Efeito do pH do solo em diferentes níveis de concentração de inóculo no controle de Plasmodiophora brassicae

A hérnia das crucíferas causada por Plasmodiophora brassicae é uma das mais importantes doenças no cultivo de espécies de Brassicas no Brasil. Nos Municípios da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, PR a maioria dos solos está contaminada pelo patógeno Plasmodiophora brassicae agente causal da hérnia das crucíferas, inviabilizando o cultivo de espécies de Brassicas em diversas propriedades. A calagem utilizada para elevar o pH do solo é uma das medidas de controle mais indicadas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do pH do solo em diferentes concentrações de inóculo, no controle de P. brassicae. Foram utilizados quatro níveis de pH do solo: 4,3; 5,5; 6,2 e 7,3 e três concentrações de inóculo:1.2 x 10(7) ; 2.5 x 10(7); e 5 x 10(7) esporos.mL-1 e testemunha não inoculada. A suspensão de esporos foi obtida a partir de raízes de couve-chinesa com sintomas de hérnias e adicionado no colo das plantas, por ocasião do transplante das mudas de couve-chinesa (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis), para os vasos. Aos 45 dias após a inoculação, foram realizadas as avaliações. O efeito do pH sobre a severidade da doença foi mais expressivo em concentrações médias de inóculo (1.2 x 10(7) a 2.5 x 10(7) esporos.mL-1). Em concentrações elevadas de inóculo, a severidade da doença foi reduzida em pH do solo de 6.2 e 7.3. O melhor desenvolvimento das plantas, quantificado pelo acúmulo de massa seca foliar foi obtido nos tratamentos onde o solo apresentou pH 6,2 e 7,3 e com a menor concentração de inóculo.

Eficiência do processo de recobrimento de sementes de brócolos recobertas com polímero em leito de jorro

Neste trabalho, sementes de brócolos foram recobertas em leito de jorro cone-cilíndrico, com suspensão aquosa de hidroxietilcelulose, visando a aprimorar a técnica do recobrimento de sementes, utilizando o processo fluidodinâmico. Foram investigados os efeitos das variáveis operacionais temperatura do ar de jorro, pressão de ar de atomização e vazão de suspensão de recobrimento, na eficiência do processo e na germinação das sementes. Os resultados revelaram que houve influência das variáveis operacionais na eficiência do processo e na germinação. Verificou-se, também, que as sementes recobertas apresentaram de 2 a 10% de umidade a menos que as sementes não-recobertas, quando em ambiente com temperatura controlada e saturado de vapor de água em determinado período.

Hybridization among wild passionflower species

(Hybridization among wild passionflower species). Passion fruits are appreciated for their ornamental value, since their flowers are showy and display a wide variety of colors. In addition, many hybrids have been produced and used in other countries. The genotypes used in selection of plants with ornamental characteristics are hybrid progenies which are used in various crossing strategies. Thus, the aim of this work was to obtain interspecific hybrids, perform backcrossing and obtain progenies from crossings between hybrids, and to determine the reproductive compatibility between the progenitors involved. The percentage of fertilized flowers, germination, and the number of fruits, seeds and plants obtained through crossing were recorded. A series of 374 crossings involved seven species and two hybrids. Crossings such as Passiflora gibertii N. E. Brown vs. P. kermesina Link & Otto and P. gibertii vs. P. alata Curtis did not produce seeds. The largest percentage of fertilized flowers (86%) was recorded for the crossing P. gardneri Mast.vs. P. cincinnata Mast.; yet, the seeds produced did not show endosperm. Interspecific hybrids were obtained from the crossings P. gardneri vs. P. alata, P. watsoniana Mast.vs. P. alata, P. watsoniana vs. P. gardneri and P. gardneri vs. P. gibertii. Seeds generated from backcrossings involving the hybrids P. sublanceolata (sin. P. palmeri var. sublanceolata (Killip) J. M. MacDougal) vs. P. foetida var. foetida L. (HD13-133 and HD13-141) and F2 reached high germination percentages.

Intra and interspecific variability of in vitro culture response in Lycopersicon (tomatoes)

Intra and interspecific variability was measured in the genus Lycopersicon for the traits: productivity rate (PR, total number of regenerated shoots/total number of cultures), regeneration percentage (%R, number of cultures regenerating shoots or primordia/total number of cultures) and callus percentage (%C, number of cultures only producing callus/total number of cultures). Leaf explants from various genotypes of L. esculentum, L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, L. pimpinellifolium and L. peruvianum were placed on Murashige and Skoog (Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-493, 1962) medium + 0.175 mg/l IAA + 2.25 mg/l BA. Significant differences among species and among genotypes within the same species were found, while genotypes from different species showed similar responses.

Qualidade de sementes de couve brócolis beneficiadas em mesa densimétrica

Os resultados de pesquisas desenvolvidas demonstram a eficiência da mesa densimétrica no aprimoramento da qualidade de sementes de diversas espécies, evidenciando superioridade da qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes coletadas nas posições superiores em relação às posições inferiores da zona de descarga da mesa. Considerando o reduzido número de trabalhos publicados sobre beneficiamento de sementes de hortaliças em especial sobre couve brócolis, cujas sementes apresentam diferenças no peso específico em virtude da desuniformidade de maturação das sementes, é importante estudar a influência da utilização da mesa densimétrica na classificação de sementes dessa espécie. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de couve brócolis, beneficiadas em mesa densimétrica. As sementes inicialmente foram limpas em máquina de ar e peneiras e a seguir beneficiadas em mesa densimétrica. O eixo terminal de descarga da mesa densimétrica de 1,00m de largura foi dividido em quatro partes. Os tratamentos constituíram das frações obtidas no depósito da alimentação e nas partes: alta, intermediária alta, intermediária baixa e baixa, da zona de descarga da mesa densimétrica. As sementes de couve brócolis descarregadas na parte alta da zona de descarga da mesa densimétrica apresentaram qualidade fisiológica significativamente superior às sementes descarregadas nas partes baixa e repasse da fração intermediária baixa, sendo recomendável a remoção da fração direcionada para a parte baixa, visando o aprimoramento dos atributos fisiológicos e sanitários do lote.

Qualidade de sementes de canola classificadas por densidade

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes classes de densidade de sementes de canola sobre a sua qualidade fisiológica, bem como utilizar a curva de hidratação como auxiliar na identificação dos lotes de maior qualidade. Foram utilizados sementes de dois híbridos de canola, Hyola 61 e Hyola 401, separados em seis classes de densidade. Cada classe foi submetida aos testes de germinação, primeira contagem do teste de germinação e determinação do comprimento e massa seca de plântula para caracterização do seu potencial fisiológico. Utilizou-se a curva de hidratação como elemento auxiliar na caracterização das classes de melhor qualidade. Para os híbridos Hyola 61 e 401, existe uma associação entre densidade de sementes e os atributos de qualidade fisiológica. A qualidade fisiológica afeta o teor de água alcançado pelas sementes de canola durante a hidratação, para ambos os híbridos, sendo que as sementes de menor vigor apresentam maior velocidade de hidratação e teor de água, até 15 horas, quando comparadas com sementes de maior vigor.

Revision of the genus Fosterella (Bromeliaceae)

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine umfassende taxonomische Revision der Gattung Fosterella L.B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae) dar, die alle 31 derzeit akzeptierten Arten umfasst und einen Bestimmungsschlüssel für diese beinhaltet. Die Revision beruht auf der morphologisch-anatomischen Auswertung von Herbarmaterial (über 800 Exsikkate), Lebendpflanzen (ca. 150 Akzessionen) und eigenen vergleichenden Untersuchungen im Freiland. Die Gattung Fosterella ist seit nunmehr etlichen Jahren Forschungsgegenstand einer interdisziplinären Studie, die sowohl molekulrae, als auch anatomische, morphologische und biogeographische Untersuchungen einbezieht. Unser Interesse an der Gattung Fosterella gründet sich auf ihrer enormen ökologischen und biogeographischen Vielfalt, sie gilt als hervorragendes Modellsystem für Artbildungsmechanismen in den Anden. In den letzten Jahren wurde von verschiedenen molekularen Methoden Gebrauch gemacht, um die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen innerhalb der Gattung zu untersuchen, so dass mittlerweile gut aufgelöste Stammbäume vorliegen. Diese molekularen Studien, überwiegend durchgeführt von Dr. Martina Rex, wurden ergänzt durch intensive Sammelaktivitäten und eingehende taxonomische Untersuchungen im Rahmen der vorliegenden Revision. Auf diese Weise konnten die morphologische Plastizität der einzelnen Arten erfasst und schließlich ein wohlfundiertes Artkonzept vorgelegt werden. Zunächst wird ein kurzer Überblick über die Familie der Bromeliaceen als auch die Gattung Fosterella gegeben, in dem jeweils Informationen zur Verbreitung, Morphologie, Physiologie, Ökologie und Phylogenie geliefert werden. Im Anschluss an einen historischen Überblick des taxonomischen Werdegangs wird die Abgrenzung der Gattung Fosterella zu den nächstverwandten Gattungen Deuterocohnia, Dyckia und Encholirium erläutert. Die morphologischen Merkmale zur Differenzierung der Arten innerhalb der Gattung werden im Hinblick auf ihre Zuverlässigkeit und ihr Gewicht diskutiert. Der Artschlüssel basiert auf Merkmalen, die leicht auszumachen und gut zu unterscheiden sind. Bei der ausführlichen Beschreibung der Arten wird auch auf ihre jeweilige Verbreitung, Ökologie, taxonomische Abgrenzung, systematische Verwandtschaft sowie die Etymologie des Namens eingegangen. Beigefügt sind jeweils Zeichnungen, ein Foto vom Holo-/Lectotypus, Fotos von Lebendpflanzen sowie eine Verbreitungskarte. Im Rahmen der taxonomischen Arbeit wurden fünf Arten zu Synonymen reduziert: Fosterella chiquitana Ibisch, R. Vásquez & E. Gross und F. latifolia Ibisch, R. Vásquez & E. Gross wurden in die Synonymie von F. penduliflora (C.H. Wright) L.B. Sm. eingezogen; F. fuentesii Ibisch, R. Vásquez & E. Gross als Synonym zu F. albicans (Griseb.) L.B. Sm. gestellt; F. elata H. Luther in die Synonymie von F. rusbyi (Mez) L.B. Sm. verwiesen und F. nowickii Ibisch, R. Vásquez & E. Gross als Synonym zu F. weddelliana (Brongn. ex Baker) L.B. Sm. gestellt. Fosterella schidosperma (Baker) L.B. Sm. var. vestita L.B. Sm. & Read wird zum Synonym von Fosterella weberbaueri (Mez) L.B. Sm. reduziert. Sechs Arten wurden neu beschrieben: Fosterella batistana Ibisch, Leme & J. Peters; F. christophii Ibisch, R. Vásquez & J. Peters; F. elviragrossiae Ibisch, R. Vásquez & J. Peters; F. kroemeri Ibisch, R. Vásquez & J. Peters; F. nicoliana J. Peters & Ibisch und F. robertreadii Ibisch & J. Peters. Das Taxon F. gracilis (Rusby) L.B. Sm. wurde neu etabliert. Um die Evolution von einzelnen morphologischen Merkmalen zu rekonstruieren, wurden die Zustände von zehn ausgewählten Merkmalen kodiert und auf einen molekularen Stammbaum kartiert. Die folgenden Merkmalszustände wurden als ursprünglich innerhalb der Gattung ermittelt: Stammlosigkeit, ganzrandige Blattspreiten, flache Rosetten mit dem Boden aufliegenden Blättern, locker beschuppte Blattunterseiten, schildförmige Haare mit gezähntem Rand, ganzrandige Pedunkel-Brakteen, rispenförmiger Blütenstand, kahle/verkahlende Blütenstandsachsen, weiße Petalen und einfach-aufrechte Narben. Rückschlüsse bezüglich der Evolution und Ausbreitung der Gattung Fosterella werden diskutiert: Die überwiegend kleinen Verbreitungsgebiete der Arten hängen offensichtlich mit ihren fragmentierten, inselartigen Habitaten (z.B. innerandine Trockentäler) zusammen. Die Tatsache, dass die Yungas-Bergregenwälder des Departamento La Paz, Bolivia, die Region mit der größten Artenvielfalt darstellen, lässt sich mit der extrem variablen Topographie und der außerordentlich hohen Vielfalt an Habitaten dieser Region erklären. Aus folgenden Gründen erscheint es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die Gattung Fosterella ihren Ursprung im Tiefland hat: Die Mehrheit der Arten weist einen eher mesophytischen Habitus auf und ist in mehr oder weniger humiden Habitaten zu finden. Die Gattung ist durch mehrere Arten in sehr alten Habitaten des präkambrischen Schilds im Tiefland von Zentral-Südamerika vertreten. Weiterhin betreiben, soweit bekannt, alle Fosterella Arten C3 Photosynthese, während in den Gattungen der Schwestergruppe, Deuterocohnia, Dyckia and Encholirium, CAM der verbreitete Photosyntheseweg ist. In jedem Fall ist die Besiedelung der Anden und/oder Tieflandhabitate mehrfach unabhängig voneinander geschehen, vielleicht sogar in beiden Richtungen.

Molecular tools to investigate Rhizoctonia solani distribution in soil

Real-time PCR protocols were developed to detect and discriminate 11 anastomosis groups (AGs) of Rhizoctonia solani using ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (AG-1-IA, AG-1-IC, AG-2-1, AG-2-2, AG-4HGI+II, AG-4HGIII, AG-8) or beta-tubulin (AG-3, AG-4HGII, AG-5 and AG-9) sequences. All real-time assays were target group specific, except AG-2-2, which showed a weak cross-reaction with AG-2tabac. In addition, methods were developed for the high throughput extraction of DNA from soil and compost samples. The DNA extraction method was used with the AG-2-1 assay and shown to be quantitative with a detection threshold of 10-7 g of R. solani per g of soil. A similar DNA extraction efficiency was observed for samples from three contrasting soil types. The developed methods were then used to investigate the spatial distribution of R. solani AG-2-1 in field soils. Soil from shallow depths of a field planted with Brassica oleracea tested positive for R. solani AG-2-1 more frequently than soil collected from greater depths. Quantification of R. solani inoculum in field samples proved challenging due to low levels of inoculum in naturally occurring soils. The potential uses of real-time PCR and DNA extraction protocols to investigate the epidemiology of R. solani are discussed.

Phenetic analysis of anemone coronaria (ranunculaceae) and related species

This study clarifies the taxonomic status of Anemone coronaria and segregates the species and A. coronaria infraspecific variants using morphological and morphometric analyses. Principal component analysis of the coronaria group was performed on 25 quantitative and qualitative characters, and morphometric analysis of the A. coronaria infraspecific variants was performed on 21 quantitative and qualitative characters. The results showed that the A. coronaria group clustered into four major groups: A. coronaria L., A. biflora DC, A. bucharica (Regel) Juz.ex Komarov, and a final group including A. eranthioides Regel and A. tschernjaewii Regel. The data on the A. coronaria infraspecific variants clustered into six groups: A. coronaria L. var. coronaria L., var. cyanea Ard., var. albiflora Rouy & Fouc., var. parviflora Regel, var. ventreana Ard., and var. rissoana Ard. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London

Influence of elevated CO2 on interspecific interactions at higher trophic levels

We report the results of a study investigating the influence of elevated CO2 on species interactions across three trophic levels: a plant (Brassica oleracea), two aphid herbivores (the generalist Myzus persicae and the specialist Brevicoryne brassicae), and two natural enemies (the coccinellid Hippodamia convergens (ladybird) and the parasitoid wasp Diaeretiella rapae). Brassica oleracea plants reared under elevated CO2 conditions (650 ppmv vs. 350 ppmv) were larger and had decreased water and nitrogen content. Brevicoryne brassicae reared on plants grown in elevated CO2 were larger and accumulated more fat, while there was no change in M. persicae traits. Fecundity of individual aphids appeared to be increased when reared on plants grown in elevated CO2. However, these differences were generally lost when aphids were reared in colonies, suggesting that such changes in plant quality will have subtile effects on aphid intraspecific interactions. Nevertheless, CO2 treatment did influence aphid distribution on plants, with significantly fewer M. persicae found on the shoots, and B. brassicae was only found on senescing leaves, when colonies were reared on plants grown in elevated CO2. We reared B. brassicae and M. persicae in competition on plants grown at both the CO2 concentration treatments. We found a significantly lower ratio of M. persicae: B. brassicae on plants grown under elevated CO2 conditions, strongly suggesting that increasing CO2 concentrations can alter the outcome of competition among insect herbivores. This was also reflected in the distribution of the aphids on the plants. While the CO2 treatment did not influence where B. brassicae were found, fewer M. persicae were present on senescing leaves under elevated CO2 conditions. Changes in plant quality resulting from the CO2 treatments did not appear to alter aphid quality as prey species, as the number consumed by the ladybird H. convergens, and the number parasitised by the parasitoid wasp D. rapae, did not change. To our knowledge, this study provides the first empirical evidence that changes in host plant quality mediated by increasing levels of CO2 can alter the outcome of interspecific competition among insect herbivores.

Effects of organic and conventional fertiliser treatments on host selection by the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae

The type and quantity of fertilizer supplied to a crop will differ between organic and conventional farming practices. Altering the type of fertilizer a plant is provided with can influence a plant’s foliar nitrogen levels, as well as the composition and concentration of defence compounds, such as glucosinolates. Many natural enemies of insect herbivores can respond to headspace volatiles emitted by the herbivores’ host plant in response to herbivory. We propose that manipulating fertilizer type may also influence the headspace volatile profiles of plants, and as a result, the tritrophic interactions that occur between plants, their insect pests and those pests’ natural enemies. Here, we investigate a tritrophic system consisting of cabbage plants, Brassica oleracea, a parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae, and one of its hosts, the specialist cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae. Brassica oleracea plants were provided with either no additional fertilization or one of three types of fertilizer: Nitram (ammonium nitrate), John Innes base or organic chicken manure. We investigated whether these changes would alter the rate of parasitism of aphids on those plants and whether any differences in parasitism could be explained by differences in attractivity of the plants to D. rapae or attack rate of aphids by D. rapae. In free-choice experiments, there were significant differences in the percentage of B. brassicae parasitized by D. rapae between B. oleracea plants grown in different fertilizer treatments. In a series of dual-choice Y-tube olfactometry experiments, D. rapae females discriminated between B. brassicae-infested and undamaged plants, but parasitoids did not discriminate between similarly infested plants grown in different fertilizer treatments. Correspondingly, in attack rate experiments, there were no differences in the rate that D. rapae attacked B. brassicae on B. oleracea plants grown in different fertilizer treatments. These findings are of direct relevance to sustainable and conventional farming practices.

Parasitoids select plants more heavily infested with their caterpillar hosts: a new approach to aid interpretation of plant headspace volatiles

Plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to herbivore attack, and these VOCs can be used by parasitoids of the herbivore as host location cues. We investigated the behavioural responses of the parasitoid Cotesia vestalis to VOCs from a plant–herbivore complex consisting of cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea) and the parasitoids host caterpillar, Plutella xylostella. A Y-tube olfactometer was used to compare the parasitoids' responses to VOCs produced as a result of different levels of attack by the caterpillar and equivalent levels of mechanical damage. Headspace VOC production by these plant treatments was examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Cotesia vestalis were able to exploit quantitative and qualitative differences in volatile emissions, from the plant–herbivore complex, produced as a result of different numbers of herbivores feeding. Cotesia vestalis showed a preference for plants with more herbivores and herbivore damage, but did not distinguish between different levels of mechanical damage. Volatile profiles of plants with different levels of herbivores/herbivore damage could also be separated by canonical discriminant analyses. Analyses revealed a number of compounds whose emission increased significantly with herbivore load, and these VOCs may be particularly good indicators of herbivore number, as the parasitoid processes cues from its external environment

Effects of organic and conventional fertilizer treatments on host selection by the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae

The type and quantity of fertilizer supplied to a crop will differ between organic and conventional farming practices. Altering the type of fertilizer a plant is provided with can influence a plant’s foliar nitrogen levels, as well as the composition and concentration of defence compounds, such as glucosinolates. Many natural enemies of insect herbivores can respond to headspace volatiles emitted by the herbivores’ host plant in response to herbivory. We propose that manipulating fertilizer type may also influence the headspace volatile profiles of plants, and as a result, the tritrophic interactions that occur between plants, their insect pests and those pests’ natural enemies. Here, we investigate a tritrophic system consisting of cabbage plants, Brassica oleracea, a parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae, and one of its hosts, the specialist cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae. Brassica oleracea plants were provided with either no additional fertilization or one of three types of fertilizer: Nitram (ammonium nitrate), John Innes base or organic chicken manure. We investigated whether these changes would alter the rate of parasitism of aphids on those plants and whether any differences in parasitism could be explained by differences in attractivity of the plants to D. rapae or attack rate of aphids by D. rapae. In free-choice experiments, there were significant differences in the percentage of B. brassicae parasitized by D. rapae between B. oleracea plants grown in different fertilizer treatments. In a series of dual-choice Y-tube olfactometry experiments, D. rapae females discriminated between B. brassicae-infested and undamaged plants, but parasitoids did not discriminate between similarly infested plants grown in different fertilizer treatments. Correspondingly, in attack rate experiments, there were no differences in the rate that D. rapae attacked B. brassicae on B. oleracea plants grown in different fertilizer treatments. These findings are of direct relevance to sustainable and conventional farming practices.

OUTLINE Karriärplanering - En utvärderande studie av ett projektom coaching av arbetslösa

Projektet OUTLINE Karriärplanering genomfördes under tiden december 2004 - december 2006. Det övergripande syftet var att ”/…/ få individerna att se vägar, öppna ögon, hitta mening via den egna personligheten, egenskaperna och ta ansvar för sin framtid genom egna beslut.” Verksamheten skulle på en konkret nivå resultera i att:20 % fått ett jobb20 % var i lärande i arbete (praktikplats)40 % skulle ha upptäckt ett utbildningsalternativ20 % skulle ha upptäckt vårdbehov e dyl.En viktig del av projektets verksamhet var även att utveckla en fungerande samverkansform mellan projektet OUTLINE, Arbetsförmedlingen och Socialförvaltningen.Studiens övergripande syfte är att undersöka hur ett arbetsmarknadspolitiskt projekt kan stödja unga och äldre långtvarigt arbetslösas inträde på arbetsmarknaden.Resultatet av ett projekt är inte bara en fråga om att deltagarna kunnat få ett arbete eller inte. För den som inte lyckats på den punkten kan livet ändå ha förändrats på ett positivt sätt. Ett realistiskt resultat kan i stället vara att skapa en beredskap hos deltagarna att förbättra sina möjligheter att kunna konkurrera på arbetsmarknaden. Att verksamheten radikalt skulle öka deltagarnas konkurrensförmåga är ett alltför optimistiskt antagande. Även om coachingen är viktig och verkningsfull är den som regelinte tillräckligt, om än ett betydelsefullt första steg. Verksamheten haft påvisbara effekter som går bortom de rent arbetsmarknadspolitiska, d.v.s. det har på ett direkt och påtagligt sätt påverkat de involverade aktörerna i deras vardagliga liv. De fick ”närvaroplikt” och samtidigt livet ”inrutat” och de måste ”bekänna färg” genom sina kontinuerliga möten med handläggare, coacher och övriga deltagare. För några kan detta vara en vändpunkt i livet, medan det för andra i stället föder nya strategier för att intesugas in i det arbetsmarknadspolitiska ”aktivitetsspelet”.

A new species and a new record of Pyxine (Physciaceae) with norstictic acid from São Paulo State, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)