Tratamento termais e dermatoses: Evidências da cosmética termal como adjuvante

Em sentido restrito, o tratamento termal provoca um conjunto de efeitos que se obtêm devido à composição específica da Água Minero-Medicinal (AMM) coadjuvado pelos efeitos derivados do ambiente termal e da aplicação das técnicas termais. Os efeitos terapêuticos destas águas resultam, então, das suas qualidades físicas, químicas e biológicas, via de administração e técnicas de aplicação. Apesar das várias aplicações terapêuticas e recomendações ao uso de águas termais na prevenção e/ou tratamento de diversas afeções nas mais diversas áreas, vários estudos confirmaram a capacidade das águas termais para melhorar determinadas afeções cutâneas. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu na avaliação dos benefícios dos tratamentos termais nas diferentes dermatoses percecionados por 74 aquistas das estâncias termais do Cró e Carvalhal, que têm indicações terapêuticas dermatológicas aprovadas pela Direção Geral de Saúde, através de um questionário, bem como dos conhecimentos sobre efeitos secundários e contra-indicações. Por outro lado, pretendeu-se verificar se a utilização de produtos cosméticos que contenham água termal é um adjuvante do tratamento termal, e avaliar a percepção individual dos benefícios da utilização destes produtos conjuntamente com os tratamentos termais. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os aquistas que frequentam estas estâncias termais afirmam ter conhecimentos em relação à utilização das águas termais e afirmam sentir benefícios na realização da terapia dermatológica, referindo poucos efeitos secundários aquando da realização dos tratamentos. A utilização de produtos cosméticos contendo água termal ainda não é muito frequente, mas aqueles aquistas que utilizam estes produtos referem sentir melhorias adicionais nas diferentes condições da pele.

Coeducación físico-químico : trucos caseros en el aula.

Segundo premio I concurso de materiales curriculares con valor coeducativo: premio Rosa Regás. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Influência de substâncias bioativas na estabilidade fisico-química e funcional de emulsões fotoprotetoras

Autilização de filtros ultravioletas isolados em formulações fotoprotetoras, origina produtos com proteção limitada contra as radiações solares, o que evidencia a necessidade de associar compostos bioativos. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a rutina, um composto bioativo, interage sinergicamente com filtros solares incorporados em preparações fotoprotetoras. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da rutina sobre a estabilidade físico-química e funcional de emulsões fotoprotetoras. 16 formulações foram desenvolvidas, submetidas ao teste de estabilidade preliminar e caracterizadas de acordo com o pH, perfil reológico e eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro . A formulação com o melhor desempenho e a formulação correspondente, sem rutina, foram submetidos ao teste de estabilidade normal. Todas as formulações apresentaram valores de pH compatível com a pele e comportamento reológico semelhante. A formulação F16 e a mesma formulação, sem rutina, foram submetidas ao teste de estabilidade normal e apresentaram valores de pH semelhantes e perfis reológicos que foram mantidos ao longo dos dias de análise. Aatividade antirradicalar foi estável apenas para formulações armazenadas a 5,0 ± 0,5°C. A eficácia fotoprotetora demonstrou resultados semelhantes entre ambas as formulações, que também foi observado em todos os dias de análise. Em conclusão, rutina não influenciou a fotoestabilidade da formulação sob as condições adotadas.

Estratégias de intervenção educativa junto de alunos com hiperatividade e problemas de atenção

A Perturbação de Hiperatividade e Défice de Atenção (PHDA) é um distúrbio que, segundo a literatura, afeta entre 3-7% das crianças em idade escolar e que consiste numa tríade de desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. Este distúrbio é prevalente e para os atingidos pode ter consequências gravosas sendo o insucesso escolar um dos primeiros obstáculos. Muitas vezes entendidas pela classe docente como falta de educação e preguiça, estas características não recebem a atenção devida. Baseado num aluno do 8º ano com diagnóstico de PHDA do tipo misto desde os 5 anos de idade, este projeto destinou-se a estudar sumariamente a PHDA e a encontrar, aplicar e avaliar a eficácia de um conjunto de estratégias de aprendizagem que, numa perspetiva inclusiva, permitissem quer ao aluno quer ao grupo turma desenvolver os seus potenciais de aprendizagem. O aluno não se encontra abrangido pelo Decreto Lei 3/2008 mas apresentou insucesso escolar no 7º ano que quase comprometeu a sua progressão. Integra uma turma de dezasseis alunos que inclui três alunos abrangidos pelo referido decreto sendo um de currículo específico individual. Este projeto desenvolveu-se no primeiro período do ano letivo 2012-2013 e possui duas vertentes: a tutoria individual - num tempo semanal – assumido na qualidade de diretora de turma, e o espaço de sala de aula curricular de Físico-Química – em três tempos semanais – da qual a autora do presente trabalho é docente. O projeto de tutoria, sugerido pelo psicólogo que acompanha o aluno, destinou-se à implementação de um Programa de Promoção da Função Cognitiva e de Métodos e Hábitos de Estudo incidindo nos seguintes domínios: componente motivacional, componente comportamental, componente cognitiva, autoconhecimento e autoavaliação, e planeamento de uma metodologia de estudo mais eficaz. Em sala de aula o enfoque esteve na componente motivacional para o estudo da disciplina com o intento de otimizar as funções executivas de Ativação, Foco e Esforço mencionadas por Brown (2009), e na atribuição de significado aos conteúdos estudados para trabalhar a Memória de curto e longo prazo. Para a abordagem dos vários temas utilizaram-se recursos variados procurando respeitar os vários estilos de aprendizagem mas o recurso a objetos e atividades experimentais foram os que se revelaram mais eficazes. No final desta intervenção, a avaliação do período em estudo revelou um aluno mais motivado e participativo na generalidade das disciplinas e especialmente em Físico-Química onde obteve classificações acima da média da turma. PALAVRAS CHAVE: Perturbação de hiperatividade e défice de atenção, inclusão, estratégias de intervenção em sala de aula.

Modelagem de cenários telemáticos como estratégia cognitiva para trabalhar conceitos físico-químicos : indicadores de aprendizagem

Neste estudo investigam-se as possibilidades de Cenários Educacionais Informatizados como alternativas estratégicas de uso de produtos da tecnologia informática para o desenvolvimento de processos cognitivos. São propostos indicadores de aprendizagem na forma de Pegadas Cognitivas. Tais Pegadas são o resultado gráfico de uma distribuição espacial de pontos correspondentes aos indicadores de aprendizagem e suas dimensões nos cenários pesquisados. Em cada caso, a “pegada” resulta da ligação entre tais pontos, formando um diagrama onde a disposição dos indicadores, comparando-se as situações ideal e real, permitiu avaliar o desvio em que se encontra a situação real, comparativamente à situação ideal. Sua construção permitiu simbolizar a provisoriedade de cada situação de aprendizagem e inspirar ações para as correções que se fizerem necessárias. Utilizaram-se: software de modelagem computacional – Modellus; espaços virtuais de comunicação – chat, e-mail, listas de discussão, whiteboard, forms, entre outros; Mapas Conceituais/Mentais; imagens e representações; ações ligadas às atividades endógenas permanentes dos aprendizes em função de seu imaginário e dos espaços virtuais e recursos da telemática em atividades de aprendizagem, na área de físico-química, visando ao estudo de como ocorrem as reações químicas. A partir dos resultados obtidos realizou-se o confronto entre as possibilidades reais do ambiente com o imaginado, sobre o tema, por alunos do ensino médio que integram o grupo denominado Grupo Imagem. O caminho que representa a linha mestra deste referencial teórico encontra-se nas Ciências Cognitivas no que se refere às questões relativas às formas de representação, às estratégias cognitivas utilizadas pelo sistema humano de processamento de informação e às aplicações de modelagem computacional em situações de aprendizagem. Considerou-se uma abordagem que leva em conta arquiteturas cognitivas e influências do meio ambiente sobre a capacidade humana de aprender. Aprender no sentido de assimilar novas informações, armazená-las e, ao acessá-las, desenvolver estratégias cognitivas que promovam a evolução das estruturas do conhecimento, numa dinâmica caracterizada pela inovação, pela capacidade humana de estar constantemente em mudança, através de ações situadas, contextualizadas, na Sociedade da Informação, geradora da Sociedade do Conhecimento. Tal sociedade impõe desafios a ser enfrentados com estratégias que permitam a todos, independente de sua situação na escala social, a acessibilidade e a mobilidade informacional e de tecnologias cada vez mais especializadas em todas as áreas, sejam acadêmicas, econômicas ou de bem-estar pessoal que produzam não apenas a mundialização de recursos materiais e físicos, mas que incluam as diferenças de pensamentos e ações que permitem aos seres humanos serem individuais e únicos em sua essência. A Aprendizagem à Distância – AAD – utilizada neste fazer investigatório evidenciou competência para solucionar as dificuldades relativas à flexibilidade dos programas disponíveis para compor cenários educacionais que privilegiem a aprendizagem significativa, em escolas de ensino médio, por exigirem novos posicionamentos e novas habilidades de educandos e de educadores. Entre as habilidades de aprendizagem individual e coletiva que os aprendizes devem possuir ou desenvolver para cooperar com o grupo em AAD, destacam-se: autonomia, responsabilidade, liderança, capacidade para negociação e decisão, capacidade de inferência, dedução, possibilidade de realização de análise e síntese, regras de conduta que permitam a convivência e as trocas de conhecimentos.

Micropartículas poliméricas à base de xilana e Eudragit® S-100 contendo mesalazina visando à liberação cólon-específica

Colon-specific drug delivery systems have attracted increasing attention from the pharmaceutical industry due to their ability of treating intestinal bowel diseases (IBD), which represent a public health problem in several countries. In spite of being considered a quite effective molecule for the treatment of IBD, mesalazine (5-ASA) is rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract and its systemic absorption leads to risks of adverse effects. The aim of this work was to develop a microparticulate system based on xylan and Eudragit® S- 100 (ES100) for colon-specific delivery of 5-ASA and evaluate the interaction between the polymers present in the systems. Additionaly, the physicochemical and rheological properties of xylan were also evaluated. Initially, xylan was extracted from corn cobs and characterized regarding the yield and rheological properties. Afterwards, 10 formulations were prepared in different xylan and ES100 weight ratios by spray-drying the polymer solutions in 0.6N NaOH and phosphate buffer pH 7.4. In addition, 3 formulations consisting of xylan microcapsules were produced by interfacial cross-linking polymerization and coated by ES100 by means of spray-drying in different polymer weight ratios of xylan and ES100. The microparticles were characterized regarding yield, morphology, homogeneity, visual aspect, crystallinity and thermal behavior. The polymer interaction was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The extracted xylan was presented as a very fine and yellowish powder, with mean particle size smaller than 40μm. Regarding the rheological properties of xylan, they demonstrated that this polymer has a poor flow, low density and high cohesiveness. The microparticles obtained were shown to be spherical and aggregates could not be observed. They were found to present amorphous structure and have a very high thermal stability. The yield varied according to the polymer ratios. Moreover, it was confirmed that the interaction between xylan and ES100 occurs only by means of physical aggregation

Physical and chemical characterization of yellow mangosteen fruits

O trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização físico-química de frutos de mangostão amarelo (Garcinia xanthochymus Hook). Seis amostras de 25 frutos cada foram colhidas em plantas de mangostão amarelo do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Universidade Estadual Paulista e caracterizadas pela avaliação de diâmetro e altura, peso, percentagem e número de sementes por fruto, percentagem de casca, percentagem de polpa, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), vitamina C e relação SS/AT. O mangostão amarelo tem boas qualidades tecnológicas e é uma fonte intermediária de vitamina C com conteúdo médio de 120,33 mg/100g de fruta fresca.

Estudo das propriedades físico-químicas do biodiesel e suas influências na deterioração dos elastômeros aplicados no sistema de injeção dos motores diesel

The biodiesel use has become important due to its renewable character and to reduce environmental impacts during the fuel burning. Theses benefit will be valid if the fuel shows good performance, chemistry stability and compatibility with engines. Biodiesel is a good fuel to diesel engines due to its lubricity. Then, the aimed of this study was to verify the physicalchemistry properties of biodiesel and their correlations with possible elastomers damage after biodiesel be used as fuel in an injection system. The methodology was divided in three steps: biodiesels synthesis by transesterification of three vegetable oil (soybean, palm and sunflower) and their physical-chemistry characterization (viscosity, oxidative stability, flash point, acidity, humidity and density); pressurized test of compatibility between elastomers (NBR and VITON) and biodiesel, and the last one, analyze of biodiesels lubricity by tribological test ball-plan( HFRR). Also, the effect of mixture of biodiesel and diesel in different concentrations was evaluated. The results showed that VITON showed better compatibility with all biodiesel blends in relation to NBR, however when VITON had contact with sunflower biodiesel and its blends the swelling degree suffer higher influences due to biodiesel humidity. For others biodiesels and theirs blends, this elastomer kept its mechanical properties constant. The better tribological performance was observed for blends with high biodiesel concentration, lower friction coefficient was obtained when palm biodiesel was used. The main mechanisms observed during the HFRR tests were abrasive and oxidative wear

Modificação superficial do tecido de malha de ácido polilatico (PLA) por tratamento plasma

Some fibrous materials, for having properties such as biocompatibility, strength and flexibility, are of great interest for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Among these materials, the fabric made from polylactic acid (PLA) has received special attention, and beside to present these features, is derived from biological source, antimicrobial and bioabsorbable. One of the limitations of PLA is its low wettability and capillarity. Due to this, it is necessary to perform surface modification of the knitted fabric, increasing its hydrophilicity. This work aims to realize the plasma treatment at low pressure in order to increase the surface energy of the polymer. The work was divided into three steps: i) Influence of the gas ratio (oxygen and nitrogen) in the surface modification of PLA fabric after the plasma treatment, ii) physical characterization and physicochemical surface tissue; iii) Evaluation of the effect from current and gas ratio in the capillary rise of tissues and iv) Study of capillarity in yarns and fabrics. The results showed that better gas ratios were the atmospheres: 100% oxygen; 100% nitrogen and 50% oxygen and 50% nitrogen. The surface characterization showed changes in topography and introduction of polar groups which increased the wettability of the fabric. In another part of this study, it was found that the atmosphere containing only nitrogen gas showed the most capillary rise to a current of 0.15 A. The results in capillary yarns and fabrics showed that the thread reached equilibrium in a time much less than the fabric to an atmosphere of 100% nitrogen and 0.15 A. Current Plasma technology was effective to increase the hydrophilicity of PLA fabric, providing surface characteristics favorable for future application in the biomedical field

Desidratação de polpas de frutas pelo método foam-mat

This study aimed to investigate the foam mat drying process of pineapple and mango pulp, as well as to evaluate the final product quality. Initially, the selection of fruit and additives was conducted based on density and stability determinations of mango, seriguela, umbu and pineapple foams. After selecting pineapple and mango for further studies, the fruit pulps and fruit foams were characterized in regard to their physicochemical composition. The temperature (60oC or 70oC) and the foam thickness (4 and 11 mm) were evaluated in accordance to the obtained drying curves and after model adjustment. Mango and pineapple powders obtained at the best process conditions were characterized in regard to their physicochemical composition, solubility, reconstitution time. Yoghurts were prepared with the addition of pineapple and mango powders and they were evaluated for their sensory acceptance. Results show that the best drying rates were achieved by using 70o C and layers 4mm thick for both fruits. The Page model successfully fitted the drying experimental data and it can be used as a predictive model. Pineapple and mango powders showed acid pH, high soluble solids content, low water activity (approx. 0.25), lipids between 1.46% and 2.03%, protein around 2.00%, and ascorbic acid content of 17,73 mg/100g and 14.32 mg/100g, for mango and pineapple, respectively. It was observed higher ascorbic acid retention for pineapple and mango powders processed at 70o C, which would be explained by the lower drying time applied. The fruit powders exhibited high solubility and fast reconstitution in water. The sensory acceptance indexes for yoghurts with the addition of both fruit powders were higher than 70%, which reflect the satisfactory product acceptance

Estudo das características físico-químicas e funcionalidade de bagaços de frutas tropicais desidratados em leito de jorro

Fruits are rich sources of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds. Tropical fruit cultivation is an important productive segment in Brazilian Northeast. Its industrialization generates solid wastes as co-products, with potential environmental impact. Considering the recognized bioactive content of fruit and its derivatives, this research has the objective of investigating acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), cajá-umbu (Spondia ssp), jambolan (Syzygium cumini) and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) dried wastes obtained by spouted bed drier. It was analyzed the physical-chemical composition, solubility and microphotographic aspect of these dried wastes. Besides this, it was also evaluated the bioactive content, antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity against aamylase and a-glycosidase enzymes of water and ethanol (70%, 80% e 100% v/v) extracts prepared from fruit dried wastes, as well as their possible correlations. The dried fruit wastes showed high phenolic (606.04 to 3074.6 mg GAE eq/100 g sample), anthocyanin (478.7 mg/100 g for jambolan) and ascorbic acid (2748.03 mg/100 g for acerola) contents, as well as high antioxidant DPPH activity (14.27 a 36.30 mg Trolox eq/g sample). The extracts exhibited moderate to high a-amylase inhibition (23.97% a 76.58%) and high α-glycosidase inhibition, which 99.32% peak was reached for ethanol 70% pitanga extracts. It was also observed great positive correlation between phenolic content and DPPH activity (0.97 for acerola), anthocyanin (0.95 for jambolan) and α- glycosidase inhibition (0.98 for acerola). The α-glycosidase inhibition also correlated well with the antioxidant activity for all fruit extracts. The results show that these dried fruit wastes are valuable material for further applications as functional ingredients

Diagnóstico regional do processo de queijo coalho comercializado em Natal/RN

Coalho cheese is a typical product of the Northeastern Brazil, which is consumed both raw and cooked. The present work aimed to study the characteristics of artisanal and industrial processes in the production of coalho cheese sold in Natal / RN in order to evaluate its quality and consumer s profile. Four artisanal cheeses plants were monitored and a questionnaire was sent to different cheese industries. Besides this, eight cheese samples (four artisanal and four industrial) were evaluated in regard to the microbiological quality, physical-chemical and sensory attributes. The sensory acceptance was evaluated by using 108 non-trained panelists by using the hedonic scale. The consumer s profile survey was applied to 400 consumers of coalho cheese. The lack of hygiene control was detected at the artisanal cheese production, which uses raw milk as its raw material. Research has shown that the industrialized cheeses are made from pasteurized milk provided by their own production or by a third party, as observed in cheese making dairies. In general, the results indicate variation in the manufacturing process of coalho cheese, which results in the lack of product standardization. Regarding the physical-chemical analysis, most artisanal and industrial samples presented moisture content between 36 and 40 %, classified as medium moisture cheese, which is the only parameter that showed no significant difference (p>0.05). However, the water activity (Aw), pH and acidity results differed significantly. All artisanal samples showed coliform contamination at 35 °C, which confirms the poor hygienic conditions. In regard to coliforms at 45 °C, 75 % of artisanal coalho cheese samples had value higher than 103 MPN / g, a value above the lawful limits determined by RDC nº 12. Fifty percent of industrial coalho cheese samples showed coagulase-positive Staphylococcus values above the limit allowed by the RDC nº 12, indicating poor handling. The sensory evaluation revealed that the taste was the only parameter that showed significant difference, and this difference was only between two industrial brands. The consumer s survey showed that the coalho cheese flavor is the most important reason for buying this kind of cheese. Although coalho cheese is mainly bought in supermarkets, open street markets and country shops are still important selling points. It is concluded that there is no coalho cheese standardization in the RN state, which leads to variations in physical-chemical and sensory attributes. Moreover, it is necessary greater hygiene control in the production and handling procedures of coalho cheese.

Estudo da funcionalidade de espécies comestíveis do semiárido nordestino e estratégias para sua utilização como ingredientes para fins alimentícios

The Brazilian caatinga is characterized by low annual rainfall and arid soils. Several cactaceae, either native or adapted species, grow in this semi-arid region, including the prickly pear (Opuntia fícus indica) and facheiro ((Philosocereus pachycladus Ritter) which produce underexploited edible fruits. In addition to these species, the algaroba is a leguminous with little studied technological applications and bioactive potential so far. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the physicochemical, bioactive and functional attributes of the prickly pear and facheiro fruit pulps and the algaroba flour. Specifically, this study approaches the physicochemical characterization, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and the betalain identification and quantification by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. It is also investigated the DPPH antioxidant capacity and the antienzymatic activities against alpha-amylase and alphaglucosidase of water and ethanolic extracts of these food material. In order to address their potential to be used as food ingredients, juice blends prepared with mixtures of cajá and prickly pear, biofilms with facheiro and cereal bars with algaroba flour were elaborated and analyzed. The prickly pear fruits presented low acidity and high sugar content when compared to facheiro. The Philosocereus pachycladus Ritter fruits had higher protein and ash content, but the algaroba flour was the species with higher protein and sugar content among all. The algaroba flour also presented outstanding food fiber content, which reveals its potentiality to be used as a natural intestinal regulator. The TPC of water and ethanol extracts ranged from 3.87 to 16.21 mg GAE/100g for algaroba flour, 79.24 to 110.20 GAE/ 100g for prickly pear and 412.23 to 539.14 mg GAE/100g for facheiro. The 70% (w/v) ethanol extract reached the highest DPPH antioxidant activity, which was linearly correlated to its high TPC content. In regard to the enzymatic inhibitory activities, the best performance was observed for the prickly pear extracts which presented a moderate inhibition for both investigated enzymes, but interestingly, no alpha-glucosidase inhibition was observed for facheiro extracts. This work shows, for the first time in the literature, the functional attributes of facheiro fruits, as well as the presence of betacianins and isobetanin in the pulp of this exotic fruit. When it comes to the food products developed here, the sensory attributes that better described the juice blend cajá-prickly pear were sweetness, acidity, color yellow-orange, body, turbidity and cajá flavor. The discriminative test applied for cereal bars produced with and without algaroba revealed that the texture was the only sensory attribute that differed (p<0.05) between these two samples. It was also observed that the addition of facheiro extracts did not influence the visual characteristics of the biofilms. Overall, this work unveils the physicochemical and bioactive attributes of these commercial and technologically underexploited species widely found in the Brazilian caatinga and presents alternatives for their rational use

Desenvolvimento de um biossensor potenciométrico, à base de soja, para a determinação de uréia

In this work, the objective in study was the development of a biossensor potencyometric for urea detection, starting from the extracted urease of soy grains. Initially, was made a chemometrics study, through a planning factorial 24, objectified to find great conditions for the extraction of the urease without its properties were affected. Starting from this study, the best conditions were determined for the obtaining of rich extracts in urease, allowing the biossensors making with good characteristics. These were made using a platinum electrode as transducer with the dispersed urease in chitosan head office and reticulated in glutaraldehyde vapor. The biossensors obtained presented a limit of urea detection the same to 0,33 mM and lineal strip between 0,33 and 3 mM of the substratum. The time of answer was considered loud, mainly, in low concentrations of the substratum, where it was taken about 5 minutes by analysis. For high concentrations that time was reduced for not more than one minute. The time of life was limited by the adherence of the enzymatic membrane to the transducer, but it was possible to maintain the biossensor with operation for one month with about 50 accomplished measures. Application of the biossensor for analyses of fertilizers to the urea base presented excellent result for a sample with few interfering, but it was different when the used fertilizer was originating from of a complex sample. Even so the label was not expressed the text of nitrogen it was totally coming of the urea. An evaluation of the kinetic parameters of the catalytic reaction of the biossensor showed coherence with the results exposed in the literature

Análise química de produtos de incrustação em dutos de petróleo por espectometria de fluorescência de raios X

The quantitative chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of scale products is very relevant in studying, monitoring and controlling corrosive processes of oil pipelines. The X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a very versatile analytical technique, which can be used in quantitative analysis in solid samples at low concentrations of the chemical element, in the order of few ppm. A methodology that involves sample preparation diluted in the proportion of 1:7 (one portion of the sample for seven of wax), pressed as pellets was used in the XRF calibration for chemical analysis of scale products from oil pipelines. The calibration involved the preparation of reference samples from mixtures of P.A. reagents, aiming to optimize the time consumed in the steps of sample preparation and analysis of Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr and Ti, using the same pressed pellet for trace and major elements analysis