao sistema de reforço EBR e respetiva comparação com a informação necessária para dimensionamento, de acordo com o Bulletin 14 fib:01 (2001). É relatado um reforço estrutural, como caso de estudo, tendo-se dado a oportunidade de se acompanhar desde a sua fase de projeto até à fase de execução. Por fim, este documento contém a simulação de dois programas da Sika para dimensionamento de reforço CFRP. A simulação foi feita para uma viga submetida a esforço de flexão, com as características geométricas e solicitações previamente definidas.

Verbesserung der seismischen Kapazität von Mauerwerkswänden durch Verwendung von Elastomerlagern

Ein großer Teil der Schäden wie auch der Verluste an Gesundheit und Leben im Erdbebenfall hat mit dem frühzeitigen Versagen von Mauerwerksbauten zu tun. Unbewehrtes Mauerwerk, wie es in vielen Ländern üblich ist, weist naturgemäß einen begrenzten Erdbebenwiderstand auf, da Zugspannungen und Zugkräfte nicht wie bei Stahlbeton- oder Stahlbauten aufgenommen werden können. Aus diesem Grund wurde bereits mit verschiedenen Methoden versucht, die Tragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk im Erdbebenfall zu verbessern. Modernes Mauerwerk kann auch als bewehrtes oder eingefasstes Mauerwerk hergestellt werden. Bei bewehrtem Mauerwerk kann durch die Bewehrung der Widerstand bei Beanspruchung als Scheibe wie als Platte verbessert werden, während durch Einfassung mit Stahlbetonelementen in erster Linie die Scheibentragfähigkeit sowie die Verbindung zu angrenzenden Bauteilen verbessert wird. Eine andere interessante Möglichkeit ist das Aufbringen textiler Mauerwerksverstärkungen oder von hochfesten Lamellen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein ganz anderer Weg beschritten, indem weiche Fugen Spannungsspitzen reduzieren sowie eine höhere Verformbarkeit gewährleiten. Dies ist im Erdbebenfall sehr hilfreich, da die Widerstandfähigkeit eines Bauwerks oder Bauteils letztlich von der Energieaufnahmefähigkeit, also dem Produkt aus Tragfähigkeit und Verformbarkeit bestimmt wird. Wenn also gleichzeitig durch die weichen Fugen keine Schwächung oder sogar eine Tragfähigkeitserhöhung stattfindet, kann der Erdbebenwiderstand gesteigert werden. Im Kern der Dissertation steht die Entwicklung der Baukonstruktion einer Mauerwerkstruktur mit einer neuartigen Ausbildung der Mauerwerksfugen, nämlich Elastomerlager und Epoxydharzkleber anstatt üblichem Dünnbettmörtel. Das Elastomerlager wird zwischen die Steinschichten einer Mauerwerkswand eingefügt und damit verklebt. Die Auswirkung dieses Ansatzes auf das Verhalten der Mauerwerkstruktur wird unter dynamischer und quasi-statischer Last numerisch und experimentell untersucht und dargestellt.

Analysis and Simulation of Transverse Random Fracture of Long Fibre Reinforced Composites

La present tesi proposa una metodología per a la simulació probabilística de la fallada de la matriu en materials compòsits reforçats amb fibres de carboni, basant-se en l'anàlisi de la distribució aleatòria de les fibres. En els primers capítols es revisa l'estat de l'art sobre modelització matemàtica de materials aleatoris, càlcul de propietats efectives i criteris de fallada transversal en materials compòsits. El primer pas en la metodologia proposada és la definició de la determinació del tamany mínim d'un Element de Volum Representatiu Estadístic (SRVE) . Aquesta determinació es du a terme analitzant el volum de fibra, les propietats elàstiques efectives, la condició de Hill, els estadístics de les components de tensió i defromació, la funció de densitat de probabilitat i les funcions estadístiques de distància entre fibres de models d'elements de la microestructura, de diferent tamany. Un cop s'ha determinat aquest tamany mínim, es comparen un model periòdic i un model aleatori, per constatar la magnitud de les diferències que s'hi observen. Es defineix, també, una metodologia per a l'anàlisi estadístic de la distribució de la fibra en el compòsit, a partir d'imatges digitals de la secció transversal. Aquest anàlisi s'aplica a quatre materials diferents. Finalment, es proposa un mètode computacional de dues escales per a simular la fallada transversal de làmines unidireccionals, que permet obtenir funcions de densitat de probabilitat per a les variables mecàniques. Es descriuen algunes aplicacions i possibilitats d'aquest mètode i es comparen els resultats obtinguts de la simulació amb valors experimentals.

Quantitative pulsed phase thermography applied to steel plates

Pulsed Phase Thermography (PPT) has been proven effective on depth retrieval of flat-bottomed holes in different materials such as plastics and aluminum. In PPT, amplitude and phase delay signatures are available following data acquisition (carried out in a similar way as in classical Pulsed Thermography), by applying a transformation algorithm such as the Fourier Transform (FT) on thermal profiles. The authors have recently presented an extended review on PPT theory, including a new inversion technique for depth retrieval by correlating the depth with the blind frequency fb (frequency at which a defect produce enough phase contrast to be detected). An automatic defect depth retrieval algorithm had also been proposed, evidencing PPT capabilities as a practical inversion technique. In addition, the use of normalized parameters to account for defect size variation as well as depth retrieval from complex shape composites (GFRP and CFRP) are currently under investigation. In this paper, steel plates containing flat-bottomed holes at different depths (from 1 to 4.5 mm) are tested by quantitative PPT. Least squares regression results show excellent agreement between depth and the inverse square root blind frequency, which can be used for depth inversion. Experimental results on steel plates with simulated corrosion are presented as well. It is worth noting that results are improved by performing PPT on reconstructed (synthetic) rather than on raw thermal data.

O processo de humanização: as bases constitutivas da subjetividade

Iniciando-se por uma descrição longitudinal, seguida de interpretação "a posteriori", obteve-se categorias relativas a cada dimensão do psiquismo. Estas, em seu caráter de transversalidade, foram tomadas como esteios para as explicações acerca da passagem do sujeito da condição biológica à condição de sujeito falante. O norteamento dessa análise teve como ponto de partida a postulação acerca dessas dimensões, dos aspectos relativos as mesmas, e dos efetores referentes por essa passagem, cujo início tem a esses aspectos que respondem lugar quando a mãe se dispõe a apontar para o sujeito o limite entre o núcleo filogenético e as transformações sócio-histórica. A partir dessa delimitação, ocorre a assimilação de características, tipicamente humanas para, enfim, serem fixados pela lei paterna, os limites do “tornar-se humano”. Nesse ínterim, são observadas ocorrências relativas as dimensões mencionadas. Tratando-se de permanência de conteúdos mantidos fora do campo da simbolização, e excluídos da matriz imaginária, tem-se então a caracterização do real ~elo seu mecanismo específico: a foraclusão. Ainda se situa a pulsão no seu caráter impensável e inominável. Já as ações resultantes do recalcamento originário concorrem para a formação de marcas não-simbolizáveis que, como faceta do imaginário, se vinculam às informações do núcleo filogenético referentes aos protofantasmas, aqui considerado corno outra faceta desta dimensão. No que concerne ao simbólico, registra-se a significação como fundante da condição humana, resultante do recalcamento propriamente dito. Sendo assim, a humanização enquanto explicada pelo conceito de recalcamento, conforme evidencia a metapsicologia freudiana, não açambarça todas as nuances relativas ao humano; visto englobar apenas aquilo que é imaginado corno fantasma ou aquilo que e apresentado simbolicamente. Por isso, a utilização do conceito de foraclusão, da perspectiva lacaniana, justifica-se pelo fato de oferecer uma visão mais completa dessa dinâmica. Desse modo, se pode incluir no escopo do "tornar-se humano", aqueles elementos não passíveis de simbolização, bem como aqueles da realidade pulsional que não se apresentam no texto do fantasma; mas que, ao se constituírem como um "pano-de-fundo", possibilitam que a conteúdos simbólicos e imaginários viabilizem a socialização. De resto, a socialização é um processo que, originado do simbólico, se assenta no imaginário tomado como base. Para isto, o real, em seu efeito marginal, possibilita o retorno ao simbólico. A partir daí, se verifica a utilização dos elementos culturais, que são descobertos em função daquilo que a atividade fantasmática suscita.

Resposta térmica de um compósito PEEK+PTFE+Fibra de carbono+grafite

Composites based on PEEK + PTFE + CARBON FIBER + Graphite (G_CFRP) has increased application in the top industries, as Aerospace, Aeronautical, Petroleum, Biomedical, Mechanical and Electronics Engineering challenges. A commercially available G_CFRP was warmed up to three different levels of thermal energy to identify the main damage mechanisms and some evidences for their intrinsic transitions. An experimental test rig for systematize a heat flux was developed in this dissertation, based on the Joule Effect. It was built using an isothermal container, an internal heat source and a real-time measurement system for test a sample by time. A standard conical-cylindrical tip was inserted into a soldering iron, commercially available and identified by three different levels of nominal electrical power, 40W (manufacturer A), 40W (manufacturer B), 100W and 150W, selected after screening tests: these power levels for the heat source, after one hour of heating and one hour of cooling in situ, carried out three different zones of degradation in the composite surface. The bench was instrumented with twelve thermocouples, a wattmeter and a video camera. The twelve specimens tested suffered different degradation mechanisms, analyzed by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and TG (Thermogravimetry) techniques, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Rays (EDX) Analysis. Before and after each testing, it was measured the hardness of the sample by HRM (Hardness Rockwell M). Excellent correlations (R2=1) were obtained in the plots of the evaporated area after one hour of heating and one hour of cooling in situ versus (1) the respective power of heat source and (2) the central temperature of the sample. However, as resulting of the differential degradation of G_CFRP and their anisotropy, confirmed by their variable thermal properties, viscoelastic and plastic properties, there were both linear and non-linear behaviour between the temperature field and Rockwell M hardness measured in the radial and circumferential directions of the samples. Some morphological features of the damaged zones are presented and discussed, as, for example, the crazing and skeletonization mechanism of G_CFRP

Assessment of cumulative damage by using ultrasonic C-scan on carbon fiber/epoxy composites under thermal cycling

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)